Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging

Lang, R. M.; Badano, L. P.; Victor, M.-A.; Afilalo, J.; Armstrong, A.; Ernande, L.; Flachskampf, Frank; Foster, E.; Goldstein, S. A.; Kuznetsova, T.; Lancellotti, Patrizio; Muraru, D.; Picard, M. H.; Retzschel, E. R.; Rudski, L.; Spencer, K. T.; Tsang, W.; Voigt, J.-U.

doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003

Article (Scientific journals)

Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging

Lang, R. M.; Badano, L. P.; Victor, M.-A. et al.

2015 • In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 28 (1), p. 1-39.e14

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/221545

DOI
10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003

PubMed
25559473

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

jase lang.pdf

Publisher postprint (8.43 MB)

Download

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Adult echocardiography; Normal values; Transthoracic echocardiography; Ventricular function; Doppler echocardiography; M mode echocardiography; Review; Europe; United States; Adult; Echocardiography; Female; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Dysfunction

Abstract :

[en] The rapid technological developments of the past decade and the changes in echocardiographic practice brought about by these developments have resulted in the need for updated recommendations to the previously published guidelines for cardiac chamber quantification, which was the goal of the joint writing group assembled by the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. This document provides updated normal values for all four cardiac chambers, including three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial deformation, when possible, on the basis of considerably larger numbers of normal subjects, compiled from multiple databases. In addition, this document attempts to eliminate several minor discrepancies that existed between previously published guidelines. Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Echocardiography.

Disciplines :

Cardiovascular & respiratory systems

Author, co-author :

Lang, R. M.; University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States

Badano, L. P.; University of Padua, Padua, Italy

Victor, M.-A.; University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States

Afilalo, J.; Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Armstrong, A.; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States

Ernande, L.; INSERM U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France

Flachskampf, Frank; Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Foster, E.; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States

Goldstein, S. A.; Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, United States

Kuznetsova, T.; University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

More authors (8 more)

Language :

English

Title :

Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging

Publication date :

2015

Journal title :

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography

ISSN :

0894-7317

eISSN :

1097-6795

Publisher :

Mosby Inc.

