Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 2007.
DeBoer MD. Emergence of ghrelin as a treatment for cachexia syndromes. Nutrition. 2008;24(9):806-814.
Argilés JM, Stemmler B. The potential of ghrelin in the treatment of cancer cachexia. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13(1):67-76.
Garcia J, Yan Y, Manning-Duus E, Friend J. Effects of the ghrelin receptor agonist anamorelin on lean body mass in cancer patients with cachexia; results from a Phase II randomized, double blind, multicenter study. Cancer Metab. 2014;2 Suppl 1:P19.
Horvath TL, Diano S, Sotonyi P, Heiman M, Tschöp M. Minireview: Ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance - a hypothalamic perspective. Endocrinology. 2001;142(10):4163-4169.
Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999;402(6762):656-660.
Banks WA, Tschöp M, Robinson SM, Heiman ML. Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;302(2): 822-827.
Barsh GS, Schwartz MW. Genetic approaches to studying energy balance: perception and integration. Nat Rev Genet. 2002;3(8): 589-600.
Akamizu T, Kangawa K. Ghrelin for cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1(2):169-176.
Brimijoin S, Chen VP, Pang YP, Geng L, Gao Y. Physiological roles for butyrylcholinesterase: a BChE-ghrelin axis. Chem Biol Interact. 2016;259(Pt B):271-275.
Akamizu T, Takaya K, Irako T, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and endocrine and appetite effects of ghrelin administration in young healthy subjects. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;150(4):447-455.
Thorne RG, Emory CR, Ala TA, Frey WH. Quantitative analysis of the olfactory pathway for drug delivery to the brain. Brain Res. 1995; 692(1-2):278-282.
Schipper NM, Verhoef JC, Merkus FH. The nasal mucociliary clearance: relevance to nasal drug delivery. Pharm Res. 1991;8(7):807-814.
Moeller EH, Holst B, Nielsen LH, Pedersen PS, Østergaard J. Stability, liposome interaction, and in vivo pharmacology of ghrelin in liposomal suspensions. Int J Pharm. 2010;390(1):13-18.
Graf S, Garcia J. Anamorelin hydrochloride in the treatment of cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome: design, development, and potential place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:2325-2331.
Garin MC, Burns CM, Kaul S, Cappola AR. The human experience with ghrelin administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(5): 1826-1837.
Azegami T, Yuki Y, Sawada S, et al. Nanogel-based nasal ghrelin vaccine prevents obesity. Mucosal Immunol. 2017;10(5):1351-1360.
Zollers B, Rhodes L, Heinen E. Capromorelin oral solution (ENTYCE) increases food consumption and body weight when administered for 4 consecutive days to healthy adult beagle dogs in a randomized, masked, placebo controlled study. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):10.
Temel JS, Abernethy AP, Currow DC, et al. Anamorelin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and cachexia (ROMANA 1 and ROMANA 2): results from two randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(4):519-531.
Migliore MM, Vyas TK, Campbell RB, Amiji MM, Waszczak BL. Brain delivery of proteins by the intranasal route of administration: a comparison of cationic liposomes versus aqueous solution formulations. J Pharm Sci. 2010;99(4):1745-1761.
Salama HA, Mahmoud AA, Kamel AO, Hady MA, Awad GA. Phospholipid based colloidal poloxamer-nanocubic vesicles for brain targeting via the nasal route. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces. 2012;100:146-154.
Illum L, Farraj NF, Davis SS. Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for peptide drugs. Pharm Res. 1994;11(8):1186-1189.
Van Woensel M, Wauthoz N, Rosière R, et al. Development of siRNA- loaded chitosan nanoparticles targeting galectin-1 for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme via intranasal administration. J Control Release. 2016;227:71-81.
Filipović-Grcić J, Skalko-Basnet N, Jalsenjak I. Mucoadhesive chitosancoated liposomes: characteristics and stability. J Microencapsul. 2008;18(1):3-12.
