[en] Among all available species, fish are a powerful model for risk-benefit assessments to study the effects of contaminants on human health. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus 1758) and european seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaeus 1758) are two species of great economic importance, representing very large production volumes in the Mediterranean. The objective of this study is (1) to analyze the concentrations of Trace Elements (TE) between wild and cultured seabream and seabass specimens, (2) to compare the determined concentrations
with other studies, and (3) to increase the data about the potential risks to human health. Our results point to significant intra- and interspecies-specific differences between wild and cultured fish for severaltrace elements. Several strong and moderate inter-elemental correlations in fish muscle were observed through correlation analysis.In our study, the mean levels of trace elements were still below the standard safety values for fish intended for human consumption. The same results were reached for all the parameters analyzed (international legal limits, estimated weekly intake, provisional tolerable weekly intake, target hazard quotient, target cancer risk), with trace element levels in fish below those that could pose a risk to human health. Consequently, these fish can be
considered safe for human consumption. A better understanding of the levels of trace elements in fish would also better inform consumers about the potential risks of exposure to contaminants.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège
Ahmad, M.K., Islam, S., Rahman, M.S., Haque, M.R., Islam, M.M., Heavy metals in water, sediment and some fishes of Buriganga River, Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. 4 (2010), 321–332.
Ahmed, M.K., Baki, M.A., Kundu, G.K., Islam, M.S., Islam, M.M., Hossain, M.M., Human health risks from heavy metals in fish of Buriganga river, Bangladesh. SpringerPlus, 5, 2016, 1697.
Alam, M., Tanaka, A., Allinson, G., Laurenson, L.J.B., Stagnitti, F., Snow, E.T., A comparison of trace element concentrations in cultured and wild carp (Cyprinus carpio) of Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 53 (2002), 348–354.
Alam, M.G., Tanaka, A., Allinson, G., Laurenson, L.J., Stagnitti, F., Snow, E., A comparison of trace element concentrations in cultured and wild carp (Cyprinus carpio) of Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 53 (2002), 348–354, 10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00012-X.
Alamdar, A., Eqani, S.A.M.A.S., Hanif, N., Ali, S.M., Fasola, M., Bokhari, H., Katsoyiannis, I.A., Shen, H., Human exposure to trace metals and arsenic via consumption of fish from river Chenab, Pakistan and associated health risks. Chemosphere 168 (2017), 1004–1012, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.110.
Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K.D., Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F., Alexis, M., Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chem. 79 (2002), 145–150, 10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00122-X.
Amirah, M.N., Afiza, A.S., Faizal, W.I.W., Nurliyana, M.H., Laili, S., Human health risk assessment of metal contamination through consumption of fish. J. Environ. Pollut. Hum. Health 1 (2013), 1–5.
Arechavala‐Lopez, P., Fernandez‐Jover, D., Black, K.D., Ladoukakis, E., Bayle‐Sempere, J.T., Sanchez‐Jerez, P., Dempster, T., Differentiating the wild or farmed origin of Mediterranean fish: a review of tools for sea bream and sea bass. Rev. Aquac. 5 (2013), 137–157.
Basaran, A.K., Aksu, M., Egemen, O., Impacts of the fish farms on the water column nutrient concentrations and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments in the eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey). Environ. Monit. Assess. 162 (2010), 439–451.
Bhowmik, A.K., Alamdar, A., Katsoyiannis, I., Shen, H., Ali, N., Ali, S.M., Bokhari, H., Schäfer, R.B., Eqani, S.A.M.A.S., Mapping human health risks from exposure to trace metal contamination of drinking water sources in Pakistan. Sci. Total Environ. 538 (2015), 306–316.
Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Shukla, T., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Donio, M., Shukla, S., Snigaroff, R., Snigaroff, D., Stamm, T., Heavy metals in Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) from the Aleutians: location, age, size, and risk. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70 (2007), 1897–1911.
Canli, M., Atli, G., The relationships between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species. Environ. Pollut. 121 (2003), 129–136, 10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00194-X.
