Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics; Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics; Interferometry; Nulling; Closure phase; Kernel phase; VLTI; Exoplanet; Exozodiacal dust; Active Galactic Nuclei
Abstract :
[en] The development of high-contrast capabilities has long been recognized as one of the top priorities for the VLTI. As of today, the VLTI routinely achieves contrasts of a few 10$^{-3}$ in the near-infrared with PIONIER (H band) and GRAVITY (K band). Nulling interferometers in the northern hemisphere and non-redundant aperture masking experiments have, however, demonstrated that contrasts of at least a few 10$^{-4}$ are within reach using specific beam combination and data acquisition techniques. In this paper, we explore the possibility to reach similar or higher contrasts on the VLTI. After reviewing the state-of-the-art in high-contrast infrared interferometry, we discuss key features that made the success of other high-contrast interferometric instruments (e.g., integrated optics, nulling, closure phase, and statistical data reduction) and address possible avenues to improve the contrast of the VLTI by at least one order of magnitude. In particular, we discuss the possibility to use integrated optics, proven in the near-infrared, in the thermal near-infrared (L and M bands, 3-5 µm), a sweet spot to image and characterize young extra-solar planetary systems. Finally, we address the science cases of a high-contrast VLTI imaging instrument and focus particularly on exoplanet science (young exoplanets, planet formation, and exozodiacal disks), stellar physics (fundamental parameters and multiplicity), and extragalactic astrophysics (active galactic nuclei and fundamental constants). Synergies and scientific preparation for other potential future instruments such as the Planet Formation Imager are also briefly discussed.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Defrere, Denis ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Absil, Olivier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Berger, J.-P.
Boulet, T.
Danchi, W. C.
Ertel, S.
Gallenne, A.
Hénault, F.
Hinz, P.
Huby, E.
Ireland, M.
Kraus, S.
Labadie, L.
Le Bouquin, J.-B.
Martin, G.
Matter, A.
Mérand, A.
Mennesson, B.
Minardi, S.
Monnier, J.
Norris, B.
Orban De Xivry, Gilles ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Pedretti, E.
Pott, J.-U.
Reggiani, Maddelana
Serabyn, E.
Surdej, Jean ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO)
Absil, O., den Hartog, R., Gondoin, P., Fabry, P., Wilhelm, R., Gitton, P., Puech, F.: Performance study of ground-based infrared Bracewell interferometers. Application to the detection of exozodiacal dust disks with GENIE. A&A 448, 787–800 (2006). 10.1051/0004-6361:20053516, arXiv:astro-ph/0511223
Absil, O., di Folco, E., Mérand, A., Augereau, J.C., Coudé du Foresto, V., Aufdenberg, J.P., Kervella, P., Ridgway, S.T., Berger, D.H., ten Brummelaar, T.A., Sturmann, J., Sturmann, L., Turner, N., McAlister, H.A.: Circumstellar material in the Vega inner system revealed by CHARA/FLUOR. A&A 452, 237–244 (2006). 10.1051/0004-6361:20054522, arXiv:astro-ph/0604260
Absil, O., Defrère, D., Coudé du Foresto, V., Di Folco, E., Mérand, A., Augereau, J.C., Ertel, S., Hanot, C., Kervella, P., Mollier, B., Scott, N., Che, X., Monnier, J.D., Thureau, N., Tuthill, P.G., ten Brummelaar, T.A., McAlister, H.A., Sturmann, J., Sturmann, L., Turner, N.: A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disc stars. III. First statistics based on 42 stars observed with CHARA/FLUOR. A&A 555, A104 (2013). 10.1051/0004-6361/201321673, arXiv:1307.2488
Allard, F., Homeier, D., Freytag, B., Schaffenberger, W., Rajpurohit, A.S.: Progress in modeling very low mass stars, brown dwarfs, and planetary mass objects. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana Supplementi 24, 128 (2013). arXiv:1302.6559
Arriola, A., Mukherjee, S., Choudhury, D., Labadie, L., Thomson, R.R.: Ultrafast laser inscription of mid-IR directional couplers for stellar interferometry. Opt. Lett. 39, 4820 (2014). 10.1364/OL.39.004820, arXiv:1408.5953
