[en] Pinnipeds are long-lived predators with amphibious lifestyles, often residing in remote environments. Environmental contaminants as well as other stressors due to anthropogenic impacts into their habitat are known to affect the immune and endocrine system in seals and to affect marine mammal health status and increase their susceptibility to infectious disease. Pinnipeds are under a continuous pressure of anthropogenic activities such as fisheries, ship traffic, oil exploration, and chemical and noise pollution. This has prompted many studies over the past decades to evaluate the effects of cumulative stress on the health of these marine mammals. Different approaches have been used to assess the effects of contaminants on the health of marine mammals and better understand the impact on their physiology. To evaluate detrimental changes potentially caused by xenobiotics on wildlife health, parameters of biological processes with prognostic or diagnostic explanatory power, so called biomarkers need to be found. An overview about parameters used as markers to measure exposure and effects is given in the following chapter, combining long-standing, established methods with new techniques that are promising future tools.
Research Center/Unit :
FOCUS - Freshwater and OCeanic science Unit of reSearch - ULiège
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
L. Ahrens, U. Siebert and R. Ebinghaus (2009) Temporal trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the German Bight, 1999-2008. Chemosphere 76(2), 151-158.
B.M. Bäcklin, C. Bredhult and M. Olovsson (2003) Proliferative effects of estradiol, progesterone, and two CB congeners and their metabolites on gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) uterine myocytes in vitro. Toxicological Sciences 75(1), 154-160.
B.-M. Bäcklin, C. Moraeus, K. Kauhala and M. Isomursu HELCOM SEAL Expert Group (2013) Pregnancy Rates of the Marine Mammals — Particular Emphasis on Baltic Grey and Ringed Seals. Available at: http://www.helcom.fi/Core%20Indicators/HELCOM-CoreIndicator-Preg-nancy_rates_of_marine_mammals.pdf HELCOM Core Indicator Report
J.R. Baker and A.R. Martin (1992) Causes of mortality and parasites and incidental lesions in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from British waters. The Veterinary Record 130 554-558.
M.G. Barron, R. Heintz and M.M. Krahn (2003) Contaminant exposure and effects in pinnipeds: implications for Steller sea lion declines in Alaska. The Science of the Total Environment 311(1), 111-133.
H. Beck, E.M. Breuer, A. Droß and W. Mathar (1990) Residues of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and other organochlorine compounds in harbour seals and harbour porpoise. Chemosphere 20(7-9), 1027-1034.
K.B. Beckmen, J.E. Blake, G.M. Ylitalo, J.L. Stott and T.M. O’Hara (2003) Organochlorine contaminant exposure and associations with hematological and humoral immune functional assays with dam age as a factor in free-ranging northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 46 594-606.
A. Behr, A. Wargel, U. Siebert and V. Hellwig (2008) Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-induced modification of protein expression in primary hepatocytes from harbour seals. Organohalogen Compounds 70 1079-1082.
A. Beineke, U. Siebert, M. Mclachlan, R. Bruhn, K. Thron, K. Failing, G. Muller and W. Baumgartner (2005) Investigations of the potential influence of environmental contaminants on the thymus and spleen of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Environmental Science and Technology 39 3933-3938.
A. Beineke, U. Siebert, P. Wohlsein and W. Baumgärtner (2010) Immunology of whales and dolphins. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 133(2), 81-94.
P.M. Bennett, P.D. Jespon, R.J. Law, B.R. Jones, T. Kuiken, J.R. Baker, E. Rogan and J.K. Kirkwood (2001) Exposure to heavy metals and infectious disease mortality in harbour porpoises from England and Wales. Environmental Pollution 112 33-40.
A. Bergman and M. Olsson (1986) Pathology of Baltic grey seal and ringed seal females with special reference to adrenocortical hyperplasia: Is environmental pollution the cause of a widely distributed disease syndrome? Finnish Game Research 44 47-62.
A. Bergman, M. Olsson and S. Reiland (1992) Skull-bone lesions in the baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Ambio 21 517-519.
A. Bergman (1999) Health condition of the Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) during two decades: gynaeco- logical health improvement but increased prevalence of colonic ulcers. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 107 270-282.
A. Bergman (2007) Pathological Changes in Seals in Swedish Waters: The Relation to Environmental Pollution. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 2007 (131). (Doctoral thesis)
P. Berggren, R. Ishaq, Y. Zebqhr, C. Näf, C. Bandh and D. Broman (1999) Patterns and levels of organochlorines (DDTs, PCBs, non-ortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs) in male harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Baltic Sea, the Kattegat-Skagerrak Seas and the west coast of Norway. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38(12), 1070-1084.
A. Bogomolni, S. Frasca, M. Levin, K. Matassa, O. Nielsen, G. Waring and S. De Guise (2016) In vitro exposure of harbor seal immune cells to Aroclor 1260 alters phocine distemper virus replication. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70(1), 121-132.