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

1-39.e14

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 25 March 2018

Statistics

Number of views

8535 (3 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

5022 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

9601

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

9309

OpenCitations

6982

OpenAlex citations

14371

Bibliography

Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 1440-63.
Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006; 7: 79-108.
Hahn RT, Abraham T, Adams MS, Bruce CJ, Glas KE, Lang RM, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26: 921-64.
Mulvagh SL, Rakowski H, Vannan MA, Abdelmoneim SS, Becher H, Bierig SM, et al. American Society of Echocardiography Consensus Statement on the Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Contrast Agents in Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 1179-201. quiz 281.
Hoffmann R, von Bardeleben S, Kasprzak JD, Borges AC, ten Cate F, Firschke C, et al. Analysis of regional left ventricular function by cineven-triculography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and unenhanced and contrast-enhanced echocardiography: a multicenter comparison of methods. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 121-8.
Dorosz JL, Lezotte DC, Weitzenkamp DA, Allen LA, Salcedo EE. Performance of 3-dimensional echocardiography in measuring left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 1799-808.
Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, Bekaert S, Segers P, De Bacquer D, Cooman L, et al. Rationale, design, methods and baseline characteristics of the Asklepios Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14: 179-91.
Kuznetsova T, Herbots L, Lopez B, Jin Y, Richart T, Thijs L, et al. Prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in a general population. Circ Heart Fail 2009; 2: 105-12.
Friedman GD, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, Hughes GH, Hulley SB, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects. J Clin Epidemiol 1988; 41: 1105-16.
Muraru D, Badano LP, Peluso D, Dal Bianco L, Casablanca S, Kocabay G, et al. Comprehensive analysis of left ventricular geometry and function by three-dimensional echocardiography in healthy adults. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26: 618-28.
Lancellotti P, Badano LP, Lang RM, Akhaladze N, Athanassopoulos GD, Barone D, et al. Normal Reference Ranges for Echocardiography: rationale, study design, and methodology (NORRE Study). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 303-8.
Kou S, Caballero L, Dulgheru R, Voilliot D, De Sousa C, Kacharava G, et al. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac chamber size: results from the NORRE study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15: 680-90.
Bhave NM, Lang RM. Evaluation of left ventricular structure and function by three-dimensional echocardiography. Curr Opin Crit Care 2013; 19: 387-96.
Chahal NS, Lim TK, Jain P, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Senior R. Population-based reference values for 3D echocardiographic LV volumes and ejection fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5: 1191-7.
Kaku K, Takeuchi M, Otani K, Sugeng L, Nakai H, Haruki N, et al. Age- and gender-dependency of left ventricular geometry assessed with real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24: 541-7.
Fukuda S, Watanabe H, Daimon M, Abe Y, Hirashiki A, Hirata K, et al. Normal values of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic parameters in a healthy Japanese population: the JAMP-3D Study. Circ J 2012; 76: 1177-81.
Germans T, Gotte MJ, Nijveldt R, Spreeuwenberg MD, Beek AM, Bronzwaer JG, et al. Effects of aging on left atrioventricular coupling and left ventricular filling assessed using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: 122-7.
Sandstede J, Lipke C, Beer M, Hofmann S, Pabst T, Kenn W, et al. Age- and gender-specific differences in left and right ventricular cardiac function and mass determined by cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2000; 10: 438-42.
Muraru D, Badano LP, Piccoli G, Gianfagna P, Del Mestre L, Ermacora D, et al. Validation of a novel automated border-detection algorithm for rapid and accurate quantitation of left ventricular volumes based on three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010; 11: 359-68.
Aune E, Baekkevar M, Rodevand O, Otterstad JE. Reference values for left ventricular volumes with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography. Scand Cardiovasc J 2010; 44: 24-30.
Lang RM, Borow KM, Neumann A, Janzen D. Systemic vascular resistance: an unreliable index of left ventricular afterload. Circulation 1986; 74: 1114-23.
Reisner SA, Lysyansky P, Agmon Y, Mutlak D, Lessick J, Friedman Z. Global longitudinal strain: a novel index of left ventricular systolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17: 630-3.
Dalen H, Thorstensen A, Aase SA, Ingul CB, Torp H, Vatten LJ, et al. Segmental and global longitudinal strain and strain rate based on echocardiography of 1266 healthy individuals: the HUNT study in Norway. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010; 11: 176-83.
Voigt JU, Pedrizzetti G, Lysyansky P, Marwick TH, Houle HC, Baumann R, et al. Definitions for a Common Standard for 2D Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to Standardize Deformation Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014 (in press).
Mor-Avi V, Lang RM, Badano LP, Belohlavek M, Cardim NM, Derumeaux G, et al. Current and evolving echocardiographic techniques for the quantitative evaluation of cardiac mechanics: ASE/EAE consensus statement on methodology and indications endorsed by the Japanese Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24: 277-313.
Thomas JD, Badano LP. EACVI-ASE-industry initiative to standardize deformation imaging: a brief update from the co-chairs. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 1039-40.
Yingchoncharoen T, Agarwal S, Popovic ZB, Marwick TH. Normal ranges of left ventricular strain: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26: 185-91.
Mignot A, Donal E, Zaroui A, Reant P, Salem A, Hamon C, et al. Global longitudinal strain as a major predictor of cardiac events in patients with depressed left ventricular function: a multicenter study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: 1019-24.
Stanton T, Leano R, Marwick TH. Prediction of all-cause mortality from global longitudinal speckle strain: comparison with ejection fraction and wall motion scoring. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2: 356-64.