Benisty, M., Berger, J.P., Jocou, L., Labeye, P., Malbet, F., Perraut, K., Kern, P.: An integrated optics beam combiner for the second generation VLTI instruments. A&A 498, 601–613 (2009). 10.1051/0004-6361/200811083, arXiv:0902.2442
Berger, J.P., Haguenauer, P., Kern, P., Rousselet-Perraut, K., Malbet, F., Gluck, S., Lagny, L., Schanen-Duport, I., Laurent, E., Delboulbe, A., Tatulli, E., Traub, W., Carleton, N., Millan-Gabet, R., Monnier, J.D., Pedretti, E., Ragland, S.: An integrated-optics 3-way beam combiner for IOTA. In: Traub, W.A. (ed.) Proceedings of SPIE on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II. 10.1117/12.457983, vol. 4838, pp 1099–1106 (2003)
Böhm, M., Pott, J.U., Kürster, M., Sawodny, O., Defrère, D., Hinz, P.: Delay compensation for real time disturbance estimation at extremely large telescopes. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 25(4), 1384–1393 (2017). 10.1109/TCST.2016.2601627
Brandl, B.R., Agócs, T., Aitink-Kroes, G., Bertram, T., Bettonvil, F., van Boekel, R., Boulade, O., Feldt, M., Glasse, A., Glauser, A., Güdel, M., Hurtado, N., Jager, R., Kenworthy, M.A., Mach, M., Meisner, J., Meyer, M., Pantin, E., Quanz, S., Schmid, H.M., Stuik, R., Veninga, A., Waelkens, C.: Status of the mid-infrared E-ELT imager and spectrograph METIS. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy VI. 10.1117/12.2233974, vol. 9908, p 990820 (2016)
Burtscher, L., Meisenheimer, K., Tristram, K.R.W., Jaffe, W., Hönig, S.F., Davies, R.I., Kishimoto, M., Pott, J.U., Röttgering, H., Schartmann, M., Weigelt, G., Wolf, S.: A diversity of dusty AGN tori. Data release for the VLTI/MIDI AGN Large Program and first results for 23 galaxies. A&A 558, A149 (2013). 10.1051/0004-6361/201321890, arXiv:1307.2068
Colavita, M.M., Swain, M.R., Akeson, R.L., Koresko, C.D., Hill, R.J.: Effects of atmospheric water vapor on infrared interferometry. PASP 116, 876–885 (2004). 10.1086/424472
Colavita, MM: Simultaneous water vapor and dry air path length measurements with the Keck interferometer nuller. PASP 122, 712 (2010). 10.1086/653145
Colavita, M.M., Serabyn, E., Ragland, S., Millan-Gabet, R., Akeson, R.L.: Keck interferometer Nuller instrument performance. In: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series. 10.1117/12.857166, vol. 7734, p 0 (2010)
Coudé du Foresto, V., Borde, P.J., Merand, A., Baudouin, C., Remond, A., Perrin, G.S., Ridgway, S.T., ten Brummelaar, T.A., McAlister, H.A.: FLUOR Fibered beam combiner at the CHARA array. In: Traub, W.A. (ed.) Proceedings of SPIE on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II. 10.1117/12.459942, vol. 4838, pp 280–285 (2003)
D’Amico, C., Cheng, G., Mauclair, C., Troles, J., Calvez, L., Nazabal, V., Caillaud, C., Martin, G., Arezki, B., LeCoarer, E., Kern, P., Stoian, R.: Large-mode-area infrared guiding in ultrafast laser written waveguides in Sulfur-based chalcogenide glasses. Opt. Express 22, 13,091 (2014). 10.1364/OE.22.013091
Danchi, W.C., Deming, D., Kuchner, M.J., Seager, S.: Detection of close-in extrasolar giant planets using theFourier-Kelvin Stellar interferometer. ApJ 597, L57–L60 (2003). 10.1086/379640, arXiv:astro-ph/0309361
Defrère, D., Absil, O., Augereau, J.C., di Folco, E., Berger, J.P., Coudé du Foresto, V., Kervella, P., Le Bouquin, J.B., Lebreton, J., Millan-Gabet, R., Monnier, J.D., Olofsson, J., Traub, W.: Hot exozodiacal dust resolved around Vega with IOTA/IONIC. A&A 534, A5 (2011). 10.1051/0004-6361/201117017, arXiv:1108.3698
Defrère, D., Lebreton, J., Le Bouquin, J.B., Lagrange, A.M., Absil, O., Augereau, J.C., Berger, J.P., di Folco, E., Ertel, S., Kluska, J., Montagnier, G., Millan-Gabet, R., Traub, W., Zins, G.: Hot circumstellar material resolved around < ASTROBJ> β Pic with VLTI/PIONIER. A&A 546, L9 (2012). 10.1051/0004-6361/201220287, arXiv:1210.1914