G.D. Bossart (2011) Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health. Veterinary Pathology 48 676-690. Online
A. Brouwer, P.J.H. Reijnders and J.H. Koeman (1989) Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated fish induces vitamin A and thyroid hormone deficiency in the common seal (Phoca vitulina). Aquatic Toxicology 15 99-106.
T.M. Brown, P.S. Ross, K.J. Reimer, N. Veldhoen, N.J. Danger, A.T. Fisk and C.C. Helbing (2014) PCB related effects thresholds as derived through gene transcript profiles in locally contaminated ringed seals (Pusa hispida). Environmental Science and Technology 48 12952-12961.
T.M. Brown, S.A. Hammond, B. Behsaz, N. Veldhoen, I. Birol and C.C. Helbing (2017) De novo assembly of the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) blubber transcriptome: a tool that enables identification of molecular health indicators associated with PCB exposure. Aquatic Toxicology 185 48-57.
Y. Capowiez, N. Dittbrenner, M. Rault, R. Triebskorn, M. Hedde and C. Mazzia (2010) Earthworm cast production as a new behavioural biomarker for toxicity testing. Environmental Pollution 158(2), 388-393.
T. Ciesielski, A. Wasik, I. Kuklik, K. Skóra, J. Namiesnik and P. Szefer (2004) Organtin compounds in the liver tissue of marine mammals from the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea. Environmental Science and Technology 2004(38), 1415-1420.
T. Ciesielski, S.Z. Bertenyi Szefer Zs, I. Kuklik, K. Skóra, J. Namiesnik and P. Fodor (2006) Interspecific distribution and co-associations of chemical elements in the liver tissue of marine mammals from the Polish Economical Exclusive Zone, Baltic Sea. Environment International 32 524-532.
B. Clausen and S. Andersen (1988) Evaluation of by-catch and health status of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Danish waters. Danish Review of Game Biology 13 1-20.
B. Clement, K. Christiansen and U. Girreser (2001) Phase 2 metabolites of N-hydroxylated amidines (amidoximes): synthesis, in vitro formation by pig hepatocytes, and mutagenicity testing. Chemical Research in Toxicology 14 319-326.
S. Constable, A. Parslow, G. Dutton, T. Rogers and C. Hogg (2006) Urinary cortisol sampling: a non-invasive technique for examining cortisol concentrations in the Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii. Zoo Biology 25(2), 137-144.
A. Covaci, P. Jorens, Y. Jacquemyn and R. Schepens (2002) Distribution of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in umbilical cord and maternal serum. The Science of the Total Environment 298(1-3), 45-53.
K. Das, V. Debacker, S. Pillet and J.-M. Bouquegneau (2003) Heavy metals in marine mammals. J.V. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier, T. O’Shea (Eds) Toxicology of Marine Mammals Washington, DC: Taylor and Francis Publishers 135-167.
K. Das, U. Siebert, M. Fontaine, T. Jauniaux, L. Holsbeek and J.M. Bouquegneau (2004) Ecological and pathological factors related to trace metal concentrations in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from the North Sea and adjacent areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 281 283-295.
K. Das, A. Vossen, K. Tolley, G. Víkingsson, K. Thron, G. Müller, et al. (2006) Interfollicular fibrosis in the thyroid of the harbour porpoise: an endocrine disruption? Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51(4), 720-729.
K. Das, U. Siebert, A. Gillet, A. Dupont, C. Di-Poi, S. Fonfara, G. Mazzucchelli, E. De Pauw and M.C. De Pauw-Gillet (2008) Mercury immune toxicity in harbour seals: links to in vitro toxicity. Environmental Health 7(52),
C. Debier, P.P. Pomeroy, C. Dupont, C. Joiris, V. Comblin, E. Le Boulenge, Y. Larondelle and J.P. Thome (2003) Dynamics of PCB transfer from mother to pup during lactation in UK grey seals Halichoerus grypus: differences in PCB profile between compartments of transfer and changes during the lactation period. Marine Ecology Progress Series 247 249-256.
S. De Guise (2004) Immunotoxicology in marine mammals. H. Tryphonas, M. Fournier, B.R. Blakley, J.E.G. Smits, P. Brousseau (Eds) Investigative Immunotoxicology New York, USA: Taylor & Francis
A. De Maio (2011) Extracellular heat shock proteins, cellular export vesicles, and the Stress Observation System: a form of communication during injury, infection, and cell damage. Cell Stress and Chaperones 16(3), 235-249.
J.P.W. Desforges, C. Sonne, M. Levin, U. Siebert, S. De Guise and R. Dietz (2016) Immunotoxic effects of environmental pollutants in marine mammals. Environment International 86 126-139.
