The Clinical Use of Stress Echocardiography in Non-Ischaemic Heart Disease: Recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography
[en] A unique and highly versatile technique, stress echocardiography (SE) is increasingly recognized for its utility in the evaluation of non-ischaemic heart disease. SE allows for simultaneous assessment of myocardial function and haemodynamics under physiological or pharmacological conditions. Due to its diagnostic and prognostic value, SE has become widely implemented to assess various conditions other than ischaemic heart disease. It has thus become essential to establish guidance for its applications and performance in the area of non-ischaemic heart disease. This paper summarizes these recommendations.
Disciplines :
Cardiovascular & respiratory systems
Author, co-author :
Lancellotti, Patrizio ; Université de Liège > Département des sciences cliniques > Imagerie cardiaque fonctionnelle par échographie
Pellika, PA; Mayo Clinic > Cardiovascular Ultrasound
Budts, W; University Hospitals Leuven > Congenital and Structural Cardiology
Chaudhry, FA; Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health > Echocardiography
Donal, Erwan; Université Rennes > Cardiologie
DULGHERU, Raluca Elena ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Service de cardiologie
Edvardsen, Thor; University of Oslo - UiO > Cardiology
Garbi, Madalina; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Ha, JW; Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul > Cardiology
Kane, GC; Mayo Clinic > Cardiovascular Ultrasound
Kreeger, J; Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta > Echo Lab
Mertens, L; University of Toronto - U of T > Echocardiography
Pibarot, P; Laval University and Canada Research Chair in Valvular Heart Diseas > Cardiology
Picano, E; Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa
Ryan, T; Ohio State University
Tsutsui, JM; Heart Institute - University of São Paulo Medical School and Fleury Group
Varga, A; University of Szeged > Medicine and Cardiology Center
The Clinical Use of Stress Echocardiography in Non-Ischaemic Heart Disease: Recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography
Publication date :
2017
Journal title :
Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
ISSN :
0894-7317
eISSN :
1097-6795
Publisher :
Mosby Year Book, St Louis, United States - Missouri
1 Sicari, R., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Evangelista, A., Kasprzak, J., Lancellotti, P., Poldermans, D., et al. Stress echocardiography expert concensus statement – executive summary. Eur Heart J 30 (2009), 278–289.
2 Pellikka, P.A., Nagueh, S.F., Elhendy, A.A., Kuehl, C.A., Sawada, S.G., American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for performance, interpretation, and application of stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20 (2007), 1021–1041.
3 Cheitlin, M.D., Stress echocardiography in mitral stenosis: when is it useful?. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004), 402–404.
5 Picano, E., Mathias, W. Jr., Pingitore, A., Bigi, R., Previtali, M., Safety and tolerability of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: a prospective, multicentre study. Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative Study Group. Lancet 344 (1994), 1190–1192.
6 Lattanzi, F., Picano, E., Adamo, E., Varga, A., Dobutamine stress echocardiography: safety in diagnosing coronary artery disease. Drug Saf 22 (2000), 251–262.
7 Varga, A., Garcia, M.A., Picano, E., Safety of stress echocardiography (from the International Stress Echo Complication Registry). Am J Cardiol 98 (2006), 541–543.
8 Kane, G.C., Hepinstall, M.J., Kidd, G.M., Kuehl, C.A., Murphy, A.T., Nelson, J.M., et al. Safety of stress echocardiography supervised by registered nurses: results of a 2-year audit of 15,404 patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 (2008), 337–341.
9 Wuthiwaropas, P., Wiste, J.A., McCully, R.B., Kane, G.C., Scott, C.G., Pellikka, P.A., Neuropsychiatric symptoms during 24 hours after dobutamine-atropine stress testing: a prospective study in 1,006 patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 (2011), 367–373.
10 Varga, A., Picano, E., Lakatos, F., Fatal ventricular fibrillation during a low-dose dobutamine stress test. Am J Med 108 (2000), 352–353.
11 Poliner, L.R., Dehmer, G.J., Lewis, S.E., Parkey, R.W., Blomqvist, C.G., Willerson, J.T., Left ventricular performance in normal subjects: a comparison of the responses to exercise in the upright and supine positions. Circulation 62 (1980), 528–534.
12 Cortigiani, L., Rigo, F., Gherardi, S., Galderisi, M., Sicari, R., Picano, E., Prognostic implications of coronary flow reserve in left anterior descending coronary artery in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 102 (2008), 926–932.
13 Lowenstein, J.A., Caniggia, C., Rousse, G., Amor, M., Sánchez, M.E., Alasia, D., et al. Coronary flow velocity reserve during pharmacologic stress echocardiography with normal contractility adds important prognostic value in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27 (2014), 1113–1119.
14 Duncker, D.J., Bache, R.J., Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise. Physiol Rev 88 (2008), 1009–1086.
15 Bombardini, T., Costantino, M.F., Sicari, R., Ciampi, Q., Pratali, L., Picano, E., End-systolic elastance and ventricular-arterial coupling reserve predict cardiac events in patients with negative stress echocardiography. Biomed Res Int, 2013, 2013, 235194.
16 Ling, L.H., Christian, T.F., Mulvagh, S.L., Klarich, K.W., Hauser, M.F., Nishimura, R.A., et al. Determining myocardial viability in chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction: A prospective comparison of rest-redistribution thallium 201 single-photon emission computed tomography, nitroglycerin-dobutamine echocardiography, and intracoronary myocardial contrast echocardiography. Am Heart J 151 (2006), 882–889.
17 Lin, S.S., Roger, V.L., Pascoe, R., Seward, J.B., Pellikka, P.A., Dobutamine stress Doppler hemodynamics in patients with aortic stenosis: feasibility, safety, and surgical correlations. Am Heart J 136 (1998), 1010–1016.
18 Abdelmoneim, S.S., Bernier, M., Scott, C.G., Dhoble, A., Ness, S.A., Hagen, M.E., et al. Safety of contrast agent use during stress echocardiography in patients with elevated right ventricular systolic pressure: a cohort study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 3 (2010), 240–248.
19 Vasan, R.S., Larson, M.G., Benjamin, E.J., Evans, J.C., Reiss, C., Levy, D., Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence and mortality in a population-based cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999), 1948–1955.
20 Senni, M., Tribouilloy, C.M., Rodeheffer, R.J., Jacobsen, S.J., Evans, J.M., Bailey, K.R., et al. Congestive heart failure in the community: a study of all incident cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in 1991. Circulation 98 (1998), 2282–2289.
21 Ha, J.W., Oh, J.K., Pellikka, P.A., Ommen, S.R., Stussy, V.L., Bailey, K.R., et al. Diastolic stress echocardiography: a novel noninvasive diagnostic test for diastolic dysfunction using supine bicycle exercise Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18 (2005), 63–68.
22 Burgess, M.I., Jenkins, C., Sharman, J.E., Marwick, T.H., Diastolic stress echocardiography: hemodynamic validation and clinical significance of estimation of ventricular filling pressure with exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 47 (2006), 1891–1900.
23 Nagueh, S.F., Smiseth, O.A., Appleton, C.P., Byrd, B.F. III, Dokainish, H., Edvardsen, T., et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2016 in press.
24 Choi, E.Y., Shim, C.Y., Kim, S.A., Rhee, S.J., Choi, D., Rim, S.J., et al. Passive leg-raise is helpful to identify impaired diastolic functional reserve during exercise in patients with abnormal myocardial relaxation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 (2010), 523–530.
25 Ha, J.W., Lulic, F., Bailey, K.R., Pellikka, P.A., Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J., et al. Effects of treadmill exercise on mitral inflow and annular velocities in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 91 (2003), 114–115.