Staes E, Rozet E, Učakar B, Hubert P, Préat V. Validation of a method for the quantitation of ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin by HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010;51(3):633-639.
Bangham AD. Properties and uses of lipid vesicles: an overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1978;308:2-7.
Zakanda FN, Lins L, Nott K, Paquot M, Lelo GM, Deleu M. Interaction of hexadecylbetainate chloride with biological relevant lipids. Langmuir. 2012;28(7):3524-3533.
Heerklotz H, Seelig J. Titration calorimetry of surfactant-membrane partitioning and membrane solubilization. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1508(1-2):69-85.
Razafindralambo H, Dufour S, Paquot M, Deleu M. Thermodynamic studies of the binding interactions of surfactin analogues to lipid vesicles. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;95(3):817-821.
Mantle M, Allen A. A colorimetric assay for glycoproteins based on the periodic acid/Schiff stain. Biochem Soc Trans. 1978;6(3):607-609.
Tamilvanan S. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production and Processes. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; 2008.
Erickson J. Determination of the concentration of caffeine, theobromine, and gallic acid in commercial tea samples. Concordia Coll J Anal Chem. 2011;2:31-35.
Shah RB, Siddiqui A, Shah G, Khan MA. A validated HPLC assay for simultaneous analysis of salmon calcitonin and duck ovomucoid. Pharmazie. 2003;58(9):620-622.
Hosoda H, Doi K, Nagaya N, et al. Optimum collection and storage conditions for ghrelin measurements: octanoyl modification of ghrelin is rapidly hydrolyzed to desacyl ghrelin in blood samples. Clin Chem. 2004;50(6):1077-1080.
Min C, Ohta K, Kajiya M, et al. The antimicrobial activity of the appetite peptide hormone ghrelin. Peptides. 2012;36(2):151-156.
Seelig J. Thermodynamics of lipid-peptide interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1666(1-2):40-50.
Staes E, Absil PA, Lins L, et al. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin binding to membranes and to ghrelin receptor: towards a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010; 1798(11):2102-2113.
Østergaard J, Moeller EH. Ghrelin-liposome interactions: characterization of liposomal formulations of an acylated 28-amino acid peptide using CE. Electrophoresis. 2010;31(2):339-345.
Margolis FL and Getchell TV. Molecular Neurobiology of the Olfactory System: Molecular, Membranous, and Cytological Studies. Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.
Dahl AR, Hadley WM. Nasal cavity enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism: effects on the toxicity of inhalants. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1991; 21(5):345-372.
Sarkar MA. Drug metabolism in the nasal mucosa. Pharm Res. 1992; 9(1):1-9.
Morimoto K, Miyazaki M, Kakemi M. Effects of proteolytic enzyme inhibitors on nasal absorption of salmon calcitonin in rats. Int J Pharm. 1995;113(1):1-8.
Lewis JL, Nikula KJ, Novak R, Dahl AR. Comparative localization of carboxylesterase in F344 rat, beagle dog, and human nasal tissue. Anat Rec. 1994;239(1):55-64.
Bogdanffy M, Taylor M. Kinetics of nasal carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism of vinyl acetate. Drug Metab Dispos. 1993;21(6):1107-1111.
Olsen JV, Ong SE, Mann M. Trypsin cleaves exclusively C-terminal to arginine and lysine residues. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2004;3(6):608-614.
Taylor MS, Hwang Y, Hsiao PY, Boeke JD, Cole PA. Ghrelin O-acyltransferase assays and inhibition. Methods Enzymol. 2012;514: 205-228.
Chodera JD, Mobley DL. Entropy-enthalpy compensation: role and ramifications in biomolecular ligand recognition and design. Annu Rev Biophys. 2013;42:121-142.
Casettari L, Illum L. Chitosan in nasal delivery systems for therapeutic drugs. J Control Release. 2014;190:189-200.