J.P. Desforges, M. Levin, L. Jasperse, S. De Guise, I. Eulaers, R.J. Letcher, M. Acquarone, E. Nordøy, L.P. Folkow, T. Hammer Jensen, C. Grøndahl, M.F. Bertelsen, J.S. Leger J.St., J. Almunia, C. Sonne and R. Dietz (2017) Environmental Science and Technology 51(19), 11431-11439. 10.1021/acs.est.7b03532
B. Desvergne, L. Michalik and W. Wahli (2006) Transcriptional regulation of metabolism. Physiological Reviews 86 465-514.
R.L. De Swart, P.S. Ross, L.J. Vedder, H.H. Timmerman, S. Heisterkamp, H.K. Loveren, J.G. Vos, P.J.H. Reijnders and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (1994) Impairment of immune function in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) feeding on fish from polluted waters. Ambio 23 155-159.
R.L. De Swart, P.S. Ross, J.G. Vos and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (1996) Impaired immunity in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) exposed to bioaccumulated environmental contaminants: review of a long-term feeding study. Environmental Health Perspectives 104 823-828.
H.M. De Vogel-van den Bosch, M. Bünger, P.J. de Groot, H. Bosch-Vermeulen, G.J.E.J. Hooiveld and M. Müller (2008) PPARalpha-mediated effects of dietary lipids on intestinal barrier gene expression. BMC Genomics 9 231.
H.E. Drescher, U. Harms and E. Huschenbeth (1977) Organochlorines and heavy metals in the harbour seal Phoca vitulina from the German North Sea Coast. Marine Biology 41(1), 99-106.
J.C. Duinker, M.T.J. Hillebrand and R.F. Nolting (1979) Organochlorines and metals in harbour seals (Dutch Wadden Sea). Marine Pollution Bulletin 10 360-364.
A. Dupont, U. Siebert, A. Covaci, L. Weijs, G. Eppe, C. Debier, M.-C. De Pauw-Gillet and K. Das (2013) Relationships between in vitro lymphoproliferative responses and levels of contaminants in blood of free-ranging adult harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the North Sea. Aquatic Toxicology 142-143 210-220.
A. Dupont, M.C. De Pauw-Gillet, J. Schnitzler, U. Siebert and K. Das (2016) Effects of methylmercury on harbour seal peripheral blood leucocytes in vitro studied by electron microscopy. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70(1), 133-142.
P.A. Fair, T. Romano, A.M. Schaefer, J.S. Reif, G.D. Bossart, M. Houde, D. Muir, J. Adams, C. Rice, T.C. Hulsey and M. Peden-Adams (2013) Associations between perfluoroalkyl compounds and immune and clinical chemistry parameters in highly exposed bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32 736-746.
S. Fonfara, A. Kakuschke, T. Rosenberger, U. Siebert and A. Prange (2008) Cytokine and acute phase protein expression in blood samples of harbour seal pups. Marine Biology 155(3), 337-345.
C. Fossi and L. Marsili (1997) The use of non-destructive biomarkers in the study of marine mammals. Biomarkers 2(4), 205-216.
M.C. Fossi, L. Marsili, M. Junin, H. Castello, J.A. Lorenzani, S. Casini, et al. (1997) Use of nondestructive biomarkers and residue analysis to assess the health status of endangered species of pinnipeds in the south-west Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(3), 157-162.
H.C. Freeman and G.B. Sangalan (1977) A study on the effects of methylmercury, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and a PCB (Arochlor 1254) on adrenal and testicular steroidogeneses in vitro, by the gray seal Halichoerus grypus. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 5 369-383.
H. Frouin, M. Lebeuf, M. Hammill, S. Masson and M. Fournier (2010) Effects of individual polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners on harbour seal immune cells in vitro. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60 291-298.
K. Granby and K. Kinze (1991) Organochlorines in Danish and West Greenland harbour porpoises. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22 458-462.
S. Griesel, A. Kakuschke, U. Siebert and A. Prange (2008) Trace element concentrations in blood of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Wadden Sea. The Science of the Total Environment 392(2-3), 313-323.
S. Habran, P. Pomeroy, C. Debier and K. Das (2013) Changes in trace elements during lactation in a marine top predator, the grey seal. Aquatic Toxicology 126 455-466.
A. Hall, P. Pomeroy, N. Green, K. Jones and J. Harwood (1997) Infection, haematology and biochemistry in grey seal pups exposed to chlorinated biphenyls. Marine Environmental Research 43 81-98.
A.J. Hall, N.J. Green, K.C. Jones, P.P. Pomeroy and J. Harwood (1998) Thyroid hormones as biomarkers in grey seals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(6), 424-428.
J.A. Hammond, A.J. Hall and E.A. Dyrynda (2005) Comparison of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) induced effects on innate immune functions in harbour and grey seals. Aquatic Toxicology 74 126-138.
T. Härkönen, R. Dietz, P. Reijnders, J. Teilmann, K. Harding, A. Hall, S. Brasseur, U. Siebert, S.J. Goodman, P.D. Jepson, T. Dau Rasmussen and P. Thompson (2006) The 1988 and 2002 phocine distemper virus epidemics in European harbour seals. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 68(2), 115-130.