26 Oh, J.K., Kane, G.C., Diastolic stress echocardiography: the time has come for its integration into clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27 (2014), 1060–1063.
27 Kane, G.C., Sachdev, A., Villarraga, H.R., Ammash, N.M., Oh, J.K., McGoon, M.D., et al. Impact of age on pulmonary artery systolic pressures at rest and with exercise. Echo Res Prac 3 (2016), 53–61.
28 Ha, J.W., Choi, D., Park, S., Shim, C.Y., Kim, J.M., Moon, S.H., et al. Determinants of exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Heart 95 (2009), 490–494.
29 Caballero, L., Kou, S., Dulgheru, R., Gonjilashvili, N., Athanassopoulos, G.D., Barone, D., et al. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac Doppler data: results from the NORRE Study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16 (2015), 1031–1041.
30 Bossone, E., Rubenfire, M., Bach, D.S., Ricciardi, M., Armstrong, W.F., Range of tricuspid regurgitation velocity at rest and during exercise in normal adult men: implications for the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999), 1662–1663.
31 Rudski, L.G., Lai, W.W., Afilalo, J., Hua, L., Handschumacher, M.D., Chandrasekaran, K., et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 (2010), 685–713.
32 Shim, C.Y., Kim, S.A., Choi, D., Yang, W.I., Kim, J.M., Moon, S.H., et al. Clinical outcomes of exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in subjects with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: implication of an increase in left ventricular filling pressure during exercise. Heart 97 (2011), 1417–1424.
33 Holland, D.J., Prasad, S.B., Marwick, T.H., Prognostic implications of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 3 (2010), 149–156.
34 Gorcsan, J. III, Deswal, A., Mankad, S., Mandarino, W.A., Mahler, C.M., Yamazaki, N., Katz, W.E., Quantification of the myocardial response to low-dose dobutamine using tissue Doppler echocardiographic measures of velocity and velocity gradient. Am J Cardiol 81 (1998), 615–623.
35 Duncan, A.M., Lim, E., Gibson, D.G., Henein, M.Y., Effect of dobutamine stress on left ventricular filling in ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 (2005), 488–496.
36 Elliott, P.M., Anastasakis, A., Borger, M.A., Borggrefe, M., Cecchi, F., Charron, P., et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the task force for the diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 35 (2014), 2733–2779.
37 Cardim, N., Galderisi, M., Edvardsen, T., Plein, S., Popescu, B.A., D'Andrea, A., et al. Role of multimodality cardiac imaging in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an expert consensus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Endorsed by the Saudi Heart Association. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 16, 2015, 280.
38 Argulian, E., Chaudhry, F.A., Stress testing in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 54 (2012), 477–482.
39 Gersh, B.J., Maron, B.J., Bonow, R.O., Dearani, J.A., Fifer, M.A., Link, M.S., et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 58 (2011), e212–e260.
40 Nistri, S., Olivotto, I., Maron, M.S., Ferrantini, C., Coppini, R., Grifoni, C., et al. β Blockers for prevention of exercise-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 110 (2012), 715–719.
41 Maron, B.J., Ommen, S.R., Semsarian, C., Spirito, P., Olivotto, I., Maron, M.S., Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: present and future, with translation into contemporary cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), 83–99.
42 Maron, B.J., Rowin, E.J., Casey, S.A., Link, M., Lesser, J.R., Chan, R.H., et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in adulthood associated with low cardiovascular mortality with contemporary management strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1915–1928.
43 Spirito, P., The dawn of a better day for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1929–1930.
44 Pellikka, P.A., Oh, J.K., Bailey, K.R., Nichols, B.A., Monahan, K.H., Tajik, A.J., Dynamic intraventricular obstruction during dobutamine stress echocardiography. A new observation. Circulation 86 (1992), 1429–1432.
45 Marwick, T.H., Nakatani, S., Haluska, B., Thomas, J.D., Lever, H.M., Provocation of latent left ventricular outflow tract gradients with amyl nitrite and exercise in hypertrophiccardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 75 (1995), 805–809.
46 Feiner, E., Arabadjian, M., Winson, G., Kim, B., Chaudhry, F., Sherrid, M.V., Post-prandial upright exercise echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 61 (2013), 2487–2488.
47 Maron, B.J., Maron, M.S., Wigle, E.D., Braunwald, E., The 50-year history, controversy, and clinical implications of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: from idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 54 (2009), 191–200.
48 Panza, J.A., Maris, T.J., Maron, B.J., Development and determinants of dynamic obstruction to left ventricular outflow in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 85 (1992), 1398–1405.
49 Peteiro, J., Fernandez, X., Bouzas-Mosquera, A., Monserrat, L., Méndez, C., Rodriguez-Garcia, E., et al. Exercise echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to predict outcome in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16 (2015), 423–432.
50 Yu, E.H., Omran, A.S., Wigle, E.D., Williams, W.G., Siu, S.C., Rakowski, H., Mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: relationship to obstruction and relief with myectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000), 2219–2225.
51 Desai, M.Y., Bhonsale, A., Patel, P., Naji, P., Smedira, N.G., Thamilarasan, M., et al. Exercise echocardiography in asymptomatic HCM: exercise capacity, and not LV outflow tract gradient predicts long-term outcomes. JACC Cardiovascular imaging 7 (2014), 26–36.
52 Donal, E., Rozoy, T., Kervio, G., Schnell, F., Mabo, P., Carre, F., Comparison of the heart function adaptation in trained and sedentary men after 50 and before 35 years of age. Am J Cardiol 108 (2011), 1029–1037.
53 Schnell, F., Donal, E., Bernard-Brunet, A., Reynaud, A., Wilson, M.G., Thebault, C., et al. Strain analysis during exercise in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: impact of etiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26 (2013), 1163–1169.
54 Barac, I., Upadya, S., Pilchik, R., Winson, G., Passick, M., Chaudhry, F.A., et al. Effect of obstruction on longitudinal left ventricular shortening in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007), 1203–1211.
55 Butz, T., van Buuren, F., Mellwig, K.P., Langer, C., Plehn, G., Meissner, A., et al. Two-dimensional strain analysis of the global and regional myocardial function for the differentiation of pathologic and physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy: a study in athletes and in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 27 (2011), 91–100.
56 Lafitte, S., Reant, P., Touche, C., Pillois, X., Dijos, M., Arsac, F., et al. Paradoxical response to exercise in asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a new description of outflow tract obstruction dynamics. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), 842–850.
57 Reant, P., Reynaud, A., Pillois, X., Dijos, M., Arsac, F., Touche, C., et al. Comparison of resting and exercise echocardiographic parameters as indicators of outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28 (2015), 194–203.
58 Sugrue, D.D., Rodeheffer, R.J., Codd, M.B., Ballard, D.J., Fuster, V., Gersh, B.J., The clinical course of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a population based study. Ann Intern Med 17 (1992), 117–123.
59 Suwa, M., Otake, Y., Moriguchi, A., Ito, T., Hirota, Y., Kawamura, K., et al. Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy for prediction of response to beta blocker therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 133 (1997), 353–358.
60 Kawano, S., Iida, K., Fujieda, K., Iida, K., Fujieda, K., Yukisada, K., et al. Response to isoproterenol as a prognostic indicator of evolution from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to a phase resembling dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 25 (1995), 687–692.
61 Ryerson, A.B., Border, W.L., Wasilewski-Masker, K., Goodman, M., Meacham, L., Austin, H., et al. Assessing anthracycline-treated childhood cancer survivors with advanced stress echocardiography. Pediatr Blood Cancer 62 (2015), 502–508.