Channarong S, Chaicumpa W, Sinchaipanid N, Mitrevej A. Development and evaluation of chitosan-coated liposomes for oral DNA vaccine: the improvement of Peyer’s patch targeting using a polyplexloaded liposomes. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2011;12(1):192-200.
Mady MM, Darwish MM. Effect of chitosan coating on the characteristics of DPPC liposomes. J Adv Res. 2010;1(3):187-191.
Guo J, Ping Q, Jiang G, Huang L, Tong Y. Chitosan-coated liposomes: characterization and interaction with leuprolide. Int J Pharm. 2003; 260(2):167-173.
Wen Z, Yan Z, He R, et al. Brain targeting and toxicity study of odorranalectin-conjugated nanoparticles following intranasal administration. Drug Deliv. 2011;18(8):555-561.
Amoako-Tuffour M, Yeung P, Agu R. Permeation of losartan across human respiratory epithelium: an in vitro study with Calu-3 cells. Acta Pharm. 2009;59(4):395-405.
Yang T, Hussain A, Paulson J, Abbruscato TJ, Ahsan F. Cyclodextrins in nasal delivery of low-molecular-weight heparins: in vivo and in vitro studies. Pharm Res. 2004;21(7):1127-1136.
Ungell AL, Andreasson A, Lundin K, Utter L. Effects of enzymatic inhibition and increased paracellular shunting on transport of vasopressin analogues in the rat. J Pharm Sci. 1992;81(7):640-645.
Torres-Lugo M, García M, Record R, Peppas NA. pH-sensitive hydrogels as gastrointestinal tract absorption enhancers: transport mechanisms of salmon calcitonin and other model molecules using the Caco-2 cell model. Biotechnol Prog. 2002;18(3):612-616.
Prueksaritanont T, DeLuna P, Gorham LM, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of intestinal barriers for the zwitterion L-767,679 and its carboxyl ester prodrug L-775,318: roles of efflux and metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998;26(6):520-527.
Becskei C, Riediger T, Zünd D, Wookey P, Lutz TA. Immunohistochemical mapping of calcitonin receptors in the adult rat brain. Brain Res. 2004;1030(2):221-233.
Prego C, Torres D, Alonso MJ. Chitosan nanocapsules: a new carrier for nasal peptide delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2006;16(5): 331-337.
Huang M, Khor E, Lim LY. Uptake and cytotoxicity of chitosan molecules and nanoparticles: effects of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Pharm Res. 2004;21(2):344-353.
Carlstedt I, Lindgren H, Sheehan JK, Ulmsten U, Wingerup L. Isolation and characterization of human cervical-mucus glycoproteins. Biochem J. 1983;211(1):13-22.
Khutoryanskiy VV. Advances in mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers. Macromol Biosci. 2011;11(6):748-764.
Naik A, Nair H. Formulation and evaluation of thermosensitive biogels for nose to brain delivery of doxepin. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014:847547.
Surber C, Elsner P, Farage MA. Topical Applications and the Mucosa. Basel, Switzerland: Karger; 2011.
Se CM, Inthavong K, Tu JY. Unsteady particle deposition in a human nasal cavity. 2009. Available from: http://www.cfd.com.au/cfd_conf09/PDFs/016SE.pdf. Accessed March 27, 2017.
Frank DO, Kimbell JS, Pawar S, Rhee JS. Effects of anatomy and particle size on nasal sprays and nebulizers. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(2):313-319.
Harris AS, Svensson E, Wagner ZG, Lethagen S, Nilsson IM. Effect of viscosity on particle size, deposition, and clearance of nasal delivery systems containing desmopressin. J Pharm Sci. 1988;77(5):405-408.
Pennington J, Pandey P, Tat H, Willson J, Donovan B. Spray pattern and droplet size analyses for high-shear viscosity determination of aqueous suspension corticosteroid nasal sprays. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2008;34(9):923-929.