U. Harms, H.E. Drescher and E. Huschenbeth (1978) Further data on heavy metals and organochlorines in marine mammals from German coastal waters. Meeresforschung - Reports on Marine Research 26(3-4), 153-161.
P.J. Harrison, P.R. Heath, S.L. Eastwood, P.W.J. Burnet, B. McDonald and R.C.A. Pearson (1995) The relative importance of premortem acidosis and postmortem interval for human brain gene expression studies: selective mRNA vulnerability and comparison with their encoded proteins. Neuroscience Letters 200(3), 151-154.
I. Hasselmeier, S. Fonfara, J. Driver and U. Siebert (2008) Differential hematology profiles of free-ranging, rehabilitated, and captive harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) of the German North Sea. Aquatic Mammals 34(2), 149.
E. Helle, M. Olsson and S. Jensen (1976) PCB levels correlated with pathological changes in seal uteri. Ambio 5 261-262.
V. Hellwig (2011) Effects of persistent polutants on marine mammals. Persistent Pollution-Past, Present and Future Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 337-362.
K. Hobbs, M. Lebeuf and M. Hammill (2002) PCBs and OCPs in male harbour, grey, harp and hooded seals from the Estuary and Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada. Science of the Total Environment 296 1-18.
S. Huber, L. Ahrens, B.J. Bårdsen, U. Siebert, J.O. Bustnes, G.A. Víkingsson, R. Ebinghaus and D. Herzke (2012) Temporal trends and spatial differences of perfluoroalkylated substances in livers of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) populations from Northern Europe, 1991-2008. The Science of the Total Environment 419 216-224.
H. Ishibashi, H. Iwata, E.Y. Kim, L. Tao, K. Kannan, S. Tanabe, et al. (2008) Contamination and effects of perfluorochemicals in baikal seal (Pusa sibirica). 2. Molecular characterization, expression level, and transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. Environmental Science and Technology 42(7), 2302-2308.
T. Jauniaux, D. Petitjean, C. Brenez, M. Borrens, L. Brosens, J. Haelters, T. Tavernier and F. Coignoul (2002) Post-mortem findings and causes of death of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded from 1990 to 2000 along the coastlines of Belgium and Northern France. Journal of Comparative Pathology 126 243-253.
P.D. Jepson, P.M. Bennett, C.R. Allchin, R.J. Law, T. Kuiken, J.R. Baker, et al. (1999) Investigating potential associations between chronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and infectious disease mortality in harbour porpoises from England and Wales. Science of the Total Environment 7 339-348.
P.D. Jepson, J.R. Baker, T. Kuiken, V.R. Simpson, S. Kennedy and P.M. Bennett (2000) Pulmonary pathology of harbour porpoises stranded in England and Wales between 1990 and 1996. The Veterinary Record 146 721-728.
P.D. Jepson, P.M. Bennett, R. Deaville, C.R. Allchin, J.R. Baker and R.J. Law (2005) Relationships between polychlorinated biphenyls and health status in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the United Kingdom. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24 238-248.
P.D. Jepson, R. Deaville, J.L. Barber, A. Aguilar, A. Borrell, S. Murphy, J. Barry, A. Brownlow, J. Barnett, S. Berrow, A.A. Cunningham, N.J. Davison, M. Ten Doeschate, R. Esteban, M. Ferreira, A.D. Foote, T. Genov, J. Gimenez, J. Loveridge, A. Llavona, V. Martin, D.L. Maxwell, A. Papachlimitzou, R. Penrose, M.W. Perkins, B. Smith, R. de Stephanis, N. Tragenza, P. Verborgh, A. Fernandez and R.J. Law (2016) PCB pollution continues to impact populations of orcas and other dolphins in European waters. Scientific Report 10.1038/srep18573
A. Kakuschke, E. Valentine-Thon, S. Griesel, S. Fonfara, U. Siebert and A. Prange (2005) Immunological impact of metals in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) of the North Sea. Environmental Science and Technology 39 7568-7575.
A. Kakuschke, E. Valentine-Thon, S. Fonfara, S. Griesel, U. Siebert and A. Prange (2006) Metal sensitivity of marine mammals: a case study of a grey seal (Halicoerus grypus). Marine Mammal Science 22(4), 985-996.
A. Kakuschke, E. Valentine-Thon, S. Fonfara, S. Griesel, T. Rosenberger, U. Siebert and A. Prange (2008) Metal-induced impairment of the cellular immunity of newborn harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55 129-136.
A. Kakuschke, E. Valentine-Thon, S. Fonfara, K. Kramer and A. Prange (2009) Effects of methyl-, phenyl-, ethylmercury and mercurychloride on immune cells of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Journal of Environmental Sciences 21 1716-1721.
A. Kakuschke, S. Griesel, S. Fonfara, T. Rosenberger and A. Prange (2009) Concentrations of selected essential and non-essential elements in blood of harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) pups of the German North Sea. Biological Trace Element Research 127(1), 28-36.
