Accuracy of different temperature reading techniques and associated stress response in hospitalized dogs.

Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature/physiology; Dogs/physiology; Female; Hospitalization; Male; Prospective Studies; Stress, Physiological; axilla; behavior; body temperature; ear; rectum; thermometers

Abstract :

[en] OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy and associated induced stress response of axillary, auricular, and rectal thermometry in hospitalized dogs. DESIGN: Prospective observational study from October 2011 to February 2012. SETTING: University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Two hundred fifty hospitalized dogs. All hospitalized dogs were considered eligible unless their condition precluded measurement at one of the designated sites. INTERVENTIONS: A veterinary auricular infrared device for auricular temperature (OT) and an electronic predictive thermometer for rectal temperature (RT) and axillary temperature (AT) were used for temperature measurements. All recordings were obtained by the same investigator in a randomized fashion. Heart rate was noted before and immediately after each measurement. Stress behaviors (eg, vocalization, lip licking, shaking, panting, defensive behavior) were also recorded and graded from 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest). Signalment, analgesic therapy, and length of hospitalization were recorded. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: RT measurements were associated with greatest increase in heart rate (P < 0.05). Scores obtained for defensive behavior, lip licking, and vocalization were lowest with AT and highest with RT measurements (P < 0.05). Mean RT, AT, and OT were 38.0 degrees C (SD: 0.85 degrees C), 37.0 degrees C (SD: 0.99 degrees C), and 37.23 degrees C (SD: 1.0382 degrees C), respectively. AT and OT were moderately correlated with RT (r = 0.70 and r = 0.64, respectively). Gender (P = 0.02) and coat length (P = 0.03) had a significant influence on results. No effect of dehydration, body condition, analgesia, age, reproductive status, or operator experience was observed (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AT and to a lesser extent OT are reliable, less stressful alternatives to estimate RT in dogs. Further studies are needed to evaluate these techniques in hyperthermic dogs, and to evaluate the use of AT and OT as monitoring tools in intensive care patients.

Disciplines :

Veterinary medicine & animal health

Author, co-author :

Gomart, Samantha B.

Allerton, Fergus J. W.

Gommeren, Kris ; Université de Liège > Dép. clinique des animaux de compagnie et des équidés (DCA) > Pathologie médicale des petits animaux

Language :

English

Title :

Accuracy of different temperature reading techniques and associated stress response in hospitalized dogs.

Publication date :

2014

Journal title :

Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care

ISSN :

1479-3261

eISSN :

1476-4431

Publisher :

Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

279-85

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Commentary :

Available on ORBi :