62 Civelli, M., Cardinale, D., Martinoni, A., Lamantia, G., Colombo, N., Colombo, A., et al. Early reduction in left ventricular contractile reserve detected by dobutamine stress echo predicts high-dose chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity. Int J Cardiol 111 (2006), 120–126.
63 Cheung, Y.F., Yu, W., Li, S.N., Lam, W.W., Ho, Y.C., Wong, S.J., et al. Dynamic dyssynchrony and impaired contractile reserve of the left ventricle in beta-thalassaemia major: an exercise echocardiographic study. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e45265.
64 Park, S., Seo, H.S., Shim, C.Y., Choi, E.Y., Ko, Y.G., Choi, D., et al. Effect of geometric remodeling on left ventricular longitudinal contractile reserve in patients with hypertension. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 (2008), 246–250.
65 Galderisi, M., de Simone, G., Innelli, P., Turco, A., Turco, S., Capaldo, B., et al. Impaired inotropic response in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a strain rate imaging study. Am J Hypertens 20 (2007), 548–555.
66 Agricola, E., Oppizzi, M., Pisani, M., Margonato, A., Stress echocardiography in heart failure. Cardiovasc Ultrasound, 2, 2004, 11.
67 Pratali, L., Picano, E., Otašević, P., Vigna, C., Palinkas, A., Cortigiani, L., et al. Prognostic significance of the dobutamine echocardiography test in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 88 (2001), 1374–1378.
68 Pratali, L., Otasevic, P., Neskovic, A., Molinaro, S., Picano, E., Prognostic value of pharmacologic stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, head-to-head comparison between dipyridamole and dobutamine test. J Cardiac Failure 13 (2007), 836–842.
69 Zile, M.R., Kjellstrom, B., Bennett, T., Cho, Y., Baicu, C.F., Aaron, M.F., et al. Effects of exercise on left ventricular systolic and diastolic properties in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction versus heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 6 (2013), 508–516.
70 Borlaug, B.A., Melenovsky, V., Russell, S.D., Kessler, K., Pacak, K., Becker, L.C., et al. Impaired chronotropic and vasodilator reserves limit exercise capacity in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. Circulation 114 (2006), 2138–2147.
71 Paraskevidis, I.A., Adamopoulos, S., Kremastinos, T.H., Dobutamine echocardiographic study in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and prognostical borderline values of peak exercise oxygen consumption: 18-month follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 37 (2001), 1685–1691.
72 Scrutinio, D., Napoli, V., Passantino, A., Ricci, A., Lagioia, R., Rizzon, P., Low-dose dobutamine responsivness in idiopathic dilated cardiomiopathy: relation to exercise capacity and clinical outcome. Eur Heart J 21 (2000), 927–934.
73 Jourdain, P., Funck, F., Fulla, Y., Hagege, A., Bellorini, M., Guillard, N., et al. Myocardial contractile reserve under low doses of dobutamine and improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction with treatment by carvedilol. Eur J Heart Fail 4 (2002), 269–276.
74 Drozd, J., Krzeminska-Pakula, M., Plewka, M., Ciesielczyk, M., Kasprzak, J.D., Prognostic value of low-dose dobutamine echocardiography in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Chest 121 (2002), 1216–1222.
75 Cifra, B., Dragulescu, A., Brun, H., Slorach, C., Friedberg, M.K., Manlhiot, C., et al. Left ventricular myocardial response to exercise in children after heart transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant 33 (2014), 1241–1247.
76 Sebbag, L., Bergerot, C., Jamal, F., Roussoulieres, A., Boissonnat, P., Bastien, O., et al. Alteration of the left ventricular contractile reserve in heart transplant patients: a dobutamine stress strain rate imaging study. Transplant Proc 35 (2003), 3072–3074.
77 Nagueh, S.F., Mikati, I., Weilbaecher, D., Reardon, M.J., Al-Zaghrini, G.J., Cacela, D., et al. Relation of the contractile reserve of hibernating myocardium to myocardial structure in humans. Circulation 100 (1999), 490–496.
78 Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353 (1999), 2001–2007.
79 Rigo, F., Gherardi, S., Galderisi, M., Sicari, R., Picano, E., The independent prognostic value of contractile and coronary flow reserve determined by dipyridamole stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 99 (2007), 1154–1158.
80 Pratali, L., Otasevic, P., Rigo, F., Gherardi, S., Neskovic, A., Picano, E., The additive prognostic value of restrictive pattern and dipyridamole-induced contractile reserve in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 7 (2005), 844–851.
81 Anderson, K.L., Jenq, K.Y., Fields, J.M., Panebianco, N.L., Dean, A.J., Diagnosing heart failure among acutely dyspneic patients with cardiac, inferior vena cava, and lung ultrasonography. Am J Emerg Med 31 (2013), 1208–1214.
82 Miglioranza, M.H., Gargani, L., Sant'Anna, R.T., Rover, M.M., Martins, V.M., Mantovani, A., et al. Lung ultrasound for the evaluation of pulmonary congestion in outpatients: a comparison with clinical assessment, natriuretic peptides, and echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6 (2013), 1141–1151.
83 Picano, E., Frassi, F., Agricola, E., Gligorova, S., Gargani, L., Mottola, G., Ultrasound lung comets: a clinically useful sign of extravascular lung water. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 (2006), 356–363.
84 Agricola, E., Picano, E., Oppizzi, M., Pisani, M., Meris, A., Fragasso, G., et al. Assessment of stress-induced pulmonary interstitial edema by chest ultrasound during exercise echocardiography and its correlation with left ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 19 (2006), 457–463.
85 Amanullah, A.M., Chaudhry, F.A., Heo, J., Galatro, K., Dourdoufis, P., Brozena, S., et al. Comparison of dobutamine echocardiography, dobutamine sestamibi, and rest-redistribution thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography for determining contractile reserve and myocardial ischemia in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 84 (1999), 626–631.
86 Franchini, M., Traversi, E., Cannizzaro, G., Cobelli, F., Pozzoli, M., Dobutamine stress echocardiography and thallium-201 SPECT for detecting ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy in patients with heart failure. Eur J Echocardiogr 1 (2000), 109–115.
87 Duncan, A.M., Francis, D.P., Gibson, D.G., Henein, M.Y., Differentiation of ischemic from non-ischemic cardiomyopathy during dobutamine stress by left ventricular long-axis function: additional effect of left bundle branch block. Circulation 108 (2003), 1214–1220.
88 Ypenburg, C., Sieders, A., Bleeker, G.B., Holman, E.R., van der Wall, E.E., Schalij, M.J., et al. Myocardial contractile reserve predicts improvement in left ventricular function after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am Heart J 154 (2007), 1160–1165.
89 Murín, P., Mitro, P., Valocik, G., Spurný, P., Global myocardial contractile reserve assessed by high-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts response to the cardiac resynchronization therapy. Echocardiography 32 (2015), 490–495.
90 Mizia-Stec, K., Wita, K., Mizia, M., Szwed, H., Nowalany-Kozielska, E., Chrzanowski, Ł., et al. Preserved contractile reserve in a dobutamine test for the prediction of a response to resynchronisation therapy in ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy – a multicenter ViaCRT study. Int J Cardiol 172 (2014), 476–477.
91 Gasparini, M., Muto, C., Iacopino, S., Zanon, F., Dicandia, C., Distefano, G., et al. Low-dose dobutamine test associated with interventricular dyssynchrony: a useful tool to identify cardiac resynchronization therapy responders: data from the LOw dose DObutamine stress-echo test in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (LODO-CRT) phase 2 study. Am Heart J 163 (2012), 422–429.