A. Kakuschke, E. Valentine-Thon, S. Griesel, S. Fonfara, U. Siebert and A. Prange (2011) Are metal-induced hypersensitivities in harbor seals associated with liver function? Marine Pollution Bulletin 62 1891-1894.
K. Kannan, S. Corsolini, J. Falandysz, G. Oehme, S. Focardi and J.P. Giesy (2002) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the baltic and the Mediterranean Seas. Environmental Science and Technology 36 3210-3216.
S. Kersten, B. Desvergne and W. Wahli (2000) Roles of PPARs in health and disease. Nature 405(6785), 421-424.
E.Y. Kim and M.E. Hahn (2002) cDNA cloning and characterization of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor from the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): a biomarker of dioxin susceptibility? Aquatic Toxicology 58(1), 57-73.
E.Y. Kim, H. Iwata, T. Suda, S. Tanabe, M. Amano, N. Miyazaki and E.A. Petrov (2005) Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) expression in Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica) and association with 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD toxic equivalents and CYP1 expression levels. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology 141(3), 281-291.
M. Kirkegaard, C. Sonne, P.S. Leifsson, R. Dietz, E.W. Born, D.C.G. Muir and R.J. Letcher (2005) Histology of selected immunological organs in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland in relation to concentrations of organohalogen contaminants. The Science of the Total Environment 341(1), 119-132.
V. Korff, A. Wargel, K. Lehnert, U. Siebert and V. Hellwig (2009) Assessment of cell viability and specific metabolism in primary seal hepatocytes after exposure to PFOS and PCBs. Abstracts of the Society of Marine Mammalogy, 18th Biennual Conference, 12-16.10.2009, Quebec, Canada
V. Korff, A. Behr, A. Wargel, K. Lehnert, U. Siebert and V. Hellwig (2010) From seals to cells: protein biomarkers to reveal effects of persistent pollutants on primary hepatocytes of Phoca vitulina. ICES ASC Handbook of the Annual Science Conference, 20-24.9.2010, Nantes, France
L. Kuenstl, S. Griesel, A. Prange and W. Goessler (2009) Arsenic speciation in bodily fluids of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Environmental Chemistry 6(4), 319.
A. Lalancette, Y. Morin, L. Measures and M. Fournier (2003) Contrasting changes of sensitivity by lymphocytes and neutrophils to mercury in developing grey seals. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 27 735-747.
R.J. Law, C.R. Allchin and J. Harwood (1989) Concentrations of organochlorine compounds in the blubber of seals from eastern and north-eastern England, 1988. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20(3), 110-115. 1989 Printed in Great Britain
R.J. Law, A. Hopkin, J.R. Baker, J. Harwood, D.B. Jackson, S. Kennedy, A.R. Martin and R.J. Morris (1991) Concentrations of trace metals in the livers of marine mammals (seals, porpoises and dolphins) from waters around the British Isles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 22(4), 183-191.
R.J. Law, P.D. Jepson, R. Deaville, R.J. Reid, I.A.P. Patterson, C.R. Allchin and B.R. Jones (2006) Collaborative UK Marine Mammals Strandings Project: summary of contaminant data for the period 1993-2001. Science Series Technical Report, Cefas Lowestoft 131 72.
K. Lehnert, S. Müller, L. Weirup, K. Ronnenberg, I. Pawliczka, T. Rosenberger and U. Siebert (2014) Molecular biomarkers in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) to evaluate pollutant exposure, health and immune status. Marine Pollution Bulletin
K. Lehnert, J.A. Raga and U. Siebert (2005) Macroparasites in stranded and bycaught harbour porpoises from German and Norwegian waters. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 64(3), 265-269.
K. Lehnert, H. Seibel, I. Hasselmeier, P. Wohlsein, M. Iversen, N.H. Nielsen, et al. (2014) Increase in parasite burden and associated pathology in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in West Greenland. Polar Biology 37(3), 321-331.
K. Lehnert, K. Ronnenberg, L. Weijs, A. Covaci, K. Das, V. Hellwig and U. Siebert (2016) Xenobiotic and immune-relevant molecular biomarkers in harbor seals as proxies for pollutant burden and effects. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70(1), 106-120.
K. Lehnert, L. Weirup, K.C. Harding, T. Härkönen, O. Karlsson and J. Teilmann (2017) Antarctic seals: molecular biomarkers as indicators for pollutant exposure, health effects and diet. The Science of the Total Environment 599 1693-1704.
M. Levin, S. De Guise and P.S. Ross (2005) Association between lymphocyte proliferation and polychlorinated biphenyls in free-ranging harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups from British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24 1247-1252.
M. Levin, E. Gebhard, L. Jasperse, J.P. Desforges, R. Dietz, C. Sonne, et al. (2016) Immunomodulatory effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and perfluoroalkyl acids in East Greenland ringed seals (Pusa hispida). Environmental Research 151 244-250.