Defrère, D., Hinz, P., Skemer A.J., Kennedy, G.M., Bailey, V., Hoffmann, W.F., Mennesson, B., Millan-Gabet, R., Danchi, W.C., Absil, O., Arbo, P., Beichman, C., Brusa, G., Bryden, G., Downey, E.C., Durney, O., Esposito, S., Gaspar, A., Grenz, P., Haniff, C., Hill, J.M., Lebreton, J., Leisenring, J.M., Males, J.R., Marion, L., McMahon, T.J., Montoya, M., Morzinski, K.M., Pinna, E., Puglisi, A., Rieke, G., Roberge, A., Serabyn, E., Sosa, R., Stapeldfeldt, K., Su, K., Vaitheeswaran, V., Vaz, A., Weinberger, A.J., Wyatt, M.C.: First-light LBT Nulling Interferometric Observations: Warm Exozodiacal Dust Resolved within a Few AU of η Crv. ApJ 799, 42 (2015). 10.1088/0004-637X/799/1/42, arXiv:1501.04144
Defrère, D., Hinz, P., Mennesson, B., Hoffmann, W.F., Millan-Gabet, R., Skemer, A.J., Bailey, V., Danchi, W.C., Downey, E.C., Durney, O., Grenz, P., Hill, J.M., McMahon, T.J., Montoya, M., Spalding, E., Vaz, A., Absil, O., Arbo, P., Bailey, H., Brusa, G., Bryden, G., Esposito, S., Gaspar, A., Haniff, C.A., Kennedy, G.M., Leisenring, J.M., Marion, L., Nowak, M., Pinna, E., Powell, K., Puglisi, A., Rieke, G., Roberge, A., Serabyn, E., Sosa, R., Stapeldfeldt, K., Su, K., Weinberger, A.J., Wyatt, M.C.: Nulling Data Reduction and On-sky Performance of the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer. ApJ 824, 66 (2016). 10.3847/0004-637X/824/2/66, arXiv:1601.06866
Defrère, D, Hinz, P, Downey, E, BŁohm, M, Danchi, WC, Durney, O, Ertel, S, Hill, JM, Hoffmann, WF, Mennesson, B, Millan-Gabet, R, Montoya, M, Pott, JU, Skemer, A, Spalding, E, Stone, J, Vaz, A: Simultaneous water vapor and dry air optical path length measurements and compensation with the large binocular telescope interferometer. In: Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V, Proc SPIE, vol. 9907, p. 99071G (2016). 10.1117/12.2233884, arXiv:1607.08749
Diener, R., Tepper, J., Labadie, L., Pertsch, T., Nolte, S., Minardi, S.: Towards 3d-photonic, multi-telescope beam combiners for mid-infrared astrointerferometry. Opt. Express 25(16), 19,262–19,274 (2017). 10.1364/OE.25.019262. http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-25-16-19262
Dorn, R.J., Aller-Carpentier, E., Andolfato, L., Berger, J.P., Delplancke-Ströbele, F., Dupuy, C., Fedrigo, E., Gitton, P., Hubin, N., Le Louarn, M., Lilley, P., Jolley, P., Marchetti, E., Mclay, S., Paufique, J., Pasquini, L., Quentin, J., Rakich, A., Ridings, R., Reyes, J., Schmid, C., Suarez, M., Phan, D.T., Woillez, J.: NAOMI – A new adaptive optics module for interferometry. The Messenger 156, 12–15 (2014)
Ertel, S., Absil, O., Defrère, D., Le Bouquin, J.B., Augereau, J.C., Marion, L., Blind, N., Bonsor, A., Bryden, G., Lebreton, J., Milli, J.: A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disk stars. IV. An unbiased sample of 92 southern stars observed in H band with VLTI/PIONIER. 570:A128. 10.1051/0004-6361/201424438, arXiv:1409.6143 (2014)
Ertel, S., Defrère, D., Absil, O., Le Bouquin, J.B., Augereau, J.C., Berger, J.P., Blind, N., Bonsor, A., Lagrange, A.M., Lebreton, J., Marion, L., Milli, J., Olofsson, J.: A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris-disc stars. V. PIONIER search for variability. A&A 595, A44 (2016). 10.1051/0004-6361/201527721, arXiv:1608.05731
Ertel, S., Defrère, D, Hinz, P., Mennesson, B., Kennedy, G.M., Danchi, W.C., Gelino, C., Hill, J.M., Hoffmann, W.F., Rieke, G., Shannon, A., Spalding, E., Stone, J.M., Vaz, A., Weinberger, A.J., Willems, P., Absil, O., Arbo, P., Bailey, V., Beichman, C., Bryden, G., Downey, E.C., Durney, O., Esposito, S., Gaspar, A., Grenz, P., Haniff, C., Leisenring, J.M., Marion, L., McMahon, T.J., Millan-Gabet, R., Montoya, M., Morzinski, K.M., Pinna, E., Power, J., Puglisi, A., Roberge, A., Serabyn, E., Skemer, A.J., Stapelfeldt, K., Su, K.Y.L., Vaitheeswaran, V., Wyatt, M.C.: The HOSTS Survey–Exozodiacal dust measurements for 30 stars. AJ 155, 194 (2018). 10.3847/1538-3881/aab717, arXiv:1803.11265
Gallenne, A., Monnier, J.D., Mérand, A, Kervella, P., Kraus, S., Schaefer, G.H., Gieren, W., Pietrzyński, G, Szabados, L., Che, X., Baron, F., Pedretti, E., McAlister, H., ten Brummelaar, T., Sturmann, J., Sturmann, L., Turner, N., Farrington, C., Vargas, N.: Multiplicity of Galactic Cepheids from long-baseline interferometry. I. CHARA/MIRC detection of the companion of V1334 Cygni. A&A 552, A21 (2013). 10.1051/0004-6361/201321091, arXiv:1302.1817
