[en] We describe a complete volume limited sample of nearby active galaxies selected by their 14-195 keV luminosity, and outline its rationale for studying the mechanisms regulating gas inflow and outflow. We also describe a complementary sample of inactive galaxies, selected to match the host galaxy properties. The active sample appears to have no bias in terms of active galactic nucleus (AGN) type, the only difference being the neutral absorbing column, which is two orders of magnitude greater for the Seyfert 2s. In the luminosity range spanned by the sample, log {{L}14-195 keV}[erg\{{s}-1}]=42.4-43.7, the optically obscured and X-ray absorbed fractions are 50%-65%. The similarity of these fractions to more distant spectroscopic AGN samples, although over a limited luminosity range, suggests that the torus does not strongly evolve with redshift. Our sample confirms that X-ray unabsorbed Seyfert 2s are rare, comprising not more than a few percent of the Seyfert 2 population. At higher luminosities, the optically obscured fraction decreases (as expected for the increasing dust sublimation radius), but the X-ray absorbed fraction changes little. We argue that the cold X-ray absorption in these Seyfert 1s can be accounted for by neutral gas in clouds that also contribute to the broad-line region (BLR) emission, and suggest that a geometrically thick neutral gas torus co-exists with the BLR and bridges the gap to the dusty torus.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Davies, R. I.; Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
Aird J., Nandra K., Laird E. S. et al 2010 MNRAS 401 2531
Alexander D., Stern D., Del Moro A. et al 2013 ApJ 773 125
Asmus D., Gandhi P., Smette A., Hönig S. and Duschl W. 2012 A&A 536 36
Asmus D., Hönig S., Gandhi P., Smette A. and Duschl W. 2014 MNRAS 439 1648
Bauer F., Arévalo P., Walton D. et al 2014 ApJ submitted (arXiv:1411.0670)
Baumgartner W., Tueller J., Markwardt C. et al 2013 ApJSS 207 19
Barbosa F., Storchi-Bergmann T., Cid Fernandes R., Winge C. and Schmitt H. 2006 MNRAS 371 170
Barbosa F., Storchi-Bergmann T., Cid Fernandes R., Winge C. and Schmitt H. 2009 MNRAS 396 2
Beckmann V., Jean P., Lubiński P., Soldi S. and Terrier R. 2011 A&A 513 70
Benson A., Bower R., Frenk C. et al 2003 ApJ 599 38
Bentz M., Denney K. D., Grier C. J. et al 2013 ApJ 767 149
Bian W. and Gu Q. 2007 ApJ 657 159
Bianchi S., Panessa F., Barcons X. et al 2012 MNRAS 426 3225
Bianchi S., Pioncelli E., Chiaberge M. et al 2009 ApJ 695 781
Blustin A., Page M., Fuerst S., Branduardi-Raymont G. and Ashton C. 2005 A&A 431 111
Bonnet H., Abuter R., Baker A. et al 2004 The ESO Messenger 117 17
Brightman M. and Nandra K. 2008 MNRAS 390 1241
Brightman M. and Nandra K. 2011 MNRAS 413 1206
Burtscher L., Orban de Xivry G., Davies R. et al 2015 A&A in press (arXiv:1504.01104)
Croton D., Springel V., White S. D. M. et al 2006 MNRAS 365 11
Davies R., Burtscher L., Dodds-Eden K. and Orban de Xivry G. 2012 JPhCS 372 012046
Davies R., Müller Sánchez F., Genzel R. et al 2007 ApJ 671 1388
Davies R., Maciejewski W., Hicks E. K. S. et al 2014 ApJ 792 101
de Vaucouleurs G., de Vaucouleurs A., Corwin H. et al 1991 The Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) (New York: Springer)