Y. Lind, P.O. Darnerud, S. Atuma, M. Aune, W. Becker, R. Bjerselius, S. Cnattingius and A. Glynn (2003) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden. Environmental Research 2 186-194.
K. Lucke, P.A. Lepper, M.A. Blanchet and U. Siebert (2009) Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) after exposure to seismic airgun stimuli. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125 6.
T.R. Malek (2003) The main function of IL-2 is to promote the development of T regulatory cells. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 74(6), 961-965.
A. Mancia, J.C. Ryan, F.M. Van Dolah, J.R. Kucklick, T.K. Rowles, R.S. Wells, et al. (2014) Machine learning approaches to investigate the impact of PCBs on the transcriptome of the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Marine Environmental Research 100 57-67.
D.J. Marcogliese and M. Pietrock (2011) Combined effects of parasites and contaminants on animal health: parasites do matter. Trends in Parasitology 27(3), 123-130.
L. Marsili, M.C. Fossi, G. Neri, S. Casini, C. Gardi, S. Palmeri, et al. (2000) Skin biopsies for cell cultures from Mediterranean free-ranging cetaceans. Marine Environmental Research 50(1), 523-526.
M.P. Mayer and B. Bukau (2005) Hsp70 chaperones: cellular functions and molecular mechanism. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 62 670-684.
L. Mos, B. Morsey, S.J. Jeffries, M.B. Yunker, S. Raverty, S. De Guise and P.S. Ross (2006) Chemical and biological pollution contribute to the immunological profiles of freeranging harbor seals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25 3110-3117.
R.J. Morris, R.J. Law, C.R. Allchin, C.A. Kelly and C.F. Fileman (1989) Metals and organochlorines in dolphins and porpoises of Cardigan Bay, West Wales. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20 512.
S. Müller, K. Lehnert, H. Seibel, J. Driver, K. Ronnenberg, J. Teilmann, et al. (2013) Evaluation of immune and stress status in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena): can hormones and mRNA expression levels serve as indicators to assess stress? BMC Veterinary Research 9(1), 145.
J.C.C. Neale, J.A. Van deWater, J.T. Harvey, R.S. Tjeerdema and M.E. Gershwin (2002) Proliferative responses of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) T lymphocytes to model marine pollutants. Developmental Immunology 9 215-221.
J.C.C. Neale, T.P. Kenny, R.S. Tjeerdema and M.E. Gershwin (2005) PAH- and PCB-induced alterations of protein tyrosine kinase and cytokine gene transcription in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) PBMC. Clinical and Developmental Immunology 12 91-97.
M. Noël, N. Dangerfield, S. Jeffries, D. Lambourn, M. Lance, C. Helbing, et al. (2017) Polychlorinated biphenyl-related alterations of the expression of essential genes in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from coastal sites in Canada and the United States. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1-12.
M. Nyman, M. Bergknut, M.L. Fant, H. Raunio, M. Jestoi, C. Bengs, A. Murk, J. Koistinen, C. Bäckman, O. Pelkonen, M. Tysklind, T. Hirvi and E. Helle (2003) Contaminant exposure and effects in Baltic ringed and grey seals as assessed by biomarkers. Marine Environmental Research 55 73-99.
M. Olsson, B. Karlsson and E. Ahnland (1994) Diseases and environmental contaminants in seals from the Baltic and the Swedish West Coast. The Science of the Total Environment 154 217-227.
S. Pascual and E. Abollo (2005) Whaleworms as a tag to map zones of heavy-metal pollution. Trends in Parasitology 21(5), 204-206.
S. Pillet, V. Lesage, M. Hammill, D.G. Cyr, J. Bouquegneau and M. Fournier (2000) In vitro exposure of seal peripheral blood leukocytes to different metals reveal a sex-dependent effect of zinc on phagocytic activity. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 921-927.
P.J.H. Reijnders (1980) Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in harbour seals from the Wadden Sea and their possible effects on reproduction. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 14 30-65.
J.A. Reese and J.L. Byard (1981) Isolation and culture of adult hepatocytes from liver biopsies. In Vitro 17 935-940.
P.J.H. Reijnders (1986) Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters. Nature 324 456-457.
P.J.H. Reijnders (1988) Ecotoxicology perspectives in marine mammalogy: research principles and goals for a conservation policy. Marine Mammal Science 4 91-102.
W.J. Richardson, C.R. Greene Jr., C.I. Malme and D.I. Thomson (1995) Marine Mammals and Noise. San Diego: Academic Press 576 p.
A.M. Roos, B.M.V.M. Bäcklin, B.O. Helander, F.F. Rigét and U.C. Eriksson (2012) Improved reproductive success in otters (Lutra lutra), grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from Sweden in relation to concentrations of organochlorine contaminants. Environmental Pollution 170 268-275.