Carpene, E., Martin, B., Dalla Libera, L., Biochemical differences in lateral muscle of wild and farmed gilthead sea bream (series Sparus aurata L.). Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 19 (1998), 229–238.
Castritsi-Catharios, J., Neofitou, N., Vorloou, A.A., Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in fish samples from three fish farms (Eastern Mediterranean) utilizing antifouling paints. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 97 (2015), 116–123.
Castro-González, M.I., Méndez-Armenta, M., Heavy metals: implications associated to fish consumption. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 26 (2008), 263–271, 10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.001.
Chamannejadian, A., Sayyad, G., Moezzi, A., Jahangiri, A., Evaluation of estimated daily intake (EDI) of cadmium and lead for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in calcareous soils. Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 10, 2013, 28.
Chien, L.-C., Hung, T.-C., Choang, K.-Y., Yeh, C.-Y., Meng, P.-J., Shieh, M.-J., Han, B.-C., Daily intake of TBT, Cu, Zn, Cd and As for fishermen in Taiwan. Sci. Total Environ. 285 (2002), 177–185, 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00916-0.
Copat, C., Arena, G., Fiore, M., Ledda, C., Fallico, R., Sciacca, S., Ferrante, M., Heavy metals concentrations in fish and shellfish from eastern Mediterranean Sea: consumption advisories. Food Chem. Toxicol. 53 (2013), 33–37.
Currie, L.A., Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities1: (IUPAC recommendations 1995). Anal. Chim. Acta 391 (1999), 105–126, 10.1016/S0003-2670(99)00104-X.
Custódio, P.J., Pessanha, S., Pereira, C., Carvalho, M.L., Nunes, M.L., Comparative study of elemental content in farmed and wild life Sea Bass and Gilthead Bream from four different sites by FAAS and EDXRF. Food Chem. 124 (2011), 367–372, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.020.
Dadar, M., Adel, M., Ferrante, M., Nasrollahzadeh Saravi, H., Copat, C., Oliveri Conti, G., Potential risk assessment of trace metals accumulation in food, water and edible tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in Haraz River, northern Iran. Toxin Rev. 35 (2016), 141–146.
Demirak, A., Yilmaz, F., Tuna, A.L., Ozdemir, N., Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from a stream in southwestern Turkey. Chemosphere 63 (2006), 1451–1458.
Di Bella, G., Potortì, A.G., Lo Turco, V., Bua, D., Licata, P., Cicero, N., Dugo, G., Trace elements in Thunnus thynnus from Mediterranean Sea and benefit–risk assessment for consumers. Food Addit. Contam. Part B 8 (2015), 175–181.
DOH, N., 2007. Hopewell precision area contamination: appendix C–NYS DOH. Proced. Eval. Potential Health Risks Contam. Concern.
Dural, M., Göksu, M.Z.L., Özak, A.A., Investigation of heavy metal levels in economically important fish species captured from the Tuzla lagoon. Food Chem. 102 (2007), 415–421, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.03.001.
Dural, M., Lugal Göksu, M.Z., Özak, A.A., Derici, B., Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in different tissues of dicentrarchus labrax L, 1758, Sparus aurata L, 1758 And Mugil cephalus L, 1758 from the çamlik lagoon of the eastern cost of mediterranean (Turkey). Environ. Monit. Assess. 118 (2006), 65–74, 10.1007/s10661-006-0987-7.
Eqani, S.A.-M.-A.-S., Malik, R.N., Cincinelli, A., Zhang, G., Mohammad, A., Qadir, A., Rashid, A., Bokhari, H., Jones, K.C., Katsoyiannis, A., Uptake of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by river water fish: the case of River Chenab. Sci. Total Environ. 450 (2013), 83–91.
Erkan, N., Özden, Ö., Proximate composition and mineral contents in aqua cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (Sparus aurata) analyzed by ICP-MS. Food Chem. 102 (2007), 721–725, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.06.004.
E.U, Commission regulation (EC) No. 629/2008 of 2 July 2008 amending regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Union L 173 (2008), 6–9.
