The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. IV. Gravitational instability rarely forms wide, giant planets
techniques: high angular resolution; methods: statistical; infrared: planetary systems; planetary systems; planets and satellites: formation
Abstract :
[en] Understanding the formation and evolution of giant planets (≥1 M[SUB]Jup[/SUB]) at wide orbital separation (≥5 AU) is one of the goals of direct imaging. Over the past 15 yr, many surveys have placed strong constraints on the occurrence rate of wide-orbit giants, mostly based on non-detections, but very few have tried to make a direct link with planet formation theories. In the present work, we combine the results of our previously published VLT/NaCo large program with the results of 12 past imaging surveys to constitute a statistical sample of 199 FGK stars within 100 pc, including three stars with sub-stellar companions. Using Monte Carlo simulations and assuming linear flat distributions for the mass and semi-major axis of planets, we estimate the sub-stellar companion frequency to be within 0.75-5.70% at the 68% confidence level (CL) within 20-300 AU and 0.5-75 M[SUB]Jup[/SUB], which is compatible with previously published results. We also compare our results with the predictions of state-of-the-art population synthesis models based on the gravitational instability (GI) formation scenario with and without scattering. We estimate that in both the scattered and non-scattered populations, we would be able to detect more than 30% of companions in the 1-75 M[SUB]Jup[/SUB] range (95% CL). With the threesub-stellar detections in our sample, we estimate the fraction of stars that host a planetary system formed by GI to be within 1.0-8.6% (95% CL). We also conclude that even though GI is not common, it predicts a mass distribution of wide-orbit massive companions that is much closer to what is observed than what the core accretion scenario predicts. Finally, we associate the present paper with the release of the Direct Imaging Virtual Archive (DIVA), a public database that aims at gathering the results of past, present, and future direct imaging surveys. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, Chile (ESO Large Program 184.C-0157 and Open Time 089.C-0137A and 090.C-0252A).
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Vigan, A.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, 13013, Marseille, France
Bonavita, M.; SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK ; INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, Italy
Biller, B.; SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK ; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Forgan, D.; SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK ; St. Andrews Centre for Exoplanet Science, UK
Rice, K.; SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK
Chauvin, G.; Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Meunier, J.-C.; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, 13013, Marseille, France
Delorme, P.; Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Schlieder, J. E.; NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology, 770 S. Wilson Ave., Pasadena, CA, USA ; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Bonnefoy, M.; Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Carson, J.; Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA ; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Covino, E.; INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte via Moiarello 16, 80131, Napoli, Italy
Hagelberg, J.; Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Henning, T.; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Janson, M.; Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden ; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Lagrange, A.-M.; Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Quanz, S. P.; Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
Zurlo, A.; Núcleo de Astronomía, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Ejercito 441, Santiago, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus "Protoplanetary Disk", Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 36-, D Santiago, Chile ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, 13013, Marseille, France
Beuzit, J.-L.; Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Boccaletti, A.; LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92190, Meudon, France
Buenzli, E.; Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
Feldt, M.; Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
Girard, J. H. V.; European Southern Observatory, 3107 Alonso de Cordova, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
Messina, S.; INAF - Catania Astrophysical Observatory, via S. Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
Meyer, M.; Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
Montagnier, G.; Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 04870 Saint-Michel-l', Observatoire, France
Mordasini, C.; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
Mouillet, D.; Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France ; CNRS, IPAG, 38000, Grenoble, France
Moutou, C.; CNRS, CFHT, 65-1238 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI, USA ; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LAM, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, 13013, Marseille, France
Reggiani, Maddalena ; Université de Liège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Segransan, D.; Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Chemin des Maillettes 51, 1290, Sauverny, Switzerland
Thalmann, C.; Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland)
The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. IV. Gravitational instability rarely forms wide, giant planets
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