Aarons, G. A., Brown, S. A., Stice, E., & Coe, M. T., (2001). Psychometric evaluation of the marijuana and stimulant effect expectancy questionnaires for adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 219–236. doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(00)00103-9
Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., & Heath, A. C., (2007). Correlates of cannabis initiation in a longitudinal sample of young women: The importance of peer influences. Preventive Medicine, 45, 31–34. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.04.012
Alfonso, J., & Dunn, M. E., (2007). Differences in the marijuana expectancies of adolescents in relation to marijuana use. Substance Use and Misuse, 42, 1009–1025. doi:10.1080/10826080701212386
Arnett, J., (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
Bailly, D., (1999). Consommation de substances psycho-actives et toxicomanie chez l’enfant et l’adolescent. Journal De Pédiatrie Et De Puériculture, 12, 337–342. doi:10.1016/S0987-7983(99)80174-1
Bauman, A., & Phongsavan, P., (1999). Epidemiology of substance use in adolescence: Prevalence, trends, and policy implications. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 55, 187–207. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00016-2
Bewley, B., (1986). The epidemiology of adolescent behavior problems. British Medical Bulletin, 42, 200–203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072123
Boulard, A., Gauthier, J. M., & Born, M., (2013). [Study of the psychometric properties of the CES-D in a sample of French-speaking adolescents]. L’Encéphale, 40, 123–128. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2013.06.001
Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., Ringwalt, C., & Junfeng, Q. I., (2000). The relationship between marijuana initiation and dropping out of high school. Health Economics, 9, 9–18. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(200001)9:1<9::AID-HEC471>3.0.CO;2-Z
Brunello, N., Den Boer, J. A., Judd, L. L., Kasper, S., Kelsey, J. E., Lader, M., … Wittchen, H. U., (2000). Social phobia: Diagnosis and epidemiology, neurobiology and pharmacology, comorbidity and treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60, 61–74. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00140-8
Buckner, J. D., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B., (2007). Marijuana use motives and social anxiety among marijuana-using young adults. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2238–2252. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.04.004
Buckner, J. D., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., & Schmidt, N. B., (2012). Social anxiety and cannabis use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 297–304. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.12.006
Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., Matthews, R. A., & Silgado, J., (2012). Marijuana-related problems and social anxiety: The role of marijuana behaviors in social situations. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26, 151–156. doi:10.1037/a0025822
Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., & Schmidt, N. B., (2011). Social anxiety and marijuana-related problems: The role of social avoidance. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 129–132. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.015
Buckner, J. D., Heimberg, R. G., Schneier, F. R., Liu, S. M., Wang, S., & Blanco, C., (2012). The relationship between cannabis use disorders and social anxiety disorder in the national epidemiological study of alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 124, 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.023
Buckner, J. D., Mallott, M. A., Schmidt, N. B., & Taylor, J., (2006). Peer influence and gender differences in problematic cannabis use among individuals with social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 1087–1102. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.002
Buckner, J. D., & Schmidt, N. B., (2008). Marijuana effect expectancies: Relations to social anxiety and marijuana use problems. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1477–1483. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.017
Buckner, J. D., & Schmidt, N. B., (2009). Social anxiety disorder and marijuana use problems: The mediating role of marijuana effect expectancies. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 864–870. doi:10.1002/da.20567
Buckner, J. D., Schmidt, N. B., Bobadilla, L., & Taylor, J., (2006). Social anxiety and problematic cannabis use: Evaluating the moderating role of stress reactivity and perceived coping. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1007–1015. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.002
Buckner, J. D., Schmidt, N. B., Lang, A. R., Small, J. W., Schlauch, R. C., & Lewinsohn, P. M., (2008). Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 230–239. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.01.002
Buckner, J. D., Silgado, J., & Schmidt, N. B., (2011). Marijuana craving during a public speaking challenge: Understanding marijuana use vulnerability among women and those with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 104–110. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.005
Buckner, J. D., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B., (2012). Cannabis-related impairment and social anxiety: The roles of gender and cannabis use motives. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 1294–1297. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.06.013
Chabrol, H., Ducongé, E., Casas, C., Roura, C., & Carey, K. B., (2005). Relations between cannabis use and dependence, motives for cannabis use and anxious, depressive and borderline symptomatology. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 829–840. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.027
Chabrol, H., Duconge, E., Roura, C., & Casas, C. (2004). Relations entre les symptomatologies anxieuses, dépressive et limite et la consommation et la dépendance au cannabis chez l’adolescent et le jeune adulte. Encéphale, 30, 141–146. doi:10.1016/S0013-7006(04)95424-3
Chabrol, H., Fredaigue, N., & Callahan, S., (2000). Étude épidémiologique de l’abus et de la dépendance au cannabis parmi 256 adolescents. Encéphale, 26, 47—9.
Chabrol, H., Montovany, A., Chouicha, K., Duconge, E., Massot, E., & Kallmeyer, A., (2002). Etude de la CES-D dans un échantillon de 1953 adolescents scolarisés. L’encéphale, 28, 429–432.