Gallenne, A., Mérand, A, Kervella, P., Breitfelder, J., Le Bouquin, J.B., Monnier, J.D., Gieren, W., Pilecki, B., Pietrzyński, G: Multiplicity of Galactic Cepheids from long-baseline interferometry. II. The Companion of AX Circini revealed with VLTI/PIONIER. A&A 561, L3 (2014). 10.1051/0004-6361/201322883, arXiv:1312.1950
Gallenne, A., Mérand, A, Kervella, P., Monnier, J.D., Schaefer, G.H., Baron, F., Breitfelder, J., Le Bouquin, J.B., Roettenbacher, R.M., Gieren, W., Pietrzyński, G, McAlister, H., ten Brummelaar, T., Sturmann, J., Sturmann, L., Turner, N., Ridgway, S., Kraus, S.: Robust high-contrast companion detection from interferometric observations. The CANDID algorithm and an application to six binary Cepheids. A&A 579, A68 (2015). 10.1051/0004-6361/201525917, arXiv:1505.02715
Gallenne, A., Mérand, A, Kervella, P., Monnier, J.D., Schaefer, G.H., Roettenbacher, R.M., Gieren, W., Pietrzyński, G, McAlister, H., ten Brummelaar, T., Sturmann, J., Sturmann, L., Turner, N., Anderson, R.I.: Multiplicity of Galactic Cepheids from long-baseline interferometry - III. Sub-percent limits on the relative brightness of a close companion of δ Cephei. MNRAS 461, 1451–1456 (2016). 10.1093/mnras/stw1375, arXiv:1606.01108
Greenbaum, A.Z., Pueyo, L., Sivaramakrishnan, A., Lacour, S.: An Image-plane Algorithm for JWST’s Non-redundant Aperture Mask Data. ApJ 798, 68 (2015). 10.1088/0004-637X/798/2/68, arXiv:1411.3446
Hanot, C., Mennesson, B., Martin, S., Liewer, K., Loya, F., Mawet, D., Riaud, P., Absil, O., Serabyn, E.: Improving Interferometric Null Depth Measurements using Statistical Distributions: Theory and First Results with the Palomar Fiber Nuller. ApJ 729, 110 (2011). 10.1088/0004-637X/729/2/110, arXiv:1103.4719
Heidmann, S., Caballero, O., Nolot, A., Gineys, M., Moulin, T., Delboulbé, A, Jocou, L., Le Bouquin, J.B., Berger, J.P., Martin, G.: Two telescopes ABCD electro-optic beam combiner based on lithium niobate for near infrared stellar interferometry. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Nonlinear Optics and Applications V. 10.1117/12.886725, vol. 8071, p 807108 (2011)
Heidmann, S., Courjal, N., Martin, G.: Double polarization active Y junctions in the L band, based on Ti:LiNbO_3 lithium niobate waveguides: polarization and contrast performances. Opt. Lett. 37, 3318 (2012). 10.1364/OL.37.003318
Hénault, F, Spang, A.: Cheapest nuller in the world: crossed beamsplitter cubes. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry IV. 10.1117/12.2055091, arXiv:1407.2719, vol. 9146, p 914604 (2014)
Hinz, P., Angel, J.R.P., Hoffmann, W.F., McCarthy, D.W., McGuire, P.C., Cheselka, M., Hora, J.L., Woolf, N.J.: Imaging circumstellar environments with a nulling interferometer. Nature 395, 251–253 (1998). 10.1038/26172
Hinz, P., Defrère, D, Skemer, A., Bailey, V., Stone, J., Spalding, E., Vaz, A., Pinna, E., Puglisi, A., Esposito, S., Montoya, M., Downey, E., Leisenring, J., Durney, O., Hoffmann, W., Hill, J., Millan-Gabet, R., Mennesson, B., Danchi, W., Morzinski, K., Grenz, P., Skrutskie, M., Ertel, S.: Overview of LBTI: a multipurpose facility for high spatial resolution observations. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V. 10.1117/12.2233795, vol. 9907, p 990704 (2016)
Hönig, S F, Kishimoto, M., Antonucci, R., Marconi, A., Prieto, M.A., Tristram, K., Weigelt, G.: Parsec-scale dust emission from the polar region in the type 2 nucleus of NGC 424. ApJ 755, 149 (2012). 10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/149, arXiv:1206.4307
Hönig, S F, Watson, D., Kishimoto, M., Hjorth, J.: A dust-parallax distance of 19 megaparsecs to the supermassive black hole in NGC 4151. Nature 515, 528–530 (2014). 10.1038/nature13914, arXiv:1411.7032
Ireland, M.J.: Phase errors in diffraction-limited imaging: contrast limits for sparse aperture masking. MNRAS 433, 1718–1728 (2013). 10.1093/mnras/stt859, arXiv:1301.6205
Ireland, M.J., Monnier, J.D., Kraus, S., Isella, A., Minardi, S., Petrov, R., ten Brummelaar, T., Young, J., Vasisht, G., Mozurkewich, D., Rinehart, S., Michael, E.A., van Belle, G., Woillez, J.: Status of the Planet Formation Imager (PFI) concept. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V. 10.1117/12.2233926, arXiv:1608.00582, vol. 9907, p 99071L (2016)