Di Salvo G, Rea A, Mormile A, Limongelli G, D'Andrea A, Pergola V, et al. Usefulness of bidimensional strain imaging for predicting outcome in asymptomatic patients aged
Witkowski TG, Thomas JD, Debonnaire PJ, Delgado V, Hoke U, Ewe SH, et al. Global longitudinal strain predicts left ventricular dysfunction after mitral valve repair. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 69-76.
Kocabay G, Muraru D, Peluso D, Cucchini U, Mihaila S, Padayattil-Jose S, et al. Normal left ventricular mechanics by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Rev Esp Cardiol 2014; 67: 651-8.
Takigiku K, Takeuchi M, Izumi C, Yuda S, Sakata K, Ohte N, et al. Normal range of left ventricular 2-dimensional strain: Japanese Ultrasound Speckle Tracking of the Left Ventricle (JUSTICE) study. Circ J 2012; 76: 2623-32.
Kuznetsova T, Herbots L, Richart T, D'Hooge J, Thijs L, Fagard RH, et al. Left ventricular strain and strain rate in a general population. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2014-23.
Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Laskey WK, et al. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2002; 105: 539-42.
Schiller NB, Shah PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards, Subcommittee on Quantitation of Two-Dimensional Echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1989; 2: 358-67.
Amzulescu MS, Slavich M, Florian A, Goetschalckx K, Voigt JU. Does two-dimensional image reconstruction from three-dimensional full volume echocardiography improve the assessment of left ventricular morphology and function? Echocardiography 2013; 30: 55-63.
Voigt JU, Lindenmeier G, Exner B, Regenfus M, Werner D, Reulbach U, et al. Incidence and characteristics of segmental postsystolic longitudinal shortening in normal, acutely ischemic, and scarred myocardium. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003; 16: 415-23.
Lieberman AN, Weiss JL, Jugdutt BI, Becker LC, Bulkley BH, Garrison JG, et al. Two-dimensional echocardiography and infarct size: relationship of regional wall motion and thickening to the extent of myocardial infarction in the dog. Circulation 1981; 63: 739-46.
Takeuchi M, Sonoda S, Miura Y, Kuroiwa A. Reproducibility of dobutamine digital stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 344-51.
Lumens J, Leenders GE, Cramer MJ, De Boeck BW, Doevendans PA, Prinzen FW, et al. Mechanistic evaluation of echocardiographic dyssynchrony indices: patient data combined with multiscale computer simulations. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5: 491-9.
Little WC, Reeves RC, Arciniegas J, Katholi RE, Rogers EW. Mechanism of abnormal interventricular septal motion during delayed left ventricular activation. Circulation 1982; 65: 1486-91.
Parsai C, Bijnens B, Sutherland GR, Baltabaeva A, Claus P, Marciniak M, et al. Toward understanding response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: left ventricular dyssynchrony is only one of multiple mechanisms. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 940-9.
Voigt JU, Schneider TM, Korder S, Szulik M, Gurel E, Daniel WG, et al. Apical transverse motion as surrogate parameter to determine regional left ventricular function inhomogeneities: a new, integrative approach to left ventricular asynchrony assessment. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 959-68.
Stankovic I, Aarones M, Smith HJ, Voros G, Kongsgaard E, Neskovic AN, et al. Dynamic relationship of left-ventricular dyssynchrony and contractile reserve in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 48-55.
Heimdal A, Stoylen A, Torp H, Skjaerpe T. Real-time strain rate imaging of the left ventricle by ultrasound. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998; 11: 1013-9.
Leitman M, Lysyansky P, Sidenko S, Shir V, Peleg E, Binenbaum M, et al. Two-dimensional strain - a novel software for real-time quantitative echocardiographic assessment of myocardial function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17: 1021-9.
Stefani L, Toncelli L, Gianassi M, Manetti P, Di Tante V, Vono MR, et al. Two-dimensional tracking and TDI are consistent methods for evaluating myocardial longitudinal peak strain in left and right ventricle basal segments in athletes. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007; 5: 7.
Voigt JU, Exner B, Schmiedehausen K, Huchzermeyer C, Reulbach U, Nixdorff U, et al. Strain-rate imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography provides objective evidence of inducible ischemia. Circulation 2003; 107: 2120-6.
Maffessanti F, Nesser HJ, Weinert L, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, Niel J, Gorissen W, et al. Quantitative evaluation of regional left ventricular function using three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with and without heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104: 1755-62.
Badano LP, Cucchini U, Muraru D, Al Nono O, Sarais C, Iliceto S. Use of three-dimensional speckle tracking to assess left ventricular myocardial mechanics: inter-vendor consistency and reproducibility of strain measurements. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 285-93.
Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A, Dovellini E, Giovannini E, Lombardo M, et al. Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1829-35.
Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Cuccurullo O, Cosco C, Perticone F. Continuous relation between left ventricular mass and cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2000; 35: 580-6.
Ghali JK, Liao Y, Simmons B, Castaner A, Cao G, Cooper RS. The prognostic role of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with or without coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 831-6.
Verma A, Meris A, Skali H, Ghali JK, Arnold JM, Bourgoun M, et al. Prognostic implications of left ventricular mass and geometry following myocardial infarction: the VALIANT (VAL sartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion) Echocardiographic Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 1: 582-91.
Armstrong AC, Gidding S, Gjesdal O, Wu C, Bluemke DA, Lima JA. LV mass assessed by echocardiography and CMR, cardiovascular outcomes, and medical practice. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5: 837-48.
Park SH, Shub C, Nobrega TP, Bailey KR, Seward JB. Two-dimensional echocardiographic calculation of left ventricular mass as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography: correlation with autopsy and M-mode echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996; 9: 119-28.
McGavigan AD, Dunn FG, Goodfield NE. Secondary harmonic imaging overestimates left ventricular mass compared to fundamental echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2003; 4: 178-81.