Fallah, A.A., Saei-Dehkordi, S.S., Nematollahi, A., Jafari, T., Comparative study of heavy metal and trace element accumulation in edible tissues of farmed and wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using ICP-OES technique. Microchem. J. 98 (2011), 275–279, 10.1016/j.microc.2011.02.007.
FAO, 2017. FISHSTAT J: FAO fishery and aquaculture global statistics.
FAO, 2016. La situation mondiale des pêches et de l′aquaculture 2016. Contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire et à la nutrition de tous. Rome.
FAO/WHO, 2011. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants: Seventy-third [73rd] Report of the Joint FA.
Ferreira, M., Caetano, M., Antunes, P., Costa, J., Gil, O., Bandarra, N., Pousão-Ferreira, P., Vale, C., Reis-Henriques, M.A., Assessment of contaminants and biomarkers of exposure in wild and farmed seabass. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 73 (2010), 579–588.
Foata, J., Quilichini, Y., Torres, J., Pereira, E., Spella, M.M., Mattei, J., Marchand, B., Comparison of arsenic and antimony contents in tissues and organs of brown trout caught from the river Presa polluted by ancient mining practices and from the river Bravona in Corsica (France): a survey study. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57 (2009), 581–589.
Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic species in seafood: origin and human health implications. Pure Appl. Chem. 82 (2010), 373–381.
Fuentes, A., Fernández-Segovia, I., Serra, J.A., Barat, J.M., Comparison of wild and cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) quality. Food Chem. 119 (2010), 1514–1518, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.036.
Galgani, F., Chiffoleau, J.-F., Orsoni, V., Costantini, L., Boissery, P., Calendini, S., Andral, B., Chemical contamination and sediment toxicity along the coast of Corsica. Chem. Ecol. 22 (2006), 299–312.
Giri, S., Singh, A.K., Human health risk assessment due to dietary intake of heavy metals through rice in the mining areas of Singhbhum Copper Belt, India. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2017, 1–12.
Gobert, S., Pasqualini, V., Dijoux, J., Lejeune, P., Durieux, E.D.H., Marengo, M., Trace element concentrations in the apex predator swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from a Mediterranean fishery and risk assessment for consumers. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 2017.
Grigorakis, K., Rigos, G., Aquaculture effects on environmental and public welfare–The case of Mediterranean mariculture. Chemosphere 85 (2011), 899–919.
Henry, F., Amara, R., Courcot, L., Lacouture, D., Bertho, M.-L., Heavy metals in four fish species from the French coast of the Eastern English Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea. Environ. Int. 30 (2004), 675–683.
Ikem, A., Egiebor, N.O., Assessment of trace elements in canned fishes (mackerel, tuna, salmon, sardines and herrings) marketed in Georgia and Alabama (United States of America). J. Food Compos. Anal. 18 (2005), 771–787.
Javed, M., Usmani, N., Accumulation of heavy metals and human health risk assessment via the consumption of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent loaded canal. SpringerPlus, 5, 2016, 776.
Jović, M., Stanković, S., Human exposure to trace metals and possible public health risks via consumption of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Adriatic coastal area. Food Chem. Toxicol. 70 (2014), 241–251.
Kalantzi, I., Black, K.D., Pergantis, S.A., Shimmield, T.M., Papageorgiou, N., Sevastou, K., Karakassis, I., Metals and other elements in tissues of wild fish from fish farms and comparison with farmed species in sites with oxic and anoxic sediments. Food Chem. 141 (2013), 680–694, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.049.
Kalantzi, I., Pergantis, S.A., Black, K.D., Shimmield, T.M., Papageorgiou, N., Tsapakis, M., Karakassis, I., Metals in tissues of seabass and seabream reared in sites with oxic and anoxic substrata and risk assessment for consumers. Food Chem. 194 (2016), 659–670, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.072.
Lafabrie, C., Garrido, M., Leboulanger, C., Cecchi, P., Grégori, G., Pasqualini, V., Pringault, O., Impact of contaminated-sediment resuspension on phytoplankton in the Biguglia lagoon (Corsica, Mediterranean Sea). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 130 (2013), 70–80.
