[en] We present ALMA 1.3 mm continuum observations at 0\buildrel{\prime\prime}\over{.} 2 (25 au) resolution of Elias 2–24, one of the largest and brightest protoplanetary disks in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud, and we report the presence of three partially resolved concentric gaps located at ∼20, 52, and 87 au from the star. We perform radiative transfer modeling of the disk to constrain its surface density and temperature radial profile and place the disk structure in the context of mechanisms capable of forming narrow gaps such as condensation fronts and dynamical clearing by actively forming planets. In particular, we estimate the disk temperature at the locations of the gaps to be 23, 15, and 12 K (at 20, 52, and 87 au, respectively), very close to the expected snowlines of CO (23–28 K) and N[SUB]2[/SUB] (12–15 K). Similarly, by assuming that the widths of the gaps correspond to 4–8× the Hill radii of forming planets (as suggested by numerical simulations), we estimate planet masses in the range of 0.2{--}1.5 {M}[SUB]{Jup[/SUB]}, 1.0{--}8.0 {M}[SUB]{Jup[/SUB]}, and 0.02{--}0.15 {M}[SUB]{Jup[/SUB]} for the inner, middle, and outer gap, respectively. Given the surface density profile of the disk, the amount of “missing mass” at the location of each one of these gaps (between 4 and 20 {M}[SUB]{Jup[/SUB]}) is more than sufficient to account for the formation of such planets.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Cieza, Lucas A. ; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Núcleo de Astronomía, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus “Protoplanetary Disks in ALMA Early Science,” Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile
Casassus, Simon ; Millennium Nucleus “Protoplanetary Disks in ALMA Early Science,” Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile ; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D Santiago, Chile
Pérez, Sebastian ; Millennium Nucleus “Protoplanetary Disks in ALMA Early Science,” Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile ; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D Santiago, Chile
Hales, Antonio ; Joint ALMA Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura 763-0355, Santiago, Chile ; National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903-2475, USA
Cárcamo, Miguel; Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Ecuador 3659, Santiago, Chile
Ansdell, Megan ; Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA
Avenhaus, Henning; ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Bayo, Amelia ; Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, 5030 Casilla, Valparaíso, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus for Planet Formation, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
Bertrang, Gesa H.-M.; Millennium Nucleus “Protoplanetary Disks in ALMA Early Science,” Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile ; Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-D Santiago, Chile
Cánovas, Hector ; European Space Astronomy Centre (ESA), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, E-28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
Dent, William; Joint ALMA Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura 763-0355, Santiago, Chile
Ferrero, Gabriel; Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata y Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Argentina
Gamen, Roberto; Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata y Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Argentina
Olofsson, Johan ; Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, 5030 Casilla, Valparaíso, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus for Planet Formation, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
Orcajo, Santiago; Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata y Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata, Argentina
Osses, Axel; El Departamento de Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago, Chile
Peña-Ramirez, Karla; Unidad de Astronomía de la Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. U. de Antofagasta, 02800 Antofagasta, Chile
Principe, David; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
Ruíz-Rodríguez, Dary ; Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623-5603, USA
Schreiber, Matthias R.; Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, 5030 Casilla, Valparaíso, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus for Planet Formation, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
van der Plas, Gerrit; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
Williams, Jonathan P. ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Zurlo, Alice ; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Núcleo de Astronomía, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus “Protoplanetary Disks in ALMA Early Science,” Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile
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