de Las Fuentes L, Spence KE, Davila-Roman VG, Waggoner AD. Are normative values for LV geometry and mass based on fundamental imaging valid with use of harmonic imaging? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: 1317-22.
Mor-Avi V, Sugeng L, Weinert L, MacEneaney P, Caiani EG, Koch R, et al. Fast measurement of left ventricular mass with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2004; 110: 1814-8.
Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, Adams DH, Agricola E, Buck T, et al. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25: 3-46.
Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, Bursi F, Borlaug BA, Ommen SR, et al. Cardiac structure and ventricular-vascular function in persons with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Circulation 2007; 115: 1982-90.
Ng AC, Tran da T, Newman M, Allman C, Vidaic J, Lo ST, et al. Left ventricular longitudinal and radial synchrony and their determinants in healthy subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 1042-8.
Chahal NS, Lim TK, Jain P, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Senior R. Ethnicity-related differences in left ventricular function, structure and geometry: a population study of UK Indian Asian and European white subjects. Heart 2010; 96: 466-71.
Chirinos JA, Segers P, De Buyzere ML, Kronmal RA, Raja MW, De Bacquer D, et al. Left ventricular mass: allometric scaling, normative values, effect of obesity, and prognostic performance. Hypertension 2010; 56: 91-8.
Cuspidi C, Facchetti R, Sala C, Bombelli M, Negri F, Carugo S, et al. Normal values of left-ventricular mass: echocardiographic findings from the PAMELA study. J Hypertens 2012; 30: 997-1003.
Kizer JR, Arnett DK, Bella JN, Paranicas M, Rao DC, Province MA, et al. Differences in left ventricular structure between black and white hypertensive adults: the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network study. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1182-8.
Rodriguez CJ, Diez-Roux AV, Moran A, Jin Z, Kronmal RA, Lima J, et al. Left ventricular mass and ventricular remodeling among Hispanic subgroups compared with non-Hispanic blacks and whites: MESA (Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 234-42.
Park CM, March K, Ghosh AK, Jones S, Coady E, Tuson C, et al. Left-ventricular structure in the Southall And Brent RE visited (SABRE) study: explaining ethnic differences. Hypertension 2013; 61: 1014-20.
de Simone G, Kizer JR, Chinali M, Roman MJ, Bella JN, Best LG, et al. Normalization for body size and population-attributable risk of left ventricular hypertrophy: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 191-6.
Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: 685-713. quiz 86-8.
Kawut SM, Lima JA, Barr RG, Chahal H, Jain A, Tandri H, et al. Sex and race differences in right ventricular structure and function: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis-right ventricle study. Circulation 2011; 123: 2542-51.
D'Oronzio U, Senn O, Biaggi P, Gruner C, Jenni R, Tanner FC, et al. Right heart assessment by echocardiography: gender and body size matters. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25: 1251-8.
Willis J, Augustine D, Shah R, Stevens C, Easaw J. Right ventricular normal measurements: time to index? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25: 1259-67.
Maffessanti F, Muraru D, Esposito R, Gripari P, Ermacora D, Santoro C, et al. Age-, body size-, and sex-specific reference values for right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by three-dimensional echocardiography: a multicenter echocardiographic study in 507 healthy volunteers. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6: 700-10.
D'Andrea A, Cocchia R, Caso P, Riegler L, Scarafile R, Salerno G, et al. Global longitudinal speckle-tracking strain is predictive of left ventricular remodeling after coronary angioplasty in patients with recent non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2011; 153: 185-91.
Ling LF, Obuchowski NA, Rodriguez L, Popovic Z, Kwon D, Marwick TH. Accuracy and interobserver concordance of echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and systolic function: a quality control exercise. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25: 709-13.
Shimada YJ, Shiota M, Siegel RJ, Shiota T. Accuracy of right ventricular volumes and function determined by three-dimensional echocardiography in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: 943-53.
Giusca S, Dambrauskaite V, Scheurwegs C, D'Hooge J, Claus P, Herbots L, et al. Deformation imaging describes right ventricular function better than longitudinal displacement of the tricuspid ring. Heart 2010; 96: 281-8.
Innelli P, Esposito R, Olibet M, Nistri S, Galderisi M. The impact of ageing on right ventricular longitudinal function in healthy subjects: a pulsed tissue Doppler study. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10: 491-8.
Maffessanti F, Gripari P, Tamborini G, Muratori M, Fusini L, Alamanni F, et al. Evaluation of right ventricular systolic function after mitral valve repair: a two-dimensional Doppler, speckle-tracking, and three-dimensional echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25: 701-8.
Verhaert D, Mullens W, Borowski A, Popovic ZB, Curtin RJ, Thomas JD, et al. Right ventricular response to intensive medical therapy in advanced decompensated heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3: 340-6.
Guendouz S, Rappeneau S, Nahum J, Dubois-Rande JL, Gueret P, Monin JL, et al. Prognostic significance and normal values of 2D strain to assess right ventricular systolic function in chronic heart failure. Circ J 2012; 76: 127-36.
Antoni ML, Scherptong RW, Atary JZ, Boersma E, Holman ER, van der Wall EE, et al. Prognostic value of right ventricular function in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3: 264-71.
Hardegree EL, Sachdev A, Villarraga HR, Frantz RP, McGoon MD, Kushwaha SS, et al. Role of serial quantitative assessment of right ventricular function by strain in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2013; 111: 143-8.
Haeck ML, Scherptong RW, Marsan NA, Holman ER, Schalij MJ, Bax JJ, et al. Prognostic value of right ventricular longitudinal peak systolic strain in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5: 628-36.
Cappelli F, Porciani MC, Bergesio F, Perlini S, Attana P, Moggi Pignone A, et al. Right ventricular function in AL amyloidosis: characteristics and prognostic implication. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 13: 416-22.
Grant AD, Smedira NG, Starling RC, Marwick TH. Independent and incremental role of quantitative right ventricular evaluation for the prediction of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 521-8.