Lei, B., Chen, L., Hao, Y., Cao, T., Zhang, X., Yu, Y., Fu, J., Trace elements in animal-based food from Shanghai markets and associated human daily intake and uptake estimation considering bioaccessibility. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 96 (2013), 160–167.
Liang, C.-P., Liu, C.-W., Jang, C.-S., Wang, S.-W., Lee, J.-J., Assessing and managing the health risk due to ingestion of inorganic arsenic from fish and shellfish farmed in blackfoot disease areas for general Taiwanese. J. Hazard. Mater. 186 (2011), 622–628.
Lorentzen, M., Maage, A., Julshamn, K., Supplementing copper to a fish meal based diet fed to Atlantic salmon parr affects liver copper and selenium concentrations. Aquac. Nutr., 4, 1998, 67.
Lourenço, H.M., Afonso, C., Anacleto, P., Martins, M.F., Nunes, M.L., Lino, A.R., Elemental composition of four farmed fish produced in Portugal. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 63 (2012), 853–859.
Luy, N., Gobert, S., Sartoretto, S., Biondo, R., Bouquegneau, J.-M., Richir, J., Chemical contamination along the Mediterranean French coast using Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile above-ground tissues: a multiple trace element study. Ecol. Indic. 18 (2012), 269–277.
MAFF, Monitoring and Surveillance of Non-radioactive Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment and Activities Regulating the Disposal of Wastes At Sea. (No. 52), Aquatic Environment Monitoring. 2000, Center for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK.
Medeiros, R.J., dos Santos, L.M.G., Freire, A.S., Santelli, R.E., Braga, A.M.C., Krauss, T.M., Jacob, S., do, C., Determination of inorganic trace elements in edible marine fish from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Food Control 23 (2012), 535–541.
Minganti, V., Drava, G., De Pellegrini, R., Siccardi, C., Trace elements in farmed and wild gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60 (2010), 2022–2025.
Mnari, B., Zaghbib, S.F., Dhibi, M., Harzallah, H.J., Dabbou, S., El Cafsi, M., Hammami, M., Chaouch, A., Effects of different cooking methods on the mineral contents of wild and farmed sea bream (Sparus aurata). Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 47 (2012), 1964–1969.
Munaron, D., Hubert, M., Gonzalez, J.-.L., Tapie, N., Budzinski, H., Guyomarch, J., Andral, B., 2013. PEPS LAG: Projet échantillonneurs passifs pour la surveillance de la contamination chimique des lagunes méditerranéennes.
Nadal, M., Ferre-Huguet, N., Marti-Cid, R., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L., Exposure to metals through the consumption of fish and seafood by the population living near the Ebro River in Catalonia, Spain: health risks. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 14 (2008), 780–795.
Omar, W.A., Saleh, Y.S., Marie, M.-A.S., Integrating multiple fish biomarkers and risk assessment as indicators of metal pollution along the Red Sea coast of Hodeida, Yemen Republic. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 110 (2014), 221–231.
Onsanit, S., Ke, C., Wang, X., Wang, K.-J., Wang, W.-X., Trace elements in two marine fish cultured in fish cages in Fujian province, China. Environ. Pollut. 158 (2010), 1334–1342.
Orban, E., Lena, G.D., Nevigato, T., Casini, I., Santaroni, G., Marzetti, A., Caproni, R., Quality characteristics of sea bass intensively reared and from lagoon as affected by growth conditions and the aquatic environment. J. Food Sci. 67 (2002), 542–546.
Orsoni, V., Munaron, D., Caractérisation de la contamination de l′étang de Diana (Corse) par des produits phytosanitaires. Résultats Suivis, 2010, 2011.
Özden, Ö., Erkan, N., Comparison of biochemical composition of three aqua cultured fishes (Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, Dentex dentex). Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 59 (2008), 545–557.
Páez-Osuna, F., Tron-Mayen, L., Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in tissues of wild and farmed shrimp Penaeus vannamei from the northwest coast of Mexico. Environ. Int. 22 (1996), 443–450.