since 06 July 2017

Statistics

Number of views

141 (4 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

809 (4 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Nelson RW, Couto CG. Fever of undertermined origin, In: Nelson RW, Couto CG. eds. Small Animal Internal Medicine, 2nd edn. St. Louis: Mosby Inc.; 1998, pp. 1231-1235.
Hauptman JG, Walshaw R, Olivier NB. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic criteria for sepsis in dogs. Vet Surg 1997; 26(5):393-397.
Brady CA, Otto CM. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2001; 31(6):1147-1162.
Greer RJ, Cohn LA, Dodam JR, et al. Comparison of three methods of temperature measurement in hypothermic, euthermic, and hyperthermic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230(12):1841-1848.
Southward E, Mann F, Dodam JR, et al. A comparison of auricular, rectal and pulmonary artery thermometry in dogs with anesthesia induced hypothermia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2006; 16(3):172-175.
French GL. Salmonella cross-infection associated with contamination of rectal thermometers. J Hosp Infect 1981; 2(4):389-390.
Bhandari V, Narang A. Thermoregulatory alterations as a marker for sepsis in normothermic premature neonates. Indian Pediatr 1992; 29(5):571-575.
Collins KJ, Dore C, Exton-Smith AN, et al. Accidental hypothermia and impaired temperature homoeostasis in the elderly. Br Med J 1977; 1(6057):353-356.
Sund-Levander M, Grodzinsky E, Loyd D, et al. Errors in body temperature assessment related to individual variation, measuring technique and equipment. Int J Nurs Pract 2004; 10(5):216-223.
Rexroat J, Benish, K, Fraden J. Clinical Accuracy of Vet-Temp Instant Ear Thermometer: Comparative Study with Dogs and Cats. San Diego: Advanced Monitors Corporation; 1999, http://www.admon.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Humane-Society-White-Paper.pdf.
Huang HP, Huang HM. Effects of ear type, sex, age, body weight, and climate on temperatures in the external acoustic meatus of dogs. Am J Vet Res 1999; 60(9):1173-1176.
Gonzalez AM, Mann FA, Preziosi DE, et al. Measurement of body temperature by use of auricular thermometers versus rectal thermometers in dogs with otitis externa. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 221(3):378-380.
Huang HP, Shih HM. Use of infrared thermometry and effect of otitis externa on external ear canal temperature in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 213(1):76-79.
Kunkle GA, Nicklin CF, Sullivan-Tamboe DL. Comparison of body temperature in cats using a veterinary infrared thermometer and a digital rectal thermometer. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004; 40(1):42-46.
Goodwin S. Comparison of body temperatures of goats, horses, and sheep measured with a tympanic infrared thermometer, an implantable microchip transponder, and a rectal thermometer. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 1998; 37(3):51-55.
Kuo WC, Keegan RD. Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65(7):931-937.
Pypendop B, Verstegen J. A comparison of the sedative and analgesic effects of buprenorphine in combination with acepromazine, midazolam or medetomidine in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 1994; 21(1):15-20.
Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1(8476):307-310.
Tiller WA, McCraty R, Atkinson M. Cardiac coherence: a new, noninvasive measure of autonomic nervous system order. Altern Ther Health Med 1996; 2(1):52-65.
Vincent IC, Michell AR. Relationship between blood pressure and stress-prone temperament in dogs. Physiol Behav 1996; 60(1):135-138.
Solomon RL, Kamin LJ, Wynne LC. Traumatic avoidance learning: the outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs. J Abnorm Psychol 1953; 48(2):291-302.
Beerda B, Schilder M, Van Hooff J, et al. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1997; 58(1998):365-381.
Michaud A. Comparison of an infrared thermometer to rectal thermometers in cats. Feline Pract 1996; 24(6):25-30.
Dodd SR, Lancaster GA, Craig JV, et al. In a systematic review, infrared ear thermometry for fever diagnosis in children finds poor sensitivity. J Clin Epidemiol 2006; 59(4):354-357.
Chamberlain JM, Terndrup TE, Alexander DT, et al. Determination of normal ear temperature with an infrared emission detection thermometer. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25(1):15-20.
Rijnberk A. General examination, In: Rijnberk A, Van Sluijsfj FJ. eds. Medical History and Physical Examination in Companion Animals. Philadelphia: Elsevier Ltd.; 2009, p. 54.
Sousa MG, Carareto R, Pereira-Junior VA, et al. Comparison between auricular and standard rectal thermometers for the measurement of body temperature in dogs. Can Vet J 2011; 52(4):403-406.
Craig JV, Lancaster GA, Williamson PR, et al. Temperature measured at the axilla compared with rectum in children and young people: systematic review. BMJ 2000; 320(7243):1174-1178.
Chaturvedi D, Vilhekar KY, Chaturvedi P, et al. Comparison of axillary temperature with rectal or oral temperature and determination of optimum placement time in children. Indian Pediatr 2004; 41(6):600-603.
Fox RH, Lofstedt BE, Woodward PM, et al. Comparison of thermoregulatory function in men and women. J Appl Physiol 1969; 26(4):444-453.
Cunningham JG. Thermoregulation, In: Cunningham JG. ed. Textbook of Veterinary Physiology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 2002, p. 537.
Eichna LW, Berger AR, Rader B, et al. Comparison of intracardiac and intravascular temperatures with rectal temperatures in man. Clin Investig 1951; 30(4):353-359.
Boulant J. Neural thermal reception and regulation of body temperature, In: Blatteis CM. ed. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing; 1998, pp. 94-105.
Blatteis CM. Temperature regulation in special situations, In: Blatteis CM. ed. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Temperature Regulation. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing; 1998, pp. 260-271.