Unsworth B, Casula RP, Kyriacou AA, Yadav H, Chukwuemeka A, Cherian A, et al. The right ventricular annular velocity reduction caused by coronary artery bypass graft surgery occurs at the moment of pericardial incision. Am Heart J 2010; 159: 314-22.
Lindqvist P, Holmgren A, Zhao Y, Henein MY. Effect of pericardial repair after aortic valve replacement on septal and right ventricular function. Int J Cardiol 2012; 155: 388-93.
Sugeng L, Mor-Avi V, Weinert L, Niel J, Ebner C, Steringer-Mascherbauer R, et al. Multimodality comparison of quantitative volumetric analysis of the right ventricle. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3: 10-8.
Rosca M, Lancellotti P, Popescu BA, Pierard LA. Left atrial function: pathophysiology, echocardiographic assessment, and clinical applications. Heart 2011; 97: 1982-9.
Spencer KT, Mor-Avi V, Gorcsan J, DeMaria AN, Kimball TR, Monaghan MJ, et al. Effects of aging on left atrial reservoir, conduit, and booster pump function: a multi-institution acoustic quantification study. Heart 2001; 85: 272-7.
Bouzas-Mosquera A, Broullon FJ, Alvarez-Garcia N, Mendez E, Peteiro J, Gandara-Sambade T, et al. Left atrial size and risk for all-cause mortality and ischemic stroke. Can Med Assoc J 2011; 183:E657-64.
Kizer JR, Bella JN, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Best LG, Lee ET, et al. Left atrial diameter as an independent predictor of first clinical cardiovascular events in middle-aged and elderly adults: The Strong Heart Study (SHS). Am Heart J 2006; 151: 412-8.
Lancellotti P, Donal E, Magne J, Moonen M, O'Connor K, Daubert JC, et al. Risk stratification in asymptomatic moderate to severe aortic stenosis: the importance of the valvular, arterial and ventricular interplay. Heart 2010; 96: 1364-71.
Le Tourneau T, Messika-Zeitoun D, Russo A, Detaint D, Topilsky Y, Mahoney DW, et al. Impact of Left Atrial Volume on Clinical Outcome in Organic Mitral Regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 570-8.
Tsang TSM, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Seward JB. Left atrial volume as a morphophysiologic expression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and relation to cardiovascular risk burden. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 1284-9.
Tsang TSM, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Takemoto Y, Rosales AG, Bailey KR, et al. Prediction of risk for first age-related cardiovascular events in an elderly population: The incremental value of echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1199-205.
Appleton CP, Galloway JM, Gonzalez MS, Gaballa M, Basnight MA. Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in adult patients with cardiac disease. Additional value of analyzing left atrial size, left atrial ejection fraction and the difference in duration of pulmonary venous and mitral flow velocity at atrial contraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 1972-82.
Geske JB, Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR. The Relationship of Left Atrial Volume and Left Atrial Pressure in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: An Echocardiographic and Cardiac Catheterization Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22: 961-6.
Guron CW, Hartford M, Rosengren A, Thelle D, Wallentin I, Caidahl K. Usefulness of atrial size inequality as an indicator of abnormal left ventricular filling. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 1448-52.
Simek CL, Feldman MD, Haber HL, Wu CC, Jayaweera AR, Kaul S. Relationship between left ventricular wall thickness and left atrial size: comparison with other measures of diastolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995; 8: 37-47.
Ersboll M, Anderson MJ, Valeur N, Mogensen UM, Waziri H, Moller JE, et al. The prognostic value of left atrial peak reservoir strain in acute myocardial infarction is dependent on left ventricular longitudinal function and left atrial size. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6: 26-33.
Lonborg JT, Engstrom T, Moller JE, Ahtarovski KA, Kelbaek H, Holmvang L, et al. Left atrial volume and function in patients following ST elevation myocardial infarction and the association with clinical outcome: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 118-26.
Barnes ME, Miyasaka Y, Seward JB, Gersh BJ, Rosales AG, Bailey KR, et al. Left atrial volume in the prediction of first ischemic stroke in an elderly cohort without atrial fibrillation. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 1008-14.
Benjamin EJ, Dagostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA, Levy D. Left Atrial Size and the Risk of Stroke and Death - the Framingham Heart-Study. Circulation 1995; 92: 835-41.
Bolca O, Akdemir O, Eren M, Dagdeviren B, Yildirim A, Tezel T. Left atrial maximum volume is a recurrence predictor in lone-atrial fibrillation - An acoustic quantification study. Jpn Heart J 2002; 43: 241-8.
Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Homma S. Left atrial size and the risk of ischemic stroke in an ethnically mixed population. Stroke 1999; 30: 2019-24.
Flaker GC, Fletcher KA, Rothbart RM, Halperin JL, Hart RG. Clinical and Echocardiographic Features of Intermittent Atrial-Fibrillation That Predict Recurrent Atrial-Fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 355-8.
Kottkamp H. Fibrotic Atrial Cardiomyopathy: A Specific Disease/Syndrome Supplying Substrates for Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Tachycardia, Sinus Node Disease, AV Node Disease, and Thromboembolic Complications. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012; 23: 797-9.
Tsang TS, Gersh BJ, Appleton CP, Tajik AJ, Barnes ME, Bailey KR, et al. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of the first diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in 840 elderly men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1636-44.
Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Bailey KR, Leibson CL, Montgomery SC, Takemoto Y, et al. Left trial volume: Important risk marker of incident atrial fibrillation in 1655 older men and women. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 467-75.
Vaziri SM, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Echocardiographic predictors of nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1994; 89: 724-30.
Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Seward JB. Risks for atrialfibrillation and congestive heart failure in patients >= 65 years of age with abnormal left ventricular diastolic relaxation. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 54-8.
Beinart R, Boyko V, Schwammenthal E, Kuperstein R, Sagie A, Hod H, et al. Long-term prognostic significance of left atrial volume in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 327-34.