Coffey, C., Lynskey, M., Wolfe, R., & Patton, G. C., (2000). Initiation and progression of cannabis use in a population-based Australian adolescent longitudinal study. Addiction, 95, 1679–1690. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.951116798.x
Comeau, N., Stewart, S. H., & Loba, P., (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents’ motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26, 803–825. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00238-6
Creemers, H. E., Dijkstra, J. K., Vollebergh, W. A., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Huizink, A. C., (2010). Predicting life-time and regular cannabis use during adolescence; the roles of temperament and peer substance use: The TRAILS study. Addiction, 105, 699–708. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02819.x
Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martin-Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar-Poli, P., (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology, 24, 515–523. doi:10.1002/hup.1048
De La Haye, K., Green, H. D., Kennedy, D. P., Pollard, M. S., & Tucker, J. S., (2013). Selection and influence mechanisms associated with marijuana initiation and use in adolescent friendship networks. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23, 474–486. doi:10.1111/jora.2013.23.issue-3
Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R., (1985). Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 890–904. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.6.890
Dworkin, J., (2005). Risk taking as developmentally appropriate experimentation for college students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 219–241. doi:10.1177/0743558404273073
Ecker, A. H., Richter, A. A., & Buckner, J. D., (2014). Cannabis-related impairment: The impacts of social anxiety and misconceptions of friends’ cannabis-related problems. Addictive Behaviors. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.004
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). (2012). 2012 annual report: The state of the drugs problem in Europe. Retrieved from EMCDDA website: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual–report/2012.
Feingold, D., Weiser, M., Rehm, J., & Lev-Ran, S., (2014). The association between cannabis use and mood disorders: A longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 211–218. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.006
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Swain-Campbell, N., (2002). Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood. Addiction, 97, 1123–1135. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00103.x
Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., & Goetz, D., (2001). The liebowitz social anxiety scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychol Med, 31, 1025–1035. doi:10.1017/S0033291701004056
Frojd, S., Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., & Marttunen, M., (2011). Associations of social phobia and general anxiety with alcohol and drug use in a community sample of adolescents. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46, 192–199. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agq096
Führer, R., & Rouillon, F., (1989). The French version of the CES-D. European Psychiatry, 4, 163–166.
Gaher, R. M., & Simons, J. S., (2007). Evaluations and expectancies of alcohol and marijuana problems among college students. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 545–554. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.21.4.545
Galen, L. W., & Henderson, M. J., (1999). Validation of cocaine and marijuana effect expectancies in a treatment setting. Addictive Behaviors, 24, 719–724. doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00110-5
Garrison, C. Z., Addy, C. L., Jackson, K. L., McKeown, R. E., & Waller, J. L., (1991). The CES-D as a screen for depression and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 636–641. doi:10.1097/00004583-199107000-00017
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Blanco, C., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B., … Huang, B., (2005). The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1351–1361. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n1102
Guillem, E., Notides, C., Debray, M., Vorspan, F., Musa, C., Leroux, M., … Lépine, J.-P., (2011). Psychometric properties of the cannabis use disorders identification test in French cannabis misusers. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 22, 214–223. doi:10.3109/10884602.2011.616604
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E., (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hayaki, J., Hagerty, C. E., Herman, D. S., De Dios, M. A., Anderson, B. J., & Stein, M. D., (2010). Expectancies and marijuana use frequency and severity among young females. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 995–1000. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.06.017
Hiles, M., Walsh, Z., Crosby, K., & Swogger, M. T., (2014). Cannabis use motives and frequency of use: Combined and distinct associations with cannabis-use problems. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 140, e88–e89. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.258
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E., (2009). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2008. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Kessler, R. C., Angermeyer, M., Anthony, J. C., De Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., … Ustun, T. B., (2007). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the world health organization’s world mental health survey initiative. World Psychiatry, 6, 168–176.
Kirisci, L., & Clark, D. B., (1996). Reliability and validity of the State-trait anxiety inventory for children in an adolescent sample: Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 5, 57–69. doi:10.1300/J029v05n03_04
Kristjansson, S. D., Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., & Chassin, L. A., (2012). Marijuana expectancies and relationships with adolescent and adult marijuana use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126, 102–110. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.04.024
Kuntsche, E., & Jordan, M. D., (2006). Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use in relation to peer and school factors. Results of multilevel analyses. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84, 167–174. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.01.014
Marmorstein, N. R., White, H. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M., (2010). Anxiety as a predictor of age at first use of substances and progression to substance use problems among boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 211–224. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9360-y
Masia-Warner, C., Klein, R. G., & Liebowitz, M. R., (1999). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents (LSAS-CA) (available from carrie masia-warner, NYU Child Study Center, 215 Lexington Avenue, 13th floor, New York, NY 10016).