92 Chaudhry, F.A., Shah, A., Bangalore, S., DeRose, J., Steinberg, J.S., Inotropic contractile reserve and response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with markedly remodeled left ventricle. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 (2011), 91–97.
93 Sénéchal, M., Lancellotti, P., Magne, J., Garceau, P., Champagne, J., Blier, L., et al. Contractile reserve assessed using dobutamine echocardiography predicts left ventricular reverse remodeling after cardiac resynchronization therapy: prospective validation in patients with left ventricular dyssynchrony. Echocardiography 27 (2010), 668–676.
94 Sénéchal, M., Lancellotti, P., Garceau, P., Champagne, J., Dubois, M., Magne, J., et al. Usefulness and limitation of dobutamine stress echocardiography to predict acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Echocardiography 27 (2010), 50–57.
95 Ciampi, Q., Pratali, L., Citro, R., Piacenti, M., Villari, B., Picano, E., Identification of responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy by contractile reserve during stress echocardiography. Eur J Heart Fail 11 (2009), 489–496.
96 Lancellotti, P., Senechal, M., Moonen, M., Donal, E., Magne, J., Nellessen, E., et al. Myocardial contractile reserve during exercise predicts left ventricular reverse remodelling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Echocardiogr 10 (2009), 663–668.
97 Parsai, C., Baltabaeva, A., Anderson, L., Chaparro, M., Bijnens, B., Sutherland, G.R., Low-dose dobutamine stress echo to quantify the degree of remodelling after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 30 (2009), 950–958.
98 Ghani, A., Delnoy, P.P., Ottervanger, J.P., Ramdat Misier, A.R., Smit, J.J., Adiyaman, A., et al. Association of apical rocking with long-term major adverse cardiac events in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 17 (2015), 146–153.
99 Ghani, A., Delnoy, P.P., Ottervanger, J.P., Misier, A.R., Smit, J.J., Adiyaman, A., et al. Apical rocking is predictive of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31 (2015), 717–725.
100 Stankovic, I., Aarones, M., Smith, H.J., Vörös, G., Kongsgaard, E., Neskovic, A.N., et al. Dynamic relationship of left-ventricular dyssynchrony and contractile reserve in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 35 (2014), 48–55.
101 Tournoux, F., Singh, J.P., Chan, R.C., Chen-Tournoux, A., McCarty, D., Manzke, R., et al. Absence of left ventricular apical rocking and atrial-ventricular dyssynchrony predicts non-response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 13 (2012), 86–94.
102 Packer, M., Fowler, M.B., Roecker, E.B., Coats, A.J., Katus, H.A., Krum, H., et al., Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation 106 (2002), 2194–2199.
103 Seghatol, F.F., Shah, D.J., Diluzio, S., Bello, D., Johnson, M.R., Cotts, W.G., et al. Relation between contractile reserve and improvement in left ventricular function with beta-blocker therapy in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 93 (2004), 854–859.
104 Eichhorn, E.J., Grayburn, P.A., Mayer, S.A., St John Sutton, M., Appleton, C., Plehn, J., et al. Myocardial contractile reserve by dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts improvement in ejection fraction with beta-blockade in patients with heart failure: the Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST). Circulation 108 (2003), 2336–2341.
105 Garbi, M., Chambers, J., Vannan, M.A., Lancellotti, P., Valve stress echocardiography: a practical guide for referral, procedure, reporting, and clinical implementation of results from the HAVEC Group. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8 (2015), 724–736.
106 Picano, E., Pibarot, P., Lancellotti, P., Monin, J.L., Bonow, R.O., The emerging role of exercise testing and stress echocardiography in valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 54 (2009), 2251–2260.
108 Vahanian, A., Alfieri, O., Andreotti, F., Antunes, M.J., Baron-Esquivias, G., Baumgartner, H., et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 33 (2012), 2451–2496.
109 Nishimura, R.A., Otto, C.M., Bonow, R.O., Carabello, B.A., Erwin, J.P. III, Guyton, R.A., et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 22 (2014), e57–e185.
110 deFilippi, C.R., Willett, D.L., Brickner, M.E., Appleton, C.P., Yancy, C.W., Eichhorn, E.J., et al. Usefulness of dobutamine echocardiography in distinguishing severe from nonsevere valvular aortic stenosis in patients with depressed left ventricular function and low transvalvular gradients. Am J Cardiol 75 (1995), 191–194.
111 Lancellotti, P., Fattouch, K., La Canna, G., Therapeutic decision-making for patients with fluctuating mitral regurgitation. Nat Rev Cardiol 12 (2015), 212–219.
113 Izumo, M., Suzuki, K., Moonen, M., Kou, S., Shimozato, T., Hayashi, A., et al. Changes in mitral regurgitation and left ventricular geometry during exercise affect exercise capacity in patients with systolic heart failure. Eur J Echocardiogr 12 (2011), 54–60.
114 Yamano, T., Nakatani, S., Kanzaki, H., Toh, N., Amaki, M., Tanaka, J., et al. Exercise-induced changes of functional mitral regurgitation in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 102 (2008), 481–485.
115 Giga, V., Ostojic, M., Vujisic-Tesic, B., Djordjevic-Dikic, A., Stepanovic, J., Beleslin, B., et al. Exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with prior myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction: relation to mitral deformation and left ventricular function and shape. Eur Heart J 26 (2005), 1860–1865.
116 Lebrun, F., Lancellotti, P., Piérard, L.A., Quantitation of functional mitral regurgitation during bicycle exercise in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 38 (2001), 1685–1692.
117 Magne, J., Lancellotti, P., Pierard, L.A., Exercise-induced changes in degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (2010), 300–309.
118 Coisne, A., Levy, F., Malaquin, D., Richardson, M., Quéré, J.P., Montaigne, D., et al. Feasibility of Doppler hemodynamic evaluation of primary and secondary mitral regurgitation during exercise echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31 (2015), 291–299.
120 Magne, J., Pibarot, P., Sengupta, P.P., Donal, E., Rosenhek, R., Lancellotti, P., Pulmonary hypertension in valvular disease: a comprehensive review on pathophysiology to therapy from the HAVEC Group. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8 (2015), 83–99.
121 Suzuki, K., Izumo, M., Yoneyama, K., Mizukoshi, K., Kamijima, R., Kou, S., et al. Influence of exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension on exercise capacity in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Cardiol 66 (2015), 246–252.
122 Magne, J., Donal, E., Mahjoub, H., Miltner, B., Dulgheru, R., Thebault, C., et al. Impact of exercise pulmonary hypertension on postoperative outcome in primary mitral regurgitation. Heart 101 (2015), 391–396.
123 Kusunose, K., Popović, Z.B., Motoki, H., Marwick, T.H., Prognostic significance of exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6 (2013), 167–176.
124 Lee, R., Haluska, B., Leung, D.Y., Case, C., Mundy, J., Marwick, T.H., Functional and prognostic implications of left ventricular contractile reserve in patients with asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Heart 91 (2005), 1407–1412.
125 Haluska, B.A., Short, L., Marwick, T.H., Relationship of ventricular longitudinal function to contractile reserve in patients with mitral regurgitation. Am Heart J 146 (2003), 183–188.
126 Magne, J., Mahjoub, H., Dulgheru, R., Pibarot, P., Pierard, L.A., Lancellotti, P., Left ventricular contractile reserve in asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J 35 (2014), 1608–1616.
127 Donal, E., Mascle, S., Brunet, A., Thebault, C., Corbineau, H., Laurent, M., et al. Prediction of left ventricular ejection fraction 6 months after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation: the value of exercise echocardiography and deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 13 (2012), 922–930.
