Rupture de digues fluviales par surverse

Overtopping of fluvial dikes (dykes or embankment levees) can promote external erosion, leading to the initiation of breaching and potentially brutal dike failure and inundation of the protected area. This can generate major human, economic, and financial losses. Flood risk management and prevention require a precise hazard quantification. Accurate estimate of the flow through the breach is paramount, for which a precise understanding of the breach formation and expansion is required. Existing methods are often the result of investigations conducted on overtopping of frontal dikes (embankment dams). The application of such approaches to fluvial dikes is not reliable and processes underpinning breach expansion are still under research.

An innovative experimental program was conducted to fill this gap by investigating the physical processes involved in overtopping induced fluvial dike gradual breaching. Experiments were conducted in the framework of a collaboration between the National Laboratory for Hydraulics and Environment (LNHE) of the R&D division of EDF and the research team Hydraulics in Environmental and Civil Engineering (HECE) of University of Liège. Experiments were conducted on two distinct experimental setups, each consisting of a main channel and floodplain area separated by an erodible fluvial dike. The focus was made on overtopping induced spatial erosion of homogenous, non-cohesive dikes. Measurements included continuous scanning of the dike geometry using a non-intrusive method (Laser Profilometry Technique), which was designed and developed specifically for the present works. Tests conducted under controlled flow and dike configurations allowed assessing the effects of channel inflow discharge, downstream channel regulation system, and floodplain confinement on the breach development and outflow. Effects of main channel size, dike material size, apparent cohesion, and bottom erodibility were studied as well.

Using the experimental data, the flow features near the breach area was simulated using the two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic code TELEMAC-2D, which allowed assessing the performance of the code for highly transient and complex flows such as involved in dike breaching. Coupling TELEMAC-2D with the morphodynamic model SISYPHE enabled investigating the interest of a detailed hydro-morphodynamic modeling for fluvial dike breaching studies.