P.S. Ross, R.L.D. Swart, P.J.H. Reijnders, H. van Loveren, J.G. Vos and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (1995) Contaminant-related suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody responses in harbor seals fed herring from the Baltic Sea. Environmental Health Perspectives 103 162-167.
P.S. Ross, R.L. de Swart, R.F. Addison, H. van Loveren, J.G. Vos and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus (1996) Contaminant-induced immunotoxicity in harbour seals: wildlife at risk? Toxicology 112 157-169.
P.S. Ross, R.L. De Swart, H.H. Timmerman, P.J.H. Reijnders, J.G. Vos, H. Van Loveren and A.D. Osterhaus (1996) Suppression of natural killer cell activity in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) fed Baltic Sea herring. Aquatic Toxicology 34 71-84.
P.S. Ross and S. De Guise (2007) Marine mammal immunotoxicology. R. Luebke, R. House, I. Kimber (Eds) Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology third ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
H. Routti, A. Arukwe, B.M. Jenssen, R.J. Letcher, M. Nyman, C. Bäckman and G.W. Gabrielsen (2010) Comparative endocrine disruptive effects of contaminants in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from Svalbard and the Baltic Sea. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology 152(3), 306-312.
H. Routti, B.M. Jenssen, C. Lydersen, C. Bäckman, A. Arukwe, M. Nyman, et al. (2010) Hormone, vitamin and contaminant status during the moulting/fasting period in ringed seals (Pusa [Phoca] hispida) from Svalbard. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology 155(1), 70-76.
R. Sabat, G. Grütz, K. Warszawska, S. Kirsch, E. Witte, K. Wolk and J. Geginet (2010) Biology of interleukin-10. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 21(5), 331-344.
S.D. Shaw, D. Brenner, A. Bourakovsky, C.A. Mahaffey and C.R. Perkins (2005) Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) from the northwestern Atlantic coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50 1069-1084.
S. Shaw, M.L. Berger, D. Brenner, L. Tao, Q. Wu and K. Kannan (2009) Specific accumulation of perfluorochemicals in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) from the northwest Atlantic. Chemosphere 74(8), 1037-1043.
R. Shizu, S. Benoki, Y. Numakura, S. Kodama, M. Miyata, Y. Yamazoe and K. Yoshinari (2013) Xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation associated with constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is enhanced by pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation in mice. PLoS One 8(4), e61802.
U. Siebert, C. Joiris, L. Holsbeek, H. Benke, K. Failing, K. Frese and E. Petzinger (1999) Potential relation between mercury concentrations and necropsy findings in cetaceans from German waters of the North and Baltic Seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 38(4), 285-295.
U. Siebert, A. Wünschmann, R. Weiss, H. Frank, H. Benke and K. Frese (2001) Post-mortem findings in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the German North and Baltic Seas. Journal of Comparative Pathology 124 102-114.
U. Siebert, A. Vossen, W. Baumgärtner, G. Müller, A. Beineke, M. McLachlan, R. Bruhn and K. Thron (2002) Untersuchungen zu Auswirkungen von Umweltchemikalien auf das Endokrinium und Immunsystem von Schweinswalen aus der deutschen Nord- und Ostsee: Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. Chemikaliensicherheit, allgemeine Bewertungskriterien für chemische Produkte. Forschungsbericht 29965221/01
U. Siebert, A. Wünschmann, K. Tolley, G. Vikingsson, D. Olafsdottir, K. Lehnert, R. Weiss and W. Baumgärtner (2006) Pathological findings in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) originating from Norwegian and Icelandic waters. Journal of Comparative Pathology 134(2-3), 134-142.
U. Siebert, P. Wohlsein, K. Lehnert and W. Baumgärtner (2007) Pathological findings in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): 1996-2005. Journal of Comparative Pathology 137 47-58.
U. Siebert, E. Prenger-Berrninghoff and R. Weiss (2009) Regional differences in bacteria flora in harbour porpoises from the North Atlantic: environmental effects. Journal of Applied Microbiology 106 329-337.
U. Siebert, S. Müller, A. Gilles, J. Sundermeyer and I. Narberhaus (2012) Chapter VII Species profiles marine mammals. I. Narberhaus, J. Krause, U. Bernitt (Eds) Threatened Biodiversity in the German North and Baltic Seas - Sensitivities towards Human Activities and the Effects of Climate Change. Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt, Heft 117, Bonn - Bad Godesberg 487-501.
U. Siebert, A. Heidmann, N. Friedhoff, H. Kruse, F. Rigét, S. Adler and E. Maser (2012) Organochlorine burdens in harbour seals from the German Wadden Sea collected during two phocine distemper epizootics and ringed seals from west Greenland waters. Environmental and Analytical Toxicology 2(2),
W. Simms and P.S. Ross (2000) Vitamin A physiology and its application as a biomarker of contaminant-related toxicity in marine mammals: a review. Toxicology and Industrial Health 16(7-8), 291-302.