Kenchington Goldsmith, H.D., Cvetojevic, N., Ireland, M., Madden, S.: Fabrication tolerant chalcogenide mid-infrared multimode interference coupler design with applications for Bracewell nulling interferometry. Opt. Express 25, 3038 (2017). 10.1364/OE.25.003038, arXiv:1702.00468
Kervella, P., Coudé du Foresto, V, Glindemann, A., Hofmann, R.: VINCI: the VLT interferometer commissioning instrument. In: Léna, P., Quirrenbach, A. (eds.) Proceedings of SPIE on Interferometry in Optical Astronomy. 10.1117/12.390227, vol. 4006, pp 31–42 (2000)
Kishimoto, M., Hönig, S F, Antonucci, R., Barvainis, R., Kotani, T., Tristram, K.R.W., Weigelt, G., Levin, K.: The innermost dusty structure in active galactic nuclei as probed by the Keck interferometer. A&A 527, A121 (2011). 10.1051/0004-6361/201016054, arXiv:1012.5359
Kraus, A.L., Ireland, M.J.: Lkca 15: a young exoplanet caught at formation?. ApJ 745, 5 (2012). 10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/5, arXiv:1110.3808
Kraus, S., Monnier, J.D., Ireland, M.J., Duchêne, G, Espaillat, C., Hönig, S, Juhasz, A., Mordasini, C., Olofsson, J., Paladini, C., Stassun, K., Turner, N., Vasisht, G., Harries, T.J., Bate, M.R., Gonzalez, J.F., Matter, A., Zhu, Z., Panic, O., Regaly, Z., Morbidelli, A., Meru, F., Wolf, S., Ilee, J., Berger, J.P., Zhao, M., Kral, Q., Morlok, A., Bonsor, A., Ciardi, D., Kane, S.R., Kratter, K., Laughlin, G., Pepper, J., Raymond, S., Labadie, L., Nelson, R.P., Weigelt, G., ten Brummelaar, T., Pierens, A., Oudmaijer, R., Kley, W., Pope, B., Jensen, E.L.N., Bayo, A., Smith, M., Boyajian, T., Quiroga-Nuñez, L H, Millan-Gabet, R., Chiavassa, A., Gallenne, A., Reynolds, M., de Wit, W.J., Wittkowski, M., Millour, F., Gandhi, P., Ramos Almeida, C., Alonso Herrero, A., Packham, C., Kishimoto, M., Tristram, K.R.W., Pott, J.U., Surdej, J., Buscher, D., Haniff, C., Lacour, S., Petrov, R., Ridgway, S., Tuthill, P., van Belle, G., Armitage, P., Baruteau, C., Benisty, M., Bitsch, B., Paardekooper, S.J., Pinte, C., Masset, F., Rosotti, G.: Planet Formation Imager (PFI): science vision and key requirements. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V. 10.1117/12.2231067, arXiv:1608.00578, vol. 9907, p 99071K (2016)
Lacour, S., Tuthill, P., Monnier, J.D., Kotani, T., Gauchet, L., Labeye, P.: A new interferometer architecture combining nulling with phase closure measurements. MNRAS 439, 4018–4029 (2014). 10.1093/mnras/stu258, arXiv:1306.5184
Le Bouquin, J.B., Absil, O.: On the sensitivity of closure phases to faint companions in optical long baseline interferometry. A&A 541, A89 (2012). 10.1051/0004-6361/201117891, arXiv:1204.3721
Le Bouquin, J.B., Rousselet-Perraut, K., Berger, J.P., Herwats, E., Benisty, M., Absil, O., Defrere, D., Monnier, J., Traub, W.: Polar-interferometry: what can be learnt from the IOTA/IONIC experiment. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry. 10.1117/12.786377, vol. 7013, p 70130F (2008)
Le Bouquin, J.B., Berger, J.P., Lazareff, B., Zins, G., Haguenauer, P., Jocou, L., Kern, P., Millan-Gabet, R., Traub, W., Absil, O., Augereau, J.C., Benisty, M., Blind, N., Bonfils, X., Bourget, P., Delboulbe, A., Feautrier, P., Germain, M., Gitton, P., Gillier, D., Kiekebusch, M., Kluska, J., Knudstrup, J., Labeye, P., Lizon, J.L., Monin, J.L., Magnard, Y., Malbet, F., Maurel, D., Ménard, F, Micallef, M., Michaud, L., Montagnier, G., Morel, S., Moulin, T., Perraut, K., Popovic, D., Rabou, P., Rochat, S., Rojas, C., Roussel, F., Roux, A., Stadler, E., Stefl, S., Tatulli, E., Ventura, N.: PIONIER: A 4-telescope visitor instrument at VLTI. A&A 535, A67 (2011). 10.1051/0004-6361/201117586, arXiv:1109.1918
Léna, P, Absil, O., Borkowski, V., Herwats, E., Mawet, D., Quanz, S., Riaud, P.: 37th Liège International Astrophysics Colloquium: conclusions and perspectives. Bulletin de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liège 74, 203–229 (2005)