Moller JE, Hillis GS, Oh JK, Seward JB, Reeder GS, Wright RS, et al. Left atrial volume - A powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003; 107: 2207-12.
Dini FL, Cortigiani L, Baldini U, Boni A, Nuti R, Barsotti L, et al. Prognostic value of left atrial enlargement in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 518-23.
Kim H, Cho YK, Jun DH, Nam CW, Han SW, Hur SH, et al. Prognostic implications of the NT-ProBNP level and left atrial size in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2008; 72: 1658-65.
Modena MG, Muia N, Sgura FA, Molinari R, Castelli A, Rossi R. Left atrial size is the major predictor of cardiac death and overall clinical outcome in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: A long-term follow-up study. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20: 553-60.
Quinones MA, Greenberg BH, Kopelen HA, Koilpillai C, Limacher MC, Shindler DM, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of clinical outcome in patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction enrolled in the SOLVD Registry and Trials: Significance of left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 1237-44.
Sabharwal N, Cemin R, Rajan K, Hickman M, Lahiri A, Senior R. Usefulness of left atrial volume as a predictor of mortality in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 760-3.
Poulsen MK, Dahl JS, Henriksen JE, Hey TM, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, BeckNielsen H, et al. Left atrial volume index: relation to long-term clinical outcome in type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 2416-21.
Olshansky B, Heller EN, Mitchell LB, Chandler M, Slater W, Green M, et al. Are transthoracic echocardlographic parameters associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence or stroke? - Results from the atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management (AFFIRM) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 2026-33.
Rusinaru D, Tribouilloy C, Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, Suri RM, Barbieri A, et al. Left Atrial Size Is a Potent Predictor of Mortality in Mitral Regurgitation Due to Flail Leaflets Results From a Large International Multicenter Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4: 473-81.
Schabelman S, Schiller NB, Silverman NH, Ports TA. Left Atrial Volume Estimation by Two-Dimensional Echocardiography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1981; 7: 165-78.
Wade MR, Chandraratna PAN, Reid CL, Lin SL, Rahimtoola SH. Accuracy of Nondirected and Directed M-Mode Echocardiography as an Estimate of Left Atrial Size. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 1208-11.
Lester SJ, Ryan EW, Schiller NB, Foster E. Best method in clinical practice and in research studies to determine left atrial size. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 829-32.
Loperfido F, Pennestri F, Digaetano A, Scabbia E, Santarelli P, Mongiardo R, et al. Assessment of left atrial dimensions by cross sectional echocardiography in patients with mitral valve disease. Br Heart J 1983; 50: 570-8.
Vyas H, Jackson K, Chenzbraun A. Switching to volumetric left atrial measurements: impact on routine echocardiographic practice. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011; 12.
Gottdiener JS, Kitzman DW, Aurigemma GP, Arnold AM, Manolio TA. Left atrial volume, geometry, and function in systolic and diastolic heart failure of persons >= 65 years of age (The Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 83-9.
Losi Ma, Betocchi S, Aversa M, Lombardi R, Miranda M, Ciampi Q, et al. Determinants of the development of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2002; 106: 710.
Rossi A, Cicoira M, Zanolla L, Sandrini R, Golia G, Zardini P, et al. Determinants and prognostic value of left atrial volume in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1425-30.
Takemoto Y, Barnes ME, Seward JB, Lester SJ, Appleton CA, Gersh BJ, et al. Usefulness of left atrial volume in predicting first congestive heart failure in patients >= 65 years of age with well-preserved left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96: 832-6.
Tani T, Tanabe K, Ono M, Yamaguchi K, Okada M, Sumida T, et al. Left atrial volume and the risk of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004; 17: 644-8.
Tsang TS, Abhayaratna WP, Barnes ME, Miyasaka Y, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular outcomes with left atrial size - Is volume superior to area or diameter? J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1018-23.
Pritchett AM, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Rodeheffer RJ, Bailey KR, Redfield MM. Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1036-43.
Jenkins C, Bricknell K, Marwick TH. Use of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to measure left atrial volume: Comparison with other echocardiographic techniques. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 991-7.
Maceira AM, Cosin-Sales J, Roughton M, Prasad SK, Pennell DJ. Reference left atrial dimensions and volumes by steady state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2010; 12: 65.
Rodevand O, Bjornerheim R, Ljosland M, Maehle J, Smith HJ, Ihlen H. Left atrial volumes assessed by three- and two-dimensional echocardiography compared to MRI estimates. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 1999; 15: 397-410.
Stojanovska J, Cronin P, Patel S, Gross BH, Oral H, Chughtai K, et al. Reference Normal Absolute and Indexed Values From ECG-Gated MDCT: Left Atrial Volume, Function, and Diameter. Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197: 631-7.
Ujino K, Barnes ME, Cha SS, Langins AP, Bailey KR, Seward JB, et al. Two-dimensional echocardiographic methods for assessment of left atrial volume. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 1185-8.
Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS, Arnold AM, Chinali M, Hill JC, Kitzman D. Left Atrial Volume and Geometry in Healthy Aging The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2: 282-9.
Thomas L, Levett K, Boyd A, Leung DYC, Schiller NB, Ross DL. Compensatory changes in atrial volumes with normal aging: Is atrial enlargement inevitable? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1630-5.
Yamaguchi K, Tanabe K, Tani T, Yagi T, Fujii Y, Konda T, et al. Left atrial volume in normal Japanese adults. Circ J 2006; 70: 285-8.
Russo C, Hahn RT, Jin ZZ, Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR Comparison of Echocardiographic Single-Plane versus Biplane Method in the Assessment of Left Atrial Volume and Validation by Real Time Three-Dimensional Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: 954-60.