128 Lancellotti, P., Cosyns, B., Zacharakis, D., Attena, E., Van Camp, G., Gach, O., et al. Importance of left ventricular longitudinal function and functional reserve in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation: assessment by two-dimensional speckle tracking. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 (2008), 1331–1336.
129 Paraskevaidis, I.A., Kyrzopoulos, S., Tsiapras, D., Iliodromitis, E.K., Parissis, J., Farmakis, D., et al. The role of left ventricular long-axis contraction in patients with asymptomatic non-ischemic mitral valve regurgitation and normal systolic function. Int J Cardiol 124 (2008), 64–71.
130 Piérard, L.A., Lancellotti, P., The role of ischemic mitral regurgitation in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 351 (2004), 1627–1634.
131 Lancellotti, P., Lebrun, F., Piérard, L.A., Determinants of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003), 1921–1928.
132 Lancellotti, P., Troisfontaines, P., Toussaint, A.C., Pierard, L.A., Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 108 (2003), 1713–1717.
133 Lancellotti, P., Gérard, P.L., Piérard, L.A., Long-term outcome of patients with heart failure and dynamic functional mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J 26 (2005), 1528–1532.
134 Lapu-Bula, R., Robert, A., Van Craeynest, D., D'Hondt, A.M., Gerber, B.L., Pasquet, A., et al. Contribution of exercise-induced mitral regurgitation to exercise stroke volume and exercise capacity in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circulation 106 (2002), 1342–1348.
135 Lancellotti, P., Magne, J., Dulgheru, R., Ancion, A., Martinez, C., Piérard, L.A., Clinical significance of exercise pulmonary hypertension in secondary mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 115 (2015), 1454–1461.
136 Bonow, R.O., Lakatos, E., Maron, B.J., Epstein, S.E., Serial long-term assessment of the natural history of asymptomatic patients with chronic aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular systolic function. Circulation 84 (1991), 1625–1635.
137 Wahi, S., Haluska, B., Pasquet, A., Case, C., Rimmerman, C.M., Marwick, T.M., Exercise echocardiography predicts development of left ventricular dysfunction in medically and surgically treated patients with asymptomatic severe aortic regurgitation. Heart 84 (2000), 606–614.
138 Vinereanu, D., Ionescu, A.A., Fraser, A.G., Assessment of left ventricular long-axis contraction can detect early myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation. Heart 85 (2001), 30–36.
139 Carabello, B.A., Modern management of mitral stenosis. Circulation 112 (2005), 432–437.
140 Schwammenthal, E., Vered, Z., Agranat, O., Kaplinsky, E., Rabinowitz, B., Feinberg, M.S., Impact of atrioventricular compliance on pulmonary artery pressure in mitral stenosis: an exercise echocardiographic study. Circulation 102 (2000), 2378–2384.
141 Brochet, E., Détaint, D., Fondard, O., Tazi-Mezalek, A., Messika-Zeitoun, D., Iung, B., et al. Early hemodynamic changes versus peak values: what is more useful to predict occurrence of dyspnea during stress echocardiography in patients with asymptomatic mitral stenosis?. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 (2011), 392–398.
142 Reis, G., Motta, M.S., Barbosa, M.M., Esteves, W.A., Souza, S.F., Bocchi, E.A., Dobutamine stress echocardiography for noninvasive assessment and risk stratification of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004), 393–401.
143 Cheriex, E.C., Pieters, F.A., Janssen, J.H., de Swart, H., Palmans-Meulemans, A., Value of exercise Doppler-echocardiography in patients with mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiol 45 (1994), 219–226.
144 Grimaldi, A., Olivotto, I., Figini, F., Pappalardo, F., Capritti, E., Ammirati, E., et al. Dynamic assessment of ‘valvular reserve capacity’ in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 13 (2012), 476–482.
146 Baumgartner, H., Hung, J., Bermejo, J., Chambers, J.B., Evangelista, A., Griffin, B.P., et al. Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 (2009), 1–23.
147 Lancellotti, P., Karsera, D., Tumminello, G., Lebois, F., Pierard, L.A., Determinants of an abnormal response to exercise in patients with asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Eur J Echocardiogr 9 (2008), 338–343.
148 Lancellotti, P., Lebois, F., Simon, M., Tombeux, C., Chauvel, C., Pierard, L.A., Prognostic importance of quantitative exercise Doppler echocardiography in asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation 112 (2005), I377–I382.
149 Marechaux, S., Hachicha, Z., Bellouin, A., Dumesnil, J.G., Meimoun, P., Pasquet, A., et al. Usefulness of exercise-stress echocardiography for risk stratification of true asymptomatic patients with aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J 31 (2010), 1390–1397.
150 Marechaux, S., Ennezat, P.V., LeJemtel, T.H., Polge, A.S., de Groote, P., Asseman, P., et al. Left ventricular response to exercise in aortic stenosis: an exercise echocardiographic study. Echocardiography 24 (2007), 955–959.
151 Lancellotti, P., Magne, J., Donal, E., Dulgheru, R., Rosca, M., Pierard, L.A., Determinants and prognostic significance of exercise pulmonary hypertension in asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Circulation 126 (2012), 851–859.
152 Donal, E., Thebault, C., O'Connor, K., Veillard, D., Rosca, M., Pierard, L., et al. Impact of aortic stenosis on longitudinal myocardial deformation during exercise. Eur J Echocardiogr 12 (2011), 235–241.
153 Pibarot, P., Dumesnil, J.G., Low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis with normal and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 60 (2012), 1845–1853.
154 Monin, J.L., Quere, J.P., Monchi, M., Petit, H., Baleynaud, S., Chauvel, C., et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation 108 (2003), 319–324.
155 Tribouilloy, C., Levy, F., Rusinaru, D., Guéret, P., Petit-Eisenmann, H., Baleynaud, S., et al. Outcome after aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis without contractile reserve on dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 53 (2009), 1865–1873.
156 Quere, J.P., Monin, J.L., Levy, F., Petit, H., Baleynaud, S., Chauvel, C., et al. Influence of preoperative left ventricular contractile reserve on postoperative ejection fraction in low-gradient aortic stenosis. Circulation 113 (2006), 1738–1744.
157 Bartko, P.E., Heinze, G., Graf, S., Clavel, M.A., Khorsand, A., Bergler-Klein, J., et al. Two-dimensional strain for the assessment of left ventricular function in low flow-low gradient aortic stenosis, relationship to hemodynamics and outcome: A substudy of the multicenter TOPAS study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6 (2012), 268–276.
158 Dahou, A., Bartko, P.E., Capoulade, R., Clavel, M.A., Mundigler, G., Grondin, S.L., et al. Usefulness of global left ventricular longitudinal strain for risk stratification in low ejection fraction, low-gradient aortic stenosis: results from the multicenter true or pseudo-severe aortic stenosis study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 8, 2015, e002117.
159 Clavel, M.A., Fuchs, C., Burwash, I.G., Mundigler, G., Dumesnil, J.G., Baumgartner, H., et al. Predictors of outcomes in low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: results of the multicenter TOPAS Study. Circulation 118:14 Suppl (2008), S234–S242.
160 Clavel, M.A., Burwash, I.G., Mundigler, G., Dumesnil, J.G., Baumgartner, H., Bergler-Klein, J., et al. Validation of conventional and simplified methods to calculate projected valve area at normal flow rate in patients with low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (True or Pseudo Severe Aortic Stenosis) study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 (2010), 380–386.
161 Blais, C., Burwash, I.G., Mundigler, G., Dumesnil, J.G., Loho, N., Rader, F., et al. Projected valve area at normal flow rate improves the assessment of stenosis severity in patients with low flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: The multicenter TOPAS (Truly or Pseudo Severe Aortic Stenosis) study. Circulation 113 (2006), 711–721.