Lopez, B., Lagarde, S., Jaffe, W., Petrov, R., Schöller, M, Antonelli, P., Beckmann, U., Berio, P., Bettonvil, F., Glindemann, A., Gonzalez, J.C., Graser, U., Hofmann, K.H., Millour, F., Robbe-Dubois, S., Venema, L., Wolf, S., Henning, T., Lanz, T., Weigelt, G., Agocs, T., Bailet, C., Bresson, Y., Bristow, P., Dugué, M, Heininger, M., Kroes, G., Laun, W., Lehmitz, M., Neumann, U., Augereau, J.C., Avila, G., Behrend, J., van Belle, G., Berger, J.P., van Boekel, R., Bonhomme, S., Bourget, P., Brast, R., Clausse, J.M., Connot, C., Conzelmann, R., Cruzalèbes, P, Csepany, G., Danchi, W., Delbo, M., Delplancke, F., Dominik, C., van Duin, A., Elswijk, E., Fantei, Y., Finger, G., Gabasch, A., Gay, J., Girard, P., Girault, V., Gitton, P., Glazenborg, A., Gonté, F, Guitton, F., Guniat, S., De Haan, M., Haguenauer, P., Hanenburg, H., Hogerheijde, M., ter Horst, R., Hron, J., Hugues, Y., Hummel, C., Idserda, J., Ives, D., Jakob, G., Jasko, A., Jolley, P., Kiraly, S., Köhler, R, Kragt, J., Kroener, T., Kuindersma, S., Labadie, L., Leinert, C., Le Poole, R., Lizon, J.L., Lucuix, C., Marcotto, A., Martinache, F., Martinot-Lagarde, G., Mathar, R., Matter, A., Mauclert, N., Mehrgan, L., Meilland, A., Meisenheimer, K., Meisner, J., Mellein, M., Menardi, S., Menut, J.L., Merand, A., Morel, S., Mosoni, L., Navarro, R., Nussbaum, E., Ottogalli, S., Palsa, R., Panduro, J., Pantin, E., Parra, T., Percheron, I., Duc, T.P., Pott, J.U., Pozna, E., Przygodda, F., Rabbia, Y., Richichi, A., Rigal, F., Roelfsema, R., Rupprecht, G., Schertl, D., Schmidt, C., Schuhler, N., Schuil, M., Spang, A., Stegmeier, J., Thiam, L., Tromp, N., Vakili, F., Vannier, M., Wagner, K., Woillez, J.: An overview of the MATISSE instrument – science, concept and current status. The Messenger 157, 5–12 (2014)
López-Gonzaga, N, Burtscher, L., Tristram, K.R.W., Meisenheimer, K., Schartmann, M.: Mid-infrared interferometry of 23 AGN tori: on the significance of polar-elongated emission. A&A 591, A47 (2016). 10.1051/0004-6361/201527590, arXiv:1602.05592
Marion, L., Absil, O., Ertel, S., Le Bouquin, J.B., Augereau, J.C., Blind, N., Defrère, D, Lebreton, J., Milli, J.: Searching for faint companions with VLTI/PIONIER. II. 92 main sequence stars from the Exozodi survey. A&A 570, A127 (2014). 10.1051/0004-6361/201424780, arXiv:1409.6105
Martin, G., Heidmann, S., Rauch, J.Y., Jocou, L., Courjal, N.: Electro-optic fringe locking and photometric tuning using a two-stage Mach-Zehnder lithium niobate waveguide for high-contrast mid-infrared interferometry. Opt. Eng. 53(3), 034101 (2014a). 10.1117/1.OE.53.3.034101
Martin, G., Heidmann, S., Thomas, F., de Mengin, M., Jocou, L., Ulliac, G., Courjal, N., Morand, A., Benech, P., le Coarer, E.P.: Lithium Niobate active beam combiners: results of on-chip fringe locking, fringe scanning and high contrast integrated optics interferometry and spectrometry. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry IV. 10.1117/12.2055516, vol. 9146, p 91462I (2014b)
Martin, S., Serabyn, G., Liewer, K., Mennesson, B.: Achromatic broadband nulling using a phase grating. Optica 4(1), 110–113 (2017). 10.1364/OPTICA.4.000110, http://www.osapublishing.org/optica/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-4-1-110
Martinache, F.: Spectrally dispersed Fourier-phase analysis for redundant apertures. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V. 10.1117/12.2233395, vol. 9907, p 990712 (2016)
Martinache, F., Ireland, M.J.: Kernel-nulling for a robust direct interferometric detection of extrasolar planets. arXiv:1802.06252 (2018)
Matter, A., Vannier, M., Morel, S., Lopez, B., Jaffe, W., Lagarde, S., Petrov, R.G., Leinert, C.: First step to detect an extrasolar planet using simultaneous observations with the VLTI instruments AMBER and MIDI. A&A 515, A69 (2010). 10.1051/0004-6361/200913142
