Barcelona, Antonio. "Introduction: The Cognitive Theory of Metaphor and Metonymy." In Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective, edited by Antonio Barcelona. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000.
Bolinger, Dwight. "Adjectives in English: Attribution and Predication." Lingua 18 (1967): 1-34.
Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Coates, Jennifer. The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries. London: Croom Helm, 1983.
Collins Cobuild Corpus. CoBUILD The Bank of English curpus [http://www.cobuild.collins.co.uk]. London: Collins Publishers.
Corpus of Late Modern English Texts. See De Smet, Hendrik, 2005.
Davies, Eirian. On the Semantics of Syntax. Mood and Condition in English. London: Croom Helm, 1979.
De Smet, Hendrik. "A Corpus of Late Modern English Texts." ICAME Journal 29 (2005): 69-82.
Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 2d ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1994.
Helsinki Corpus. See Kytö, Merja, 1996.
Hengeveld, Kees. "Illocution, Mood and Modality in a Functional Grammar of Spanish." Journal of Semantics 6 (1988): 227-69.
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language Dealing with the Origin of Words and their Sense Development, thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, 1971.
Kytö, Merja. "Manual to the diachronic part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts. Cooling conventions and lists of source texts." Helsinki: Department of English, University of Helsinki, 