Percın, F., Sogut, O., Altınelataman, C., Soylak, M., Some trace elements in front and rear dorsal ordinary muscles of wild and farmed bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L. 1758) in the Turkish part of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49 (2011), 1006–1010.
Pérez-Tribouillier, H., Shumilin, E., Rodríguez-Figueroa, G.M., Trace elements in the marine sediments of the La Paz lagoon, Baja California Peninsula, Mexico: pollution status in 2013. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 95 (2015), 61–66.
Ragi, A.S., Leena, P.P., Cheriyan, E., Nair, S.M., Heavy metal concentrations in some gastropods and bivalves collected from the fishing zone of South India. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 118 (2017), 452–458.
Raknuzzaman, M., Ahmed, M.K., Islam, M.S., Habibullah-Al-Mamun, M., Tokumura, M., Sekine, M., Masunaga, S., Trace metal contamination in commercial fish and crustaceans collected from coastal area of Bangladesh and health risk assessment. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (2016), 17298–17310.
Ricart, M., Guasch, H., Barceló, D., Brix, R., Conceição, M.H., Geiszinger, A., de Alda, M.J.L., López-Doval, J.C., Muñoz, I., Postigo, C., Primary and complex stressors in polluted Mediterranean rivers: pesticide effects on biological communities. J. Hydrol. 383 (2010), 52–61.
Richir, J., Gobert, S., Trace elements in marine environments: occurrence, threats and monitoring with special focus on the costal mediterranean. J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol., 2016, 6.
Richir, J., Gobert, S., A reassessment of the use of Posidonia oceanica and Mytilus galloprovincialis to biomonitor the coastal pollution of trace elements: new tools and tips. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 89 (2014), 390–406.
Rožič, P.Ž., Dolenec, T., Baždarić, B., Karamarko, V., Kniewald, G., Dolenec, M., Element levels in cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) from the Adriatic Sea and potential risk assessment. Environ. Geochem. Health 36 (2014), 19–39.
Saha, N., Mollah, M.Z.I., Alam, M.F., Rahman, M.S., Seasonal investigation of heavy metals in marine fishes captured from the Bay of Bengal and the implications for human health risk assessment. Food Control 70 (2016), 110–118.
Sapkota, A., Sapkota, A.R., Kucharski, M., Burke, J., McKenzie, S., Walker, P., Lawrence, R., Aquaculture practices and potential human health risks: current knowledge and future priorities. Environ. Int. 34 (2008), 1215–1226.
Schenone, N.F., Vackova, L., Fernandez Cirelli, A., Differential tissue accumulation of arsenic and heavy metals from diets in three edible fish species. Aquac. Nutr. 20 (2014), 364–371.
Schnitzler, J.G., Thomé, J.P., Lepage, M., Das, K., Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and trace elements in wild European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) off European estuaries. Sci. Total Environ. 409 (2011), 3680–3686.
Sharma, B., Singh, S., Siddiqi, N.J., Biomedical implications of heavy metals induced imbalances in redox systems. BioMed. Res. Int., 2014, 2014.
Shumilin, E., Páez-Osuna, F., Green-Ruiz, C., Sapozhnikov, D., Rodrı́guez-meza, G.D., Godı́nez-orta, L., Arsenic, antimony, selenium and other trace elements in sediments of the La Paz Lagoon, Peninsula of Baja California, Mexico. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42 (2001), 174–178.
Squadrone, S., Brizio, P., Stella, C., Prearo, M., Pastorino, P., Serracca, L., Ercolini, C., Abete, M.C., Presence of trace metals in aquaculture marine ecosystems of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (Italy). Environ. Pollut. 215 (2016), 77–83.
Storelli, M.M., Potential human health risks from metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via seafood consumption: estimation of target hazard quotients (THQs) and toxic equivalents (TEQs). Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (2008), 2782–2788.
Storelli, M.M., Barone, G., Piscitelli, G., Marcotrigiano, G.O., Mercury in fish: concentration vs. fish size and estimates of mercury intake. Food Addit. Contam. 24 (2007), 1353–1357.