Matter, A., Lopez, B., Antonelli, P., Lehmitz, M., Bettonvil, F., Beckmann, U., Lagarde, S., Jaffe, W., Petrov, R., Berio, P., Millour, F., Robbe-Dubois, S., Glindemann, A., Bristow, P., Schoeller, M., Lanz, T., Henning, T., Weigelt, G., Heininger, M., Morel, S., Cruzalebes, P., Meisenheimer, K., Hofferbert, R., Wolf, S., Bresson, Y., Agocs, T., Allouche, F., Augereau, J.C., Avila, G., Bailet, C., Behrend, J., van Belle, G., Berger, J.P., van Boekel, R., Bourget, P., Brast, R., Clausse, J.M., Connot, C., Conzelmann, R., Csepany, G., Danchi, W.C., Delbo, M., Dominik, C., van Duin, A., Elswijk, E., Fantei, Y., Finger, G., Gabasch, A., Gonté, F, Graser, U., Guitton, F., Guniat, S., De Haan, M., Haguenauer, P., Hanenburg, H., Hofmann, K.H., Hogerheijde, M., ter Horst, R., Hron, J., Hummel, C., Isderda, J., Ives, D., Jakob, G., Jasko, A., Jolley, P., Kiraly, S., Kragt, J., Kroener, T., Kroes, G., Kuindersma, S., Labadie, L., Laun, W., Leinert, C., Lizon, J.L., Lucuix, C., Marcotto, A., Martinache, F., Martinot-Lagarde, G., Mauclert, N., Mehrgan, L., Meilland, A., Mellein, M., Menardi, S., Merand, A., Neumann, U., Nussbaum, E., Ottogalli, S., Palsa, R., Panduro, J., Pantin, E., Percheron, I., Phan Duc, T., Pott, J.U., Pozna, E., Roelfsema, R., Rupprecht, G., Schertl, D., Schmidt, C., Schuil, M., Spang, A., Stegmeier, J., Tromp, N., Vakili, F., Vannier, M., Wagner, K., Venema, L., Woillez, J.: An overview of the mid-infrared spectro-interferometer MATISSE: science, concept, and current status. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V. 10.1117/12.2233052, arXiv:1608.02350, vol. 9907, p 99070A (2016)
Meisner, J., Le Poole, R.S.: Dispersion affecting the VLTI and 10 micron interferometry using MIDI. In: Traub, W.A. (ed.) Proceedings of SPIE on Interferometry for Optical Astronomy II. 10.1117/12.459072, vol. 4838, pp 609–624 (2003)
Mennesson, B., Hanot, C., Serabyn, E., Liewer, K., Martin, S.R., Mawet, D.: High-contrast Stellar Observations within the Diffraction Limit at the Palomar Hale Telescope. ApJ 743, 178 (2011). 10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/178
Mennesson, B., Absil, O., Lebreton, J., Augereau, J.C., Serabyn, E., Colavita, M.M., Millan-Gabet, R., Liu, W., Hinz, P., Thébault, P: An Interferometric Study of the Fomalhaut Inner Debris Disk. II. Keck Nuller Mid-infrared Observations. ApJ 763, 119 (2013). 10.1088/0004-637X/763/2/119, arXiv:1211.7143
Mennesson, B., Defrère, D, Nowak, M., Hinz, P., Millan-Gabet, R., Absil, O., Bailey, V., Bryden, G., Danchi, W., Kennedy, G.M., Marion, L., Roberge, A., Serabyn, E., Skemer, A.J., Stapelfeldt, K., Weinberger, A.J., Wyatt, M.: Making high-accuracy null depth measurements for the LBTI exozodi survey. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V. 10.1117/12.2231839, vol. 9907, p 99070X (2016)
Mérand, A: The VLTI roadmap. The Messenger 171, 12–15 (2018)
Millan-Gabet, R., Serabyn, E., Mennesson, B., Traub, W., Barry, R.K., Danchi, W.C., Kuchner, M., Stark, C.C., Ragland, S., Hrynevych, M., Woillez, J., Stapelfeldt, K., Bryden, G., Colavita, M.M., Booth, A.J.: Exozodiacal Dust Levels for Nearby Main-sequence Stars: A Survey with the Keck Interferometer Nuller. ApJ 734, 67 (2011). 10.1088/0004-637X/734/1/67, arXiv:1104.1382
Minardi, S., Pertsch, T.: Interferometric beam combination with discrete optics. Opt. Lett. 35, 3009–3011 (2010)
Monnier, J.D.: An introduction to closure phases. In: Lawson, P.R. (ed.) Principles of Long Baseline Stellar Interferometry, p 203 (2000)
Monnier, J.D., Berger, J.P., Millan-Gabet, R., ten Brummelaar, T.A.: The Michigan Infrared Combiner (MIRC): IR imaging with the CHARA array. In: Traub, W.A. (ed.) Proceedings of SPIE on New Frontiers in Stellar Interferometry. 10.1117/12.550804, vol. 5491, p 1370 (2004)
Monnier, J.D., Ireland, M.J., Kraus, S., Baron, F., Creech-Eakman, M., Dong, R., Isella, A., Merand, A., Michael, E., Minardi, S., Mozurkewich, D., Petrov, R., Rinehart, S., ten Brummelaar, T., Vasisht, G., Wishnow, E., Young, J., Zhu, Z.: Architecture design study and technology road map for the Planet Formation Imager (PFI). In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V. 10.1117/12.2233311, arXiv:1608.00580, vol. 9907, p 99071O (2016)
Mordasini, C., Alibert, Y., Klahr, H., Henning, T.: Characterization of exoplanets from their formation. I. Models of combined planet formation and evolution. A&A 547, A111 (2012). 10.1051/0004-6361/201118457, arXiv:1206.6103