162 Fougères, É., Tribouilloy, C., Monchi, M., Petit-Eisenmann, H., Baleynaud, S., Pasquet, A., et al. Outcomes of pseudo-severe aortic stenosis under conservative treatment. Eur Heart J 33 (2012), 2426–2433.
163 Clavel, M.A., Ennezat, P.V., Maréchaux, S., Dumesnil, J.G., Capoulade, R., Hachicha, Z., et al. Stress echocardiography to assess stenosis severity and predict outcome in patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis and preserved LVEF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6 (2013), 175–183.
164 Unger, P., Rosenhek, R., Dedobbeleer, C., Berrebi, A., Lancellotti, P., Management of multiple valve disease. Heart 97 (2011), 272–277.
165 Rassi, A., Crawford, M.H., Richards, K.L., Miller, J.F., Differing mechanisms of exercise flow augmentation at the mitral and aortic valves. Circulation 77 (1988), 543–551.
166 Tischler, M.D., Battle, R.W., Saha, M., Niggel, J., LeWinter, M.M., Observations suggesting a high incidence of exercise-induced severe mitral regurgitation in patients with mild rheumatic mitral valve disease at rest. J Am Coll Cardiol 25 (1994), 128–133.
167 Pibarot, P., Dumesnil, J.G., Prosthetic heart valves: selection of the optimal prosthesis and long-term management. Circulation 119 (2009), 1034–1048.
168 Pibarot, P., Dumesnil, J.G., Valve prosthesis-patient mismatch, 1978 to 2011: from original concept to compelling evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 60 (2012), 1136–1139.
169 Zoghbi, W.A., Chambers, J.B., Dumesnil, J.G., Foster, E., Gottdiener, J.S., Grayburn, P.A., et al. Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 (2009), 975–1014.
170 Lancellotti, P., Pibarot, P., Chambers, J.B., Edvardsen, T., Delgado, V., Dulgheru, R., et al. Recommendations for the imaging assessment of prosthetic heart valves. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imag 17 (2016), 589–590.
171 Pibarot, P., Dumesnil, J.G., Jobin, J., Cartier, P., Honos, G., Durand, L.G., Hemodynamic and physical performance during maximal exercise in patients with an aortic bioprosthetic valve. Comparison of stentless versus stented bioprostheses. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 (1999), 1609–1617.
172 Pibarot, P., Dumesnil, J.G., Jobin, J., Lemieux, M., Honos, G., Durand, L.G., Usefulness of the indexed effective orifice area at rest in predicting an increase in gradient during maximum exercise in patients with a bioprosthesis in the aortic valve position. Am J Cardiol 83 (1999), 542–546.
173 Tatineni, S., Barner, H.B., Pearson, A.C., Halbe, D., Woodruff, R., Labovitz, A.J., Rest and exercise evaluation of St. Jude medical and Medtronic hall prostheses. Influence of primary lesion, valvular type, valvular size, and left ventricular function. Circulation 80:Suppl. I (1989), I.16–I.23.
174 van den Brink, R.B., Verheul, H.A., Visser, C.A., Koelemay, M.J.W., Dunning, A.J., Value of exercise Doppler echocardiography in patients with prosthetic or bioprosthetic cardiac valves. Am J Cardiol 69 (1992), 367–372.
175 Magne, J., Sénéchal, M., Mathieu, P., Dumesnil, J.G., Dagenais, F., Pibarot, P., Restrictive annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation may induce functional mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 51 (2008), 1692–1701.
176 Kubota, K., Otsuji, Y., Ueno, T., Koriyama, C., Levine, R.A., Sakata, R., et al. Functional mitral stenosis after surgical annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation: importance of subvalvular tethering in the mechanism and dynamic deterioration during exertion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 140 (2010), 617–623.
177 Kainuma, S., Taniguchi, K., Daimon, T., Sakaguchi, T., Funatsu, T., Kondoh, H., et al. Does stringent restrictive annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation cause functional mitral stenosis and pulmonary hypertension?. Circulation 124:11 Suppl. (2011), S97–S106.
178 Rubino, A.S., Onorati, F., Santarpia, G., Achille, F., Lorusso, R., Santini, F., et al. Impact of increased transmitral gradients after undersized annuloplasty for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Int J Cardiol 158 (2012), 71–77.
179 Nishida, H., Takahara, Y., Takeuchi, S., Mogi, K., Mitral stenosis after mitral valve repair using the duran flexible annuloplasty ring for degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Heart Valve Dis 14 (2005), 563–564.
180 Chan, K.L., Chen, S.Y., Chan, V., Hay, K., Mesana, T., Lam, B.K., Functional significance of elevated mitral gradients after repair for degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6 (2013), 1041–1047.
181 Bertrand, P.B., Verbrugge, F.H., Verhaert, D., Smeets, C.J., Grieten, L., Mullens, W., et al. Mitral valve area during exercise after restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty: importance of diastolic anterior leaflet tethering. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 452–461.
182 Bertrand, P.B., Gutermann, H., Smeets, C.J., Van Kerrebroeck, C., Verhaert, D., Vandervoort, P., et al. Functional impact of transmitral gradients at rest and during exercise after restrictive annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 148 (2014), 183–187.
183 Kjellström, B., Frantz, R.P., Benza, R.L., Bennett, T., Bourge, R.C., McGoon, M.D., Hemodynamic ranges during daily activities and exercise testing in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cardiac Fail 20 (2014), 485–491.
184 Argiento, P., Chester, N., Mule, M., D'Alto, M., Bossone, E., Unger, P., et al. Exercise stress echocardiography for the study of the pulmonary circulation. Eur Respir J 35 (2010), 1273–1278.
185 Lewis, G.D., Bossone, E., Naeije, R., Grünig, E., Saggar, R., Lancellotti, P., et al. Pulmonary vascular hemodynamic response to exercise in cardiopulmonary diseases. Circulation 128 (2013), 1470–1479.
186 Grünig, E., Mereles, D., Hildebrandt, W., Swenson, E.R., Kübler, W., Kuecherer, H., et al. Stress Doppler echocardiography for identification of susceptibility to high altitude pulmonary edema. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000), 980–987.
187 Almeida, A.R., Loureiro, M.J., Lopes, L., Cotrim, C., Lopes, L., Repolho, D., et al. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular contractile reserve in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Rev Port Cardiol 33 (2014), 155–163.
188 Kovacs, G., Maier, R., Aberer, E., Brodmann, M., Scheidl, S., Hesse, C., et al. Assessment of pulmonary arterial pressure during exercise in collagen vascular disease: echocardiography versus right heart catheterization. Chest 13 (2010), 270–278.
189 Haddad, F., Zamanian, R., Beraud, A.S., Schnittger, I., Feinstein, J., Peterson, T., et al. A novel non-invasive method of estimating pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 (2009), 523–529.
190 Himelman, R.B., Stulbarg, M., Kircer, B., Lee, E., Kee, L., Dean, N.C., et al. Noninvasive evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure during exercise by saline-enhanced Doppelr echocardiography in chronic pulmonary disease. Circulation 79 (1989), 863–871.
191 Grünig, E., Weissmann, S., Ehlken, N., Fijalkowska, A., Fischer, C., Fourme, T., et al. Stress Doppler echocardiography in relatives of patients with idiopathic and familial pulmonary arterial hypertension: results of a multicenter European analysis of pulmonary artery pressure response to exercise and hypoxia. Circulation 119 (2009), 1747–1757.
192 Gurtner, H.P., Walser, P., Fässler, B., Normal values for pulmonary hemodynamics at rest and during exercise in man. Prog Resp Res 9 (1975), 295–315.