Diamond-Stanic A., Rieke G. and Rigby J. 2009 ApJ 698 623
Dumas G., Mundell C., Emsellem E. and Nagar N. 2007 MNRAS 379 1249
Eisenhauer F., Abuter R., Bickert K. et al 2003 in Proc. SPIE 4841 1548
Elitzur M. and Ho L. 2009 ApJL 701 L91
Elitzur M. and Shlosman I. 2006 ApJL 648 L101
Elvis M., Risaliti G., Nicastro F. et al 2004 ApJ 615L 25
Evans D., Lee J., Turner J., Weaver K. and Marshall H. 2007 ApJ 671 1345
Fabian A. 2012 ARA&A 50 455
Feltre A., Hatziminaoglou E., Fritz J. and Franceschini A. 2012 MNRAS 426 120
Fischer T., Crenshaw D., Kraemer S. and Schmitt H. 2013 ApJSS 209 1
Gandhi P., Horst H., Smette A. et al 2010 in AIP Conf. Proc. 1248, X-ray Astronomy 2009: Present Status Multiwavelength Approach and Future Perspectives 431
Gandhi P., Hönig S. and Kishimoto M. 2015 ApJL submitted (arXiv:1502.02661)
Garciá-Burillo S. 2011 Astronomy at High Angular Resolution 2011: The Central Kiloparsec in Galactic Nuclei (Bristol: IOPP)
Gliozzi M., Sambruna R. and Foschini L. 2007 ApJ 662 878
Grupe D., Wills B., Leighly K. and Meusinger H. 2004 AJ 127 156
Gu Q. and Huang J. 2002 ApJ 579 205
Haan S., Schinnerer E., Emsellem E. et al 2009 ApJ 92 1623
Harris G., Rejkuba M. and Harris W. 2010 PASA 27 457
Hawkins M. 2004 A&A 519 529
Heisler C., Lumsden S. and Bailey J. 1997 Natur 385 700
Hickox R., Mullaney J., Alexander D. et al 2014 ApJ 782 9
Hicks E., Davies R., Maciejewski W. et al 2013 ApJ 768 107
Hicks E., Davies R., Malkan M. et al 2009 ApJ 696 448
Ho L. 2008 ARA&A 46 475
Hönig S. 2013 in Proc. of the Torus Workshop 2012, 157 ed C. Packham, R. Mason and A. Alonso-Herrero (San Antonio, TX: UTSA)
Hopkins P. and Quataert E. 2010 MNRAS 407 1529
Ichikawa K., Packham C., Ramos Almeida C. et al 2015 ApJ 803 57
Karouzos M., Jarvis M. and Bonfield D. 2014 MNRAS 439 861
Kaspi S., Smith P., Netzer H. et al 2000 ApJ 533 631
Kauffmann G., Heckman T. M., White S. D. M. et al 2003 MNRAS 341 33
Kishimoto M., Hönig S., Antonucci R. et al 2009 A&A 507 L57
Kishimoto M., Hönig S., Antonucci R. et al 2011 A&A 527 121
Kocevski D., Faber S. M., Mozena M. et al 2012 ApJ 744 148
Komossa S. 1999 in ASCA/ROSAT Workshop on AGN and the X-ray Background, ISAS Report, ed T. Takahashi and H. Inoue (arXiv:astro-ph/0001263)
Kormendy J. and Ho L. 2013 ARA&A 51 511
Koss M., Mushotzky R., Baumgartner W. et al 2013 ApJL 765 L26
Koss M., Mushotzky R., Veilleux S. and Winter L. 2010 ApJL 716 L125
Koss M., Mushotzky R., Veilleux S. et al 2011 ApJ 739 57
Laha S., Guainazzi M., Dewangan G., Chakravorty S. and Kembhavi A. 2014 MNRAS 441 2613
Laor A. 2003 ApJ 590 86
Lawrence A. 1991 MNRAS 252 586
Lawrence A. and Elvis M. 2010 ApJ 714 561
Leighly K. and Casebeer D. 2007 in ASP Conf. Ser. 373, The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei, 365 ed L. Ho and J.-M. Wang (San Francisco, CA: ASP)
Lusso E., Hennawi J., Comastri A. et al 2014 ApJ 777 86
Marinucci A., Bianchi S., Nicastro F., Matt G. and Goulding A. 2012 ApJ 748 130
Matt G., Guainazzi M., Frontera F. et al 1997 A&A 325 L13
Matt G., Pompilio F. and La Franca F. 1999 NewA 4 191
Mazzalay X., Saglia R., Erwin P. et al 2013 MNRAS 428 2389
Meléndez M., Kraemer S., Armentrout B. et al 2008 ApJ 682 94
Meléndez M., Mushotzky R., Shimizu T., Barger A. and Cowie L. 2014 ApJ 794 152