Tepe, Y., Metal concentrations in eight fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. Environ. Monit. Assess. 159 (2009), 501–509.
Türkmen, A., Türkmen, M., Tepe, Y., Çekiç, M., Metals in tissues of fish from Yelkoma Lagoon, northeastern Mediterranean. Environ. Monit. Assess. 168 (2010), 223–230.
USEPA, 2010. Risk-based Concentration Table. Region 3. Philadelphia, PA.
USEPA, Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I. Human Health Evaluation Manual Part A, Interim Final. (EPA/ 540/1–89/002). 1989, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Usero, J., Gonzalez-Regalado, E., Gracia, I., Trace metals in the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum from the Atlantic Coast of Southern Spain. Environ. Int. 23 (1997), 291–298.
Uysal, K., Emre, Y., Köse, E., The determination of heavy metal accumulation ratios in muscle, skin and gills of some migratory fish species by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Beymelek Lagoon (Antalya/Turkey). Microchem. J. 90 (2008), 67–70, 10.1016/j.microc.2008.03.005.
Uysal, K., Köse, E., Bülbül, M., Dönmez, M., Erdoğan, Y., Koyun, M., Ömeroğlu, Ç., Özmal, F., The comparison of heavy metal accumulation ratios of some fish species in Enne Dame Lake (Kütahya/Turkey). Environ. Monit. Assess. 157 (2009), 355–362.
Vandermeersch, G., Lourenço, H.M., Alvarez-Muñoz, D., Cunha, S., Diogène, J., Cano-Sancho, G., Sloth, J.J., Kwadijk, C., Barcelo, D., Allegaert, W., Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood–European database on contaminant levels. Environ. Res. 143 (2015), 29–45.
Varol, M., Kaya, G.K., Alp, A., Heavy metal and arsenic concentrations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed in a dam reservoir on the Firat (Euphrates) River: risk-based consumption advisories. Sci. Total Environ., 599, 2017, 1288.
Vicente-Martorell, J.J., Galindo-Riaño, M.D., García-Vargas, M., Granado-Castro, M.D., Bioavailability of heavy metals monitoring water, sediments and fish species from a polluted estuary. J. Hazard. Mater. 162 (2009), 823–836.
Vieira, C., Morais, S., Ramos, S., Delerue-Matos, C., Oliveira, M., Mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic levels in three pelagic fish species from the Atlantic Ocean: intra-and inter-specific variability and human health risks for consumption. Food Chem. Toxicol. 49 (2011), 923–932.
Wang, W.-X., Rainbow, P.S., Comparative approaches to understand metal bioaccumulation in aquatic animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 148 (2008), 315–323.
Wang, X., Sato, T., Xing, B., Tao, S., Health risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish. Sci. Total Environ. 350 (2005), 28–37.
Wang, Y., Yu, S., Ma, G., Chen, S., Shi, Y., Yang, Y., Comparative study of proximate composition and amino acid in farmed and wild Pseudobagrus ussuriensis muscles. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 49 (2014), 983–989.
WHO, 2014. Summary report Proceedings of the seventy-third meeting of JECFA. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva, Switzerland. Geneva, 17-26 June 2014.
Widianarko, B., Van Gestel, C.A.M., Verweij, R.A., Van Straalen, N.M., Associations between trace metals in sediment, water, and guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Peters), from urban streams of Semarang, Indonesia. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 46 (2000), 101–107.
Wong, C.K., Wong, P.P.K., Chu, L.M., Heavy metal concentrations in marine fishes collected from fish culture sites in Hong Kong. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 40 (2001), 60–69.
Yabanli, M., Alparslan, Y., Baygar, T., Assessment of cadmium, mercury and lead contents of frozen Eurorean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L., 1758) fillets from Turkey. Agric. Sci., 3, 2012, 669.
Yi, Y., Yang, Z., Zhang, S., Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Nitrogen Depos. Crit. Loads Biodivers. 159 (2011), 2575–2585, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.06.011.
Yildiz, M., Mineral composition in fillets of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata): a comparison of cultured and wild fish. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 24 (2008), 589–594.