193 Janosi, A., Apor, P., Hankoczy, J., Kadar, A., Pulmonary artery pressure and oxygen consumption measurement during supine bicycle exercise. Chest 93 (1988), 419–421.
194 Mahjoub, H., Levy, F., Cassol, M., Meimoun, P., Peltier, M., Rusinaru, D., et al. Effects of age on pulmonary artery systolic pressure at rest and during exercise in normal adults. Eur J Echocardiogr 10 (2009), 635–640.
195 Stuber, T., Sartori, C., Schwab, M., Jayet, P.Y., Rimoldi, S.F., Garcin, S., et al. Exaggerated pulmonary hypertension during mild exercise in chronic mountain sickness. Chest 137 (2010), 388–392.
196 Pratali, L., Allemann, Y., Rimoldi, S.F., Faita, F., Hutter, D., Rexhaj, E., et al. RV contractility and exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in chronic mountain sickness: a stress echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging study. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging 6 (2013), 1287–1297.
197 Galiè, N., Humbert, M., Vachiery, J.L., Gibbs, S., Lang, I., Torbicki, A., et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 37 (2015), 67–119.
198 Voilliot, D., Magne, J., Dulgheru, R., Kou, S., Henri, C., Laaraibi, S., et al. Determinants of exercise-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis. Int J Cardiol 173 (2014), 373–379.
199 Steen, V., Chou, M., Shanmugan, V., Mathias, M., Kuru, T., Morrissey, R., Exercise-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis. Chest 134 (2008), 146–151.
200 De Lima-Filho, N.N., Figueiredo, M.S., Vicari, P., Cançado, R., Carvalho, A.C., Bordin, J.O., et al. Exercise-induced abnormal increase of systolic pulmonary artery pressure in adult patients with sickle cell anemia: an exercise stress echocardiography study. Echocardiography, 2014, 10.1111/echo.12853.
201 Gabriels, C., Lancellotti, P., Van De Bruaene, A., Voilliot, D., De Meester, P., Buys, R., et al. Clinical significance of dynamic pulmonary vascular resistance in two populations at risk of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16 (2015), 564–570.
202 Abbas, A.E., Franey, L.M., Marwick, T., Maeder, M.T., Kaye, D.M., Vlahos, A.P., et al. Noninvasive assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance by Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26 (2013), 1170–1177.
203 Choi, E.Y., Shim, J., Kim, S.A., Shim, C.Y., Yoon, S.J., Kang, S.M., et al. Value of echo-Doppler derived pulmonary vascular resistance, net-atrioventricular compliance and tricuspid annular velocity in determining exercise capacity in patients with mitral stenosis. Circ J 71 (2007), 1721–1727.
204 Suzuki, K., Akashi, Y.J., Manabe, M., Mizukoshi, K., Kamijima, R., Kou, S., et al. Simple exercise echocardiography using a Master's two-step test for early detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cardiol 62 (2013), 176–182.
205 Douglas, P.S., Garcia, M.J., Haines, D.E., Lai, W.W., Manning, W.J., Patel, A.R., et al. ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate use criteria for echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 (2011), 229–267.
206 Kane, G.C., Maradit-Kremers, H., Slusser, J.P., Scott, C.G., Frantz, R.P., McGoon, M.D., Integration of clinical and hemodynamic parameters in the prediction of long-term survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest 139 (2011), 1285–1293.
207 Vonk-Noordegraaf, A., Haddad, F., Chin, K.M., Forfia, P.R., Kawut, S.M., Lumens, J., et al. Right heart adaptation to pulmonary arterial hypertension: physiology and pathobiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), D22–D33.
208 Fine, N.M., Chen, L., Bastiansen, P.M., Frantz, R.P., Pellikka, P.A., Oh, J.K., et al. Outcome prediction by quantitative right ventricular function assessment in 575 subjects evaluated for pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6 (2013), 711–721.
209 Vitarelli, A., Mangieri, E., Terzano, C., Gaudio, C., Salsano, F., Rosato, E., et al. Three-dimensional echocardiography and 2D/3D speckle-tracking imaging in chronic pulmonary hypertension: diagnostic accuracy in detecting hemodynamic signs of right ventricular failure. J Am Heart Assoc, 4, 2015, e001584.
210 Grunig, E., Tiede, H., Enyimayew, E.O., Ehlken, N., Seyfarth, H.J., Bossone, E., et al. Assessment and prognostic relevance of right ventricular contractile reserve in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 128 (2013), 2005–2015.
211 Sharma, T., Lau, E.M.T., Choudhary, P., Torzillo, P.J., Munoz, P.A., Simmons, L.R., et al. Dobutamine stress for evalutation of right ventricular reseeve in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 45 (2015), 700–708.
212 Galderisi, M., Cardim, N., D'Andrea, A., Bruder, O., Cosyns, B., Davin, L., et al. The multi-modality cardiac imaging approach to the Athlete's heart: an expert consensus of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 16, 2015, 353.
213 Cotrim, C., Almeida, A.R., Miranda, R., Almeida, A.G., Cotrim, H., Picano, E., et al. Stress-induced intraventricular gradients in symptomatic athletes during upright exercise continuous wave Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 106 (2010), 1808–1812.
214 Rubal, B.J., Moody, J.M., Damore, S., Bunker, S.R., Diaz, N.M., Left ventricular performance of the athletic heart during upright exercise: a heart rate-controlled study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 18 (1986), 134–140.
215 Dehnert, C., Grünig, E., Mereles, D., von Lennep, N., Bärtsch, P., Identification of individuals susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary oedema at low altitude. Eur Respir J 25 (2005), 545–551.
216 Fagenholz, P.J., Gutman, J.A., Murray, A.F., Noble, V.E., Thomas, S.H., Harris, N.S., Chest ultrasonography for the diagnosis and monitoring of high-altitude pulmonary edema. Chest 131 (2007), 1013–1018.
217 Frassi, F., Pingitore, A., Cialoni, D., Picano, E., Chest sonography detects lung water accumulation in healthy elite apnea divers. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21 (2008), 1150–1155.
218 Pratali, L., Cavana, M., Sicari, R., Picano, E., Frequent subclinical high-altitude pulmonary edema detected by chest sonography as ultrasound lung comets in recreational climbers. Crit Care Med 38 (2010), 1818–1823.
219 Oelberg, D.A., Marcotte, F., Kreisman, H., Wolkove, N., Langleben, D., Small, D., Evaluation of right ventricular systolic pressure during incremental exercise by Doppler echocardiography in adults with atrial septal defect. Chest 113 (1998), 1459–1465.
220 Van De Bruaene, A., La Gerche, A., Prior, D.L., Voigt, J.U., Delcroix, M., Budts, W., Pulmonary vascular resistance as assessed by bicycle stress echocardiography in patients with atrial septal defect type secundum. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4 (2011), 237–245.
221 Van De Bruaene, A., De Meester, P., Buys, R., Vanhees, L., Delcroix, M., Voigt, J.U., et al. Right ventricular load and function during exercise in patients with open and closed atrial septal defect type secundum. Eur J Prev Cardiol 20 (2013), 597–604.
222 Van De Bruaene, A., Moons, P., Belmans, A., Post, M.C., Luermans, J.G., Delcroix, M., et al. Predictive model for late atrial arrhythmia after closure of an atrial septal defect. Int J Cardiol 164 (2013), 318–322.
224 De Meester, P., Thijs, V., Van Deyk, K., Budts, W., Prevention of stroke by percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: short term follow-up. Int J Cardiol 142 (2010), 195–196.