Nistri S, Galderisi M, Ballo P, Olivotto I, D'Andrea A, Pagliani L, et al. Determinants of echocardiographic left atrial volume: implications for normalcy. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011; 12: 826-33.
Vasan RS, Levy D, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ. Interpretation of echocardiographic measurements: a call for standardization. Am Heart J 2000; 139: 412-22.
Knutsen KM, Stugaard M, Michelsen S, Otterstad JE. M-mode echocardiographic findings in apparently healthy, non-athletic Norwegians aged 20-70 years. Influence of age, sex and body surface area. J Intern Med 1989; 225: 111-5.
Wang Y, Gutman JM, Heilbron D, Wahr D, Schiller NB. Atrial volumein a normal adult population by two-dimensional echocardiography. Chest 1984; 86: 595-601.
Cacciapuoti F, Scognamiglio A, Paoli VD, Romano C, Cacciaputo F. Left Atrial Volume Index as Indicator of Left Venticular Diastolic Dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2012; 20: 25-9.
Orban M, Bruce CJ, Pressman GS, Leinveber P, Romero-Corral A, Korinek J, et al. Dynamic Changes of Left Ventricular Performance and Left Atrial Volume Induced by the Mueller Maneuver in Healthy Young Adults and Implications for Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Atrial Fibrillation, and Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 1557-61.
Whitlock M, Garg A, Gelow J, Jacobson T, Broberg C. Comparison of Left and Right Atrial Volume by Echocardiography Versus Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using the Area-Length Method. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 1345-50.
Yoshida C, Nakao S, Goda A, Naito Y, Matsumoto M, Otsuka M, et al. Value of assessment of left atrial volume and diameter in patients with heart failure but with normal left ventricular ejection fraction and mitral flow velocity pattern. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10: 278-81.
Iwataki M, Takeuchi M, Otani K, Kuwaki H, Haruki N, Yoshitani H, et al. Measurement of left atrial volume from transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic datasets using the biplane Simpson's technique. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25: 1319-26.
Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, Marino PN, Oh JK, Smiseth OA, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22: 107-33.
Miyasaka Y, Tsujimoto S, Maeba H, Yuasa F, Takehana K, Dote K, et al. Left atrial volume by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: validation by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24: 680-6.
Rohner A, Brinkert M, Kawel N, Buechel RR, Leibundgut G, Grize L, et al. Functional assessment of the left atrium by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography using a novel dedicated analysis tool: initial validation studies in comparison with computed tomography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011; 12: 497-505.
Artang R, Migrino RQ, Harmann L, Bowers M, Woods TD. Left atrial volume measurement with automated border detection by 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2009; 7: 16.
Mor-Avi V, Yodwut C, Jenkins C, Kuhl H, Nesser HJ, Marwick TH, et al. Real-time 3D echocardiographic quantification of left atrial volume: multicenter study for validation with CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5: 769-77.
Caselli S, Canali E, Foschi ML, Santini D, Di Angelantonio E, Pandian NG, et al. Long-term prognostic significance of three-dimensional echocardiographic parameters of the left ventricle and left atrium. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010; 11: 250-6.
Suh IW, Song JM, Lee EY, Kang SH, Kim MJ, Kim JJ, et al. Left atrial volume measured by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography predicts clinical outcomes in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and in sinus rhythm. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 439-45.
Maddukuri PV, Vieira ML, DeCastro S, Maron MS, Kuvin JT, Patel AR, et al. What is the best approach for the assessment of left atrial size? Comparison of various unidimensional and two-dimensional parameters with three-dimensional echocardiographically determined left atrial volume. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 1026-32.
Aune E, Baekkevar M, Roislien J, Rodevand O, Otterstad JE. Normal reference ranges for left and right atrial volume indexes and ejection fractions obtained with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10: 738-44.
Peluso D, Badano LP, Muraru D, Dianco LD, Cucchini U, Kocabay G, et al. Right Atrial Size and FUnction assessed with three-dimensional and speckle-tracking echocardiography in 200 healthy volunteers. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14: 1106-14.
DePace NL, Ren JF, Kotler MN, Mintz GS, Kimbiris D, Kalman P. Two-dimensional echocardiographic determination of right atrial emptying volume: a noninvasive index in quantifying the degree of tricuspid regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 1983; 52: 525-9.
Kaplan JD, Evans GT, Foster E, Lim D, Schiller NB. Evaluation of Electrocardiographic Criteria for Right Atrial Enlargement by Quantitative 2-Dimensional Echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 747-52.
Quraini D, Pandian NG, Patel AR. Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Analysis of Right Atrial Volume in Normal and Abnormal Hearts: Comparison of Biplane and Multiplane Methods. Echocardiogr J Cardiovasc Ultrasound Allied Tech 2012; 29: 608-13.
Anderson RH Clinical anatomy of the aortic root. Heart 2000; 84: 670-3.
Anderson RH Further anatomical insights regarding the Ross procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81: 411-2.
Piazza N, de Jaegere P, Schultz C, Becker AE, Serruys PW, Anderson RH. Anatomy of the aortic valvar complex and its implications for transcatheter implantation of the aortic valve. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2008; 1: 74-81.
Ho SY Structure and anatomy of the aortic root. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10:i3-10.
Messika-Zeitoun D, Serfaty JM, Brochet E, Ducrocq G, Lepage L, Detaint D, et al. Multimodal assessment of the aortic annulus diameter: implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 186-94.
Moss RR, Ivens E, Pasupati S, Humphries K, Thompson CR, Munt B, et al. Role of echocardiography in percutaneous aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 1: 15-24.
Walther T, Dewey T, Borger MA, Kempfert J, Linke A, Becht R, et al. Transapical aortic valve implantation: step by step. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 276-83.
Tops LF, Wood DA, Delgado V, Schuijf JD, Mayo JR, Pasupati S, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of the aortic root with multislice computed tomography implications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 1: 321-30.