J.U. Skaare, N.H. Markussen, G. Norheim, S. Haugen and G. Holt (1990) Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in Norwegian waters. Environmental Pollution 66(4), 309-324.
E.G. Sørmo, H.J.S. Larsen, G.M. Johansen, J.U. Skaare and B.M. Jenssen (2009) Immunotoxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in free-ranging gray seal pups with special emphasis on dioxin-like congeners. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 72 266-276.
E.A. Stevens, J.D. Mezrich and C.A. Bradfield (2009) The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a perspective on potential roles in the immune system. Immunology 127(3), 299-311.
B. Sures (2004) Environmental parasitology: relevancy of parasites in monitoring environmental pollution. Trends in Parasitology 20(4), 170-177.
M. Tabuchi, N. Veldhoen, N. Dangerfield, S. Jeffries, C.C. Helbing and P.S. Ross (2006) PCB-related alteration of thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone receptor gene expression in free-ranging harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Environmental Health Perspectives 114(7), 1024.
K.U. Thron, R. Bruhn and M.S. McLachlan (2004) The influence of age, sex, body-condition and regions on the levels of PBDEs and toxaphene in harbour porpoises from European waters. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 13 146-155.
H. Tomita, M.P. Vawter, D.M. Walsh, S.J. Evans, P.V. Choudary, J. Li, et al. (2004) Effect of agonal and postmortem factors on gene expression profile: quality control in microarray analyses of postmortem human brain. Biological Psychiatry 55(4), 346-352.
G.M. Troisi, K. Haraguchi, D.S. Kaydoo, M. Nyman, A. Aguilar, A. Borrell, U. Siebert and C.F. Mason (2001) Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenylethane (DDE) methyl sulfones in tissues of seal and dolphin morbillivirus epizootic victims. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 62 1-8.
G. Ungherese and A. Ugolini (2009) Sandhopper solar orientation as a behavioural biomarker of trace metals contamination. Environmental Pollution 157(4), 1360-1364.
M.-F. Van Bressem, J.A. Raga, G. Di Guardo, P.D. Jepson, P.J. Duignan, U. Siebert, T. Barrett, M.C.D.O. Santos, I.B. Moreno, S. Siciliano, A. Aguilar and K. Van Waerebeek (2009) Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 86 143-157.
K.I. Van de Viejver, P.T. Hoff, K. Das, W. Van Dongen, E.L. Esmans, T. Jauniaux, J.-M. Bouquegneau, R. Blust and W. De Coen (2003) Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals. Environmental Science and Technology 37(24), 5545-5550.
K.I. Van de Viejver, P.T. Hoff, K. Das, S. Brasseur, W. Van Dongen, E. Esmans, P. Reijnders, R. Blust and W. De Coen (2005) Tissue distribution of perfluorinate chemicals in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Dutch Wadden Sea. Environmental Science and Technology 39(18), 6978-6984.
L. Weijs, C.A. Dirtu, K. Das, A. Gheorghe, J.H.P. Reijnders, H. Neels, R. Blust and A. Covaci (2009) Inter-species differences for polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine top predators from the Southern North Sea: part 1. Accumulation patterns in harbour seals and harbour porpoises. Environmental Pollution 437-444. Elsevier
L. Weijs, A.C. Roach, R.S. Yang, R. McDougall, M. Lyons, C. Housand, et al. (2014) Lifetime PCB 153 bioaccumulation and pharmacokinetics in pilot whales: Bayesian population PBPK modeling and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. Chemosphere 94 91-96.
L. Weijs and A. Zaccaroni (2016) Toxicology of marine mammals: new developments and opportunities. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 70(1), 1-8.
L. Weirup, S. Müller, K. Ronnenberg, T. Rosenberger, U. Siebert and K. Lehnert (2013) Immune-relevant and new xenobioticmolecular biomarkers to assess anthropogenic stress in seals. Marine Environmental Research 92 43-51.
C. Wenzel, D. Adelung, H. Kruse and O. Wassermann (1993) Trace metal accumulation in hair and skin of the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26 152-155.
H. Wolkers, C. Lydersen and K.M. Kovacs (2004) Accumulation and lactational transfer of PCBs and pesticides in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from Svalbard. Norway. Science of the Total Environment 319 137-146.
A. Wünschmann, U. Siebert, K. Frese, R. Weiss, C. Lockyer, M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, G. Müller and W. Baumgärtner (2001) Evidence of infectious diseases in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) hunted in the water of Greenland and by-caught in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea. The Veterinary Record 148 715-720.
J.T. Zelikoff (1998) Biomarkers of immunotoxicity in fish and other non-mammalian sentinel species: predictive value for mammals? Toxicology 129(1), 63-71.
T. Zenteno-Savin, M. Castellini, L. Rea and B. Fadely (1997) Plasma haptoglobin levels in threatened Alaskan pinniped populations. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33 64-71.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.