225 Van De Bruaene, A., Jansen, K., De Meester, P., Delcroix, M., Voigt, J.U., Gabriels, C., et al. Bosentan for mild pulmonary vascular disease in ASD patients (the BOMPA trial): a double-blind, randomized controlled, pilot trial. Int J Cardiol 168 (2013), 5081–5082.
226 Lee, C., Lee, C.H., Kwak, J.G., Kim, S.H., Shim, W.S., Lee, S.Y., et al. Factors associated with right ventricular dilatation and dysfunction in patients with chronic pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: analysis of magnetic resonance imaging data from 218 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 148 (2014), 2589–2595.
227 Ait-Ali, L., Siciliano, V., Passino, C., Molinaro, S., Pasanisi, E., Sicari, R., et al. Role of stress echocardiography in operated fallot: feasibility and detection of right ventricular response. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27 (2014), 1319–1328.
228 Roche, S.L., Grosse-Wortmann, L., Redington, A.N., Slorach, C., Smith, G., Kantor, P.F., et al. Exercise induces biventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in children with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Heart 96 (2010), 2010–2015.
229 Cifra, B., Pondorfer, P., Dragulescu, A., Friedberg, M.K., Slorach, C., Mertens, L., Right ventricular systolic and diastolic response to exercise in children after Tetralogy of Fallot repair – a bicycle exercise study. Cardiol Young 24 (2014), S1–S165.
230 Cifra, B., Dragulescu, A., Friedberg, M.K., Slorach, C., Mertens, L., Isovolumic acceleration at rest and during exercise in children with repaired tetralogy of fallot. Cardiol Young 24 (2014), S1–S165.
231 Hasan, B.S., Lunze, F.I., Chen, M.H., Brown, D.W., Boudreau, M.J., Rhodes, J., et al. Effects of transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement on the hemodynamic and ventricular response to exercise in patients with obstructed right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduits. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 7 (2014), 530–542.
232 Chen, S.S., Dimopoulos, K., Alonso-Gonzalez, R., Liodakis, E., Teijeira-Fernandez, E., Alvarez-Barredo, M., et al. Prevalence and prognostic implication of restenosis or dilatation at the aortic coarctation repair site assessed by cardiovascular MRI in adult patients late after coarctation repair. Int J Cardiol 173 (2014), 209–215.
233 Luijendijk, P., Bouma, B.J., Vriend, J.W., Vliegen, H.W., Groenink, M., Mulder, B.J., Usefulness of exercise-induced hypertension as predictor of chronic hypertension in adults after operative therapy for aortic isthmic coarctation in childhood. Am J Cardiol 108 (2011), 435–439.
234 Morgan, G.J., Lee, K.J., Chaturvedi, R., Bradley, T.J., Mertens, L., Benson, L., Systemic blood pressure after stent management for arch coarctation implications for clinical care. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 6 (2013), 192–201.
235 Guenthard, J., Wyler, F., Doppler echocardiography during exercise to predict residual narrowing of the aorta after coarctation resection. Pediatric cardiology 17 (1996), 370–374.
236 Chen, C.K., Cifra, B., Morgan, G.J., Sarkola, T., Slorach, C., Wei, H., et al. Left ventricular myocardial and hemodynamic response to exercise in young patients after endovascular stenting for aortic coarctation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 29 (2016), 237–246.
237 Li, V.W., Chen, R.H., Wong, W.H., Cheung, Y.F., Left ventricular contractile reserve in young adults long-term after repair of coarctation of the aorta. Am J Cardiol 115 (2015), 348–353.
238 Mahle, W.T., Wernovsky, G., Bridges, N.D., Linton, A.B., Paridon, S.M., Impact of early ventricular unloading on exercise performance in preadolescents with single ventricle Fontan physiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 (1999), 1637–1643.
239 Helbing, W.A., Luijnenburg, S.E., Moelker, A., Robbers-Visser, D., Cardiac stress testing after surgery for congenital heart disease. Curr Opin Pediatr 22 (2010), 579–586.
240 Bossers, S.S., Kapusta, L., Kuipers, I.M., van Iperen, G., Moelker, A., Kroft, L.J., et al. Ventricular function and cardiac reserve in contemporary Fontan patients. Int J Cardiol 196 (2015), 73–80.
241 Brili, S.V., Alexopoulos, N.A., Barberis, V.I., Gatzoulis, M.A., Barbetseas, J., Chrysohoou, C., et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for the evaluation of cardiac reserve late after Fontan operation. Hellenic J Cardiol 48 (2007), 252–257.
242 Schlangen, J., Petko, C., Hansen, J.H., Michel, M., Hart, C., Uebing, A., et al. Two-dimensional global longitudinal strain rate is a preload independent index of systemic right ventricular contractility in hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients after Fontan operation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 7 (2014), 880–886.
243 Lam, Y.Y., Kaya, M.G., Li, W., Gatzoulis, M.A., Henein, M.Y., Effect of chronic afterload increase on left ventricular myocardial function in patients with congenital left-sided obstructive lesions. Am J Cardiol 99 (2007), 1582–1587.
244 Budts, W., Scheurwegs, C., Stevens, A., Moons, P., Van Deyk, K., Vanhees, L., The future of adult patients after mustard or senning repair for transposition of the great arteries. Int J Cardiol 113 (2006), 209–214.
245 Li, W., Hornung, T.S., Francis, D.P., O'Sullivan, C., Duncan, A., Gatzoulis, M., et al. Relation of biventricular function quantified by stress echocardiography to cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in adults with mustard (atrial switch) procedure for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 110 (2004), 1380–1386.
246 Oosterhof, T., Tulevski, I.I., Roest, A.A., Steendijk, P., Vliegen, H.W., van der Wall, E.E., et al. Disparity between dobutamine stress and physical exercise magnetic resonance imaging in patients with an intra-atrial correction for transposition of the great arteries. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7 (2005), 383–389.
247 Vogt, M., Kühn, A., Wiese, J., Eicken, A., Hess, J., Vogel, M., Reduced contractile reserve of the systemic right ventricle under dobutamine stress is associated with increased brain natriuretic peptide levels in patients with complete transposition after atrial repair. Eur J Echocardiogr 10 (2009), 691–694.
248 Rodgers, G.P., Ayanian, J.Z., Balady, G., Beasley, J.W., Brown, K.A., Gervino, E.V., et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Competence statement on stress testing: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine Task Force on Clinical Competence. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000), 1441–1453.
249 Popescu, B.A., Stefanidis, A., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Fox, K.F., Ray, S., Cardim, N., et al. Updated standards and processes for accreditation of echocardiographic laboratories from The European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 15 (2014), 717–727.
250 Mc Ilwain, E.F., Coon, P.D., Einstein, A.J., Mitchell, C.K., Natello, G.W., Palma, R.A., et al. Radiation safety for the cardiac sonographer: Recommendations of the Radiation Safety Writing Group for the Council on Cardiovascular Sonography of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 27 (2014), 811–816.
251 Ryan, T., Berlacher, K., Lindner, J.R., Mankad, S.V., Rose, G.A., Wang, A., Core Cardiovascular Training Statement (COCATS) 4 task force 5: training in echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1786–1799.
252 Picano, E., Vañó, E., Rehani, M.M., Cuocolo, A., Mont, L., Bodi, V., et al. The appropriate and justified use of medical radiation in cardiovascular imaging: a position document of the ESC Associations of Cardiovascular Imaging, Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 35 (2014), 665–672.
253 Naji, P., Griffin, B.P., Asfahan, F., Barr, T., Rodriguez, L.L., Grimm, R., et al. Predictors of long-term outcomes in patients with significant myxomatous mitral regurgitation undergoing exercise echocardiography. Circulation 129 (2014), 1310–1319.