McGee, R., Williams, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T., (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction, 95, 491–503. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9544912.x
Morin, A., Moullec, G., Maïano, C., Layer, L., Just, J., & Ninot, G., (2011). Psychometric properties of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (ces-d) in french clinical and non clinical adults. Epidemiology and Public Health, 59, 327–340.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2014). Monitoring the Future study: Trends in prevalence of marijuana/hashish for 8th graders, 10th graders and 12th graders. Retrieved from NIDA website: .
Nunnally, J. C., (1978). Psychometric theory (revised). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Olivares, J., Sanchez-Garcia, R., & Lopez-Pina, J. A., (2009). The Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents. Psicothema, 21, 486–491.
Perez, A., Ariza, C., Sanchez-Martinez, F., & Nebot, M., (2010). Cannabis consumption initiation among adolescents: A longitudinal study. Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 129e134. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.018
Petridou, E., Zavitsanos, X., Dessypris, N., Frangakis, C., Mandyla, M., Doxiadis, S., & Trichopoulos, D., (1997). Adolescents in high-risk trajectory: Clustering of risky behavior and the origins of socioeconomic health differentials. Preventive Medicine, 26, 215–219. doi:10.1006/pmed.1996.0130
Pinchevsky, G. M., Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Vincent, K. B., & O’Grady, K. E., (2012). Marijuana exposure opportunity and initiation during college: Parent and peer influences. Prevention Science, 13, 43–54. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0243-4
Poulin, F., Kiesner, J., Pedersen, S., & Dishion, T. J., (2011). A short-term longitudinal analysis of friendship selection on early adolescent substance use. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.006
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F., (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717–731. doi:10.3758/BF03206553
Proudfoot, H., Vogl, L., Swift, W., Martin, G., & Copeland, J., (2010). Development of a short cannabis problems questionnaire for adolescents in the community. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 734–737. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.03.012
Radloff, L. S., (1977). The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
Rey, J. M., & Tennant, C. C., (2002). Cannabis and mental health. Bmj, 325, 1183–1184. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1183
Schmits, E., Heeren, A., & Quertemont, E., (2014). The self-report version of the LSAS-CA: Psychometric properties of the French version in a non-clinical adolescent sample. Psychologica Belgica, 54, 181–198. doi:10.5334/pb.al
Schmits, E., Mathys, C., & Quertemont, E., (2015). A longitudinal perspective of cannabis use initiation among high school students: Effects of social anxiety, expectancies, peers and alcohol. Journal of Adolescence, 41, 43–52. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.02.009
Schmits, E., Mathys, C., & Quertemont, E., (2016). Is social anxiety associated with cannabis use? The role of cannabis use effect expectancies in middle adolescence. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 25(4), 348–359. doi:10.1080/1067828X.2015.1039683
Schmits, E., Quertemont, E., Guillem, E., & Mathys, C., (2016). Validation of the marijuana effect expectancies questionnaire (MEEQ) in a non-clinical French-speaking adolescent sample. Psychologica Belgica, 56, 23–41. doi:10.5334/pb.263
Schulenberg, J. E., Merline, A., Johnston, L., & O’Malley, P., (2005). Trajectories of marijuana use during the transition to adulthood: The big picture based on national panel data. Journal of Drug Issues, 35, 255–279. doi:10.1177/002204260503500203
Shelder, J., & Block, J., (1990). Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry. American Psychologist, 45, 612–630. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.45.5.612
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N., (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
Simons, J. S., & Arens, A. M., (2007). Moderating effects of sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward on associations between marijuana effect expectancies and use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 409–414. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.21.3.409
Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Alvaro, E. E., & Lac, A., (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents’ intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563–569. doi:10.1037/a0013020
Spielberger, C. D., Edwards, C. D., Lushene, R. E., Monturoir, J., & Platzek, D., (1973). State-trait anxiety inventory for children: Preliminary manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Stone, A. L., Becker, L. G., Huber, A. M., & Catalano, R. F., (2012). Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 747–775. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.014
Swadi, H., (1999). Individual risk factors for adolescent substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 55, 209–224. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00017-4
Tepe, E., Dalrymple, K., & Zimmerman, M., (2012). The impact of comorbid cannabis use disorders on the clinical presentation of social anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.021
Townsend, L., Flisher, A. J., & King, G., (2007). A systematic review of the relationship between high school dropout and substance use. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10, 295–317. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0023-7
Turgeon, L., & Chartrand, E., (2003). Psychometric properties of the French Canadian version of the State-Trait anxiety inventory for children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 174–185. doi:10.1177/0013164402239324
Verweij, K. J., Zietsch, B. P., Lynskey, M. T., Medland, S. E., Neale, M. C., Martin, N. G., … Vink, J. M., (2010). Genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use initiation and problematic use: A meta-analysis of twin studies. Addiction, 105, 417–430. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02831.x
Young, S. E., Corley, R. P., Stallings, M. C., Rhee, S. H., Crowley, T. J., & Hewitt, J. K., (2002). Substance use, abuse and dependence in adolescence: Prevalence, symptom profiles and correlates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68, 309–322. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00225-9