Merloni A., Bongiorno A., Brusa M. et al 2014 MNRAS 437 3550
Minezaki T. and Matsushita K. 2015 ApJ 802 98
Müller-Sánchez F., Davies R., Genzel R. et al 2009 ApJ 691 749
Müller-Sánchez F., Prieto M. A., Hicks E. et al 2011 ApJ 739 69
Mushotzky R., Shimizu T., Meléndez M. and Koss M. 2014 ApJL 781 L34
Negrete C., Dultzin D., Marziani P. and Sulentic J. 2013 ApJ 771 31
Netzer H. 2013 The Physics and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei (New York: Cornell Univ. Press)
Netzer H. 2015 ARA&A vol. 53 arXiv:1505.00811
Netzer H. and Laor A. 1993 ApJL 404 L51
Nicastro F. 2000 ApJL 530 L65
Novak G., Ostriker J. and Ciotti L. 2011 ApJ 737 26
Page M., Carrera F., Stevens J., Ebrero J. and Blustin A. 2011 MNRAS 416 2792
Panessa F. and Bassani L. 2002 A&A 394 435
Pappa A., Georgantopoulos I., Stewart G. and Zezas A. 2001 MNRAS 326 995
Ramos Almeida C., Levenson N., Alonso-Herrero A. et al 2011 ApJ 731 92
Reunanen J., Kotilainen J. and Prieto M. A. 2003 MNRAS 343 192
Risaliti G., Maiolino R. and Salvati M. 1999 ApJ 522 157
Risaliti G., Salvati M., Elvis M. et al 2009 MNRAS 393 1
Risaliti G., Elvis M., Bianchi S. and Matt G. 2010 MNRAS 496 L20
Risaliti G., Nardini E., Salvati M. et al 2011 MNRAS 410 1027
Rupke D. and Veilleux S. 2011 ApJL 729 27
Rupke D. and Veilleux S. 2013 ApJL 775 15
Sakamoto K., Okumura S., Ishizuki S. and Scoville N. 1999 ApJ 525 691
Schartmann M., Burkert A., Krause M. et al 2010 MNRAS 403 1801
Schawinski K., Simmons B., Urry M., Treister E. and Glikman E. 2012 MNRAS 425 L61
Shi Y., Rieke G., Smith P. et al 2010 ApJ 714 115
Simpson C. 1998 MNRAS 297 L39
Simpson C. 2005 MNRAS 360 565
Skrutskie M., Cutri R. M., Stiening R. et al 2006 AJ 131 1163
Smajić S., Fischer S., Zuther J. and Eckart A. 2012 A&A 544 105
Somerville R., Hopkins P., Cox T., Brant R. and Hernquist L. 2008 MNRAS 391 481
Sosa-Brito R., Tacconi-Garman L., Lehnert M. and Gallimore J. 2001 ApJS 136 61
Springel V., di Matteo T. and Hernquist L. 2005 MNRAS 361 776
Storchi-Bergmann T. 2014 BrJPh 43 383
Storchi-Bergmann T. 2015 in Proc. IAUS, Galaxies in 3D across the Universe, 190 ed B. Ziegler et al (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press)
Sturm E., González-Alfonso E., Veilleux S. et al 2011 ApJL 733 L16
Suganuma M., Yoshii Y., Kobayashi Y. et al 2006 ApJ 639 46
Theureau G., Hanski M., Coudreau N., Hallet N. and Martin J.-M. 2007 A&A 465 71
Torricelli-Ciamponi G., Pietrini P., Risaliti G. and Salvati M. 2014 MNRAS 442 2116
Tran H. 2001 ApJL 554 L19
Tran H. 2003 ApJ 583 632
Treister E., Urry M. and Virani S. 2009 ApJ 696 110
Vasudevan R., Fabian A., Gandhi P., Winter L. and Mushotzky R. 2010 MNRAS 402 1081
Veilleux S., Melendez M., Sturm E. et al 2013 ApJ 778 27
Vernet J., Dekker H., D'Odoric S. et al 2011 A&A 536 105
Véron-Cetty M.-P. and Véron P. 2010 A&A 518 10
Villforth C., Hamann F., Rosario D. et al 2014 MNRAS 439 3342
Weaver K., Meléndez M., Mushotzky R. et al 2010 ApJ 716 1151
Weigelt G., Hofmann K.-H., Kishimoto M. et al 2012 A&A 541 L9
Westoby P., Mundell C., Nagar N. et al 2012 ApJSS 199 1
Winter L., Lewis K., Koss M. et al 2010 ApJ 710 503
Winter L., Mushotzky R., Reynolds C. and Tueller J. 2009 ApJ 690 1322
Winter L., Veilleux S., McKernan B. and Kallman T. 2012 ApJ 745 107