Kazui T, Izumoto H, Yoshioka K, Kawazoe K. Dynamic morphologic changes in the normal aortic annulus during systole and diastole. J Heart Valve Dis 2006; 15: 617-21.
Shiran A, Adawi S, Ganaeem M, Asmer E. Accuracy and reproducibility of left ventricular outflow tract diameter measurement using transthoracic when compared with transesophageal echocardiography in systole and diastole. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10: 319-24.
Hamdan A, Guetta V, Konen E, Goitein O, Segev A, Raanani E, et al. Deformation dynamics and mechanical properties of the aortic annulus by 4-dimensional computed tomography: insights into the functional anatomy of the aortic valve complex and implications for transcatheter aortic valve therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 119-27.
Chin D. Echocardiography for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10:i21-9.
Zamorano JL, Badano LP, Bruce C, Chan KL, Goncalves A, Hahn RT, et al. EAE/ASE recommendations for the use of echocardiography in new transcatheter interventions for valvular heart disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011; 24: 937-65.
Holmes DR Jr., Mack MJ, Kaul S, Agnihotri A, Alexander KP, Bailey SR, et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 1200-54.
Achenbach S, Delgado V, Hausleiter J, Schoenhagen P, Min JK, Leipsic JA. SCCT expert consensus document on computed tomography imaging before transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)/transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2012; 6: 366-80.
Kasel AM, Cassese S, Bleiziffer S, Amaki M, Hahn RT, Kastrati A, et al. Standardized imaging for aortic annular sizing: implications for transcatheter valve selection. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6: 249-62.
Pershad A, Stone D, Morris MF, Fang K, Gellert G. Aortic annulus measurement and relevance to successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a new technique using 3D TEE. J Interv Cardiol 2013; 26: 302-9.
Hahn RT, Khalique O, Williams MR, Koss E, Paradis JM, Daneault B, et al. Predicting paravalvular regurgitation following transcatheter valve replacement: utility of a novel method for three-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the aortic annulus. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013; 26: 1043-52.
Flachskampf FA, Wouters PF, Edvardsen T, Evangelista A, Habib G, Hoffman P, et al. Recommendations for transoesophageal echocardiography: EACVI update 2014. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 15: 353-65.
Hutter A, Opitz A, Bleiziffer S, Ruge H, Hettich I, Mazzitelli D, et al. Aortic annulus evaluation in transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 76: 1009-19.
Leipsic J, Gurvitch R, Labounty TM, Min JK, Wood D, Johnson M, et al. Multidetector computed tomography in transcatheter aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4: 416-29.
Delgado V, Ng AC, van de Veire NR, van der Kley F, Schuijf JD, Tops LF, et al. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: role of multi-detector row computed tomography to evaluate prosthesis positioning and deployment in relation to valve function. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1114-23.
Willson AB, Webb JG, Freeman M, Wood DA, Gurvitch R, Thompson CR, et al. Computed tomography-based sizing recommendations for transcatheter aortic valve replacement with balloon-expandable valves: Comparison with transesophageal echocardiography and rationale for implementation in a prospective trial. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2012; 6: 406-14.
Utsunomiya H, Yamamoto H, Horiguchi J, Kunita E, Okada T, Yamazato R, et al. Underestimation of aortic valve area in calcified aortic valve disease: effects of left ventricular outflow tract ellipticity. Int J Cardiol 2012; 157: 347-53.
Gurvitch R, Webb JG, Yuan R, Johnson M, Hague C, Willson AB, et al. Aortic annulus diameter determination by multidetector computed tomography: reproducibility, applicability, and implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4: 1235-45.
Goldstein SA, Evangelista A, Abbara S, Arai A, Acsh F, Badano LP, et al. ASE/EAE recommendations for multimodality imaging techniques for diseases of the aorta: Expert consensus statement. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014 (in press).
Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kramer-Fox R, O'Loughlin J. Two-dimensional echocardiographic aortic root dimensions in normal children and adults. Am J Cardiol 1989; 64: 507-12.
Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Echocardiographic reference values for aortic root size: the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995; 8: 793-800.
Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Niles NW, Hochreiter C, Kligfield P, Sato N, et al. Aortic root dilatation as a cause of isolated, severe aortic regurgitation. Prevalence, clinical and echocardiographic patterns, and relation to left ventricular hypertrophy and function. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 800-7.
Moreno FL, Hagan AD, Holmen JR, Pryor TA, Strickland RD, Castle CH. Evaluation of size and dynamics of the inferior vena cava as an index of right-sided cardiac function. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53: 579-85.
Brennan JM, Blair JE, Goonewardena S, Ronan A, Shah D, Vasaiwala S, et al. Reappraisal of the use of inferior vena cava for estimating right atrial pressure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 857-61.
Kircher BJ, Himelman RB, Schiller NB. Noninvasive estimation of right atrial pressure from the inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 493-6.
Goldhammer E, Mesnick N, Abinader EG, Sagiv M. Dilated inferior vena cava: a common echocardiographic finding in highly trained elite athletes. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12: 988-93.
Jue J, Chung W, Schiller NB. Does inferior vena cava size predict right atrial pressures in patients receiving mechanical ventilation? J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1992; 5: 613-9.
Arthur ME, Landolfo C, Wade M, Castresana MR. Inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) measured with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can be used to derive the central venous pressure (CVP) in anesthetized mechanically ventilated patients. Echocardiography 2009; 26: 140-9.
Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, Bersin RM, Carr VF, Casey DE Jr, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Circulation 2010; 121:e266-369.
Mosteller RD Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1098.