methane; carbon dioxide method; time after feeding; long term measurement; methane kinetics
Abstract :
[en] This study aims to investigate shifts in methane (CH4) emission in cattle in relation to the time after feeding, diet composition, and feed allowance. Four non-cannulated dry Holstein cows were equipped with activity and infrared sensors to monitor feeding behavior and CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the breath, continuously and at a frequency of 4 Hz. The second goal pursued, was to assess the methane emission estimation (CH4, L/h) by the CO2-method based on the ratio between CH4 and CO2 in the exhaled air, using metabolic CO2 as a marker. All cows were fed twice a day at 12 h intervals with contrasting isoenergy diets in a cross-over design: LIN100 diet (5562 VEM, i.e. Voedereenheid Melk, Dutch energy unit for milk production, 1 VEM = 6.9 kJ net energy for lactation) composed of haylage, linseed and wheat, and HAY100 (5367 VEM) diet containing only haylage. After a 2 week adaptation period to the diets, 3 days were required for the measurements and immediately after, two additional experimental treatments were applied by reducing the feed allowance to 70% with the same diets to evaluate the impact of the dry matter intake, yielding the two additional treatments HAY70 and LIN70. In addition, two other rumen-cannulated cows were used to monitor time after feeding short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the rumen. On a daily basis, all indicators (daily CH4:CO2 ratio, eructation frequency and CH4 emission) followed the same trend and showed that cows on a hay-based diet produced more CH4 and feed restriction induced different production levels for the same type of diet. The average CH4 emission for the different diets were 6.86 L/h for HAY100 > 6.25 L/h for HAY70 > 4.26 L/h for LIN100 > 3.97 L/h LIN70 (P < 0.001). The LIN100 diet produced 38% lower daily CH4 emissions than HAY100 and reduced the eructation frequency by 44%. During feeding, the eructation frequency was higher (P<0.001) for HAY than LIN diets.
This work underlines the daily CH4 emission dynamics observed using the CH4:CO2 ratio in the cow's exhaled air. Methane emissions (L/h) are strongly influenced by the time after feeding time (P < 0.001). They increased for up to 2 hours after the distribution of the meal, and then decreased until the next meal, with shifts between the maximum and the minimum emission of more than 100% for LIN100 and 22% for HAY100. Consistently, the acetate:proprionate ratio was smaller for the LIN100 diet between 2 to 5 hours after the meal (P < 0.001).
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