Nguyen, H.D., Ródenas, A, de Aldana, J.R.V., Martín, G, Martínez, J, Aguiló, M, Pujol, M.C., Díaz, F: Low-loss 3d-laser-written mid-infrared linbo3 depressed-index cladding waveguides for both te and tm polarizations. Opt. Express 25(4), 3722–3736 (2017). 10.1364/OE.25.003722. http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-25-4-3722
Olofsson, J., Benisty, M., Le Bouquin, J.B., Berger, J.P., Lacour, S., Ménard, F, Henning, T., Crida, A., Burtscher, L., Meeus, G., Ratzka, T., Pinte, C., Augereau, J.C., Malbet, F., Lazareff, B., Traub, W.: Sculpting the disk around T Chamaeleontis: an interferometric view. A&A 552, A4 (2013). 10.1051/0004-6361/201220675, arXiv:1302.2622
Pott, J.U., Müller, A, Karovicova, I., Delplancke, F.: New horizons for VLTI 10 micron interferometry: first scientific measurements with external PRIMA fringe tracking. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry III. 10.1117/12.927027, vol. 8445, p 84450Q (2012)
Pott, J.U., Fu, Q., Widmann, F., Peter, D.: P-REx: the piston drift reconstruction experiment. In: Proceedings of SPIE on Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V. 10.1117/12.2233139, vol. 9907, p 99073E (2016)
Rodenas, A., Martin, G., Arzeki, B., Psaila, N.D., Jose, G., Jha, A., Labadie, L., Kern, P., Kar, A.K., Thomson, R.R.: Three-dimensional mid-infrared photonic circuits in chalcogenide glass. Opt. Lett 37, 392–394 (2012)
Roettenbacher, R.M., Monnier, J.D., Fekel, F.C., Henry, G.W., Korhonen, H., Latham, D.W., Muterspaugh, M.W., Williamson, M.H., Baron, F., ten Brummelaar, T.A., Che, X., Harmon, R.O., Schaefer, G.H., Scott, N., Sturmann, J., Sturmann, L., Turner, N.: Detecting the companions and ellipsoidal variations of RS CVn primaries. II. o Draconis, a candidate for recent low-mass companion ingestion. ApJ 809, 159 (2015). 10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/159, arXiv:1507.03601
Sana, H., Le Bouquin, J.B., Lacour, S., Berger, J.P., Duvert, G., Gauchet, L., Norris, B., Olofsson, J., Pickel, D., Zins, G., Absil, O., de Koter, A., Kratter, K., Schnurr, O., Zinnecker, H.: Southern massive stars at high angular resolution: observational campaign and companion detection. ApJS 215, 15 (2014). 10.1088/0067-0049/215/1/15, 1409.6304
Serabyn, E.: Nulling interferometry: symmetry requirements and experimental results. In: Léna, P., Quirrenbach, A. (eds.) Proceedings of SPIE on Interferometry in Optical Astronomy. 10.1117/12.390223, vol. 4006, pp 328–339 (2000)
Serabyn, E., Mennesson, B., Colavita, M.M., Koresko, C., Kuchner, M.J.: The keck interferometer nuller. ApJ 748, 55 (2012). 10.1088/0004-637X/748/1/55
Spiegel, D.S., Burrows, A.: Spectral and photometric diagnostics of giant planet formation scenarios. ApJ 745, 174 (2012). 10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/174, arXiv:1108.5172
Tepper, J., Labadie, L., Gross, S., Arriola, A., Minardi, S., Diener, R., Withford, M.J.: Ultrafast laser inscription in ZBLAN integrated optics chips for mid-IR beam combination in astronomical interferometry. Opt. Express 25, 20,642 (2017). 10.1364/OE.25.020642
Tepper, J., Labadie, L., Diener, R., Minardi, S., Pott, J-U, Thomson, R., Nolte, S.: Integrated optics prototype beam combiner for long baseline interferometry in the l and m bands. A&A 602, A66 (2017). 10.1051/0004-6361/201630138
Tristram, K.R.W., Schartmann, M.: On the size-luminosity relation of AGN dust tori in the mid-infrared. A&A 531, A99 (2011). 10.1051/0004-6361/201116867, arXiv:1105.4875
Tristram, K.R.W., Burtscher, L., Jaffe, W., Meisenheimer, K., Hönig, SF, Kishimoto, M., Schartmann, M., Weigelt, G.: The dusty torus in the Circinus galaxy: a dense disk and the torus funnel. A&A 563, A82 (2014). 10.1051/0004-6361/201322698, arXiv:1312.4534
Willson, M., Kraus, S., Kluska, J., Monnier, J.D., Ireland, M., Aarnio, A., Sitko, M.L., Calvet, N., Espaillat, C., Wilner, D.J.: Sparse aperture masking interferometry survey of transitional discs. Search for substellar-mass companions and asymmetries in their parent discs. A&A 595, A9 (2016). 10.1051/0004-6361/201628859, arXiv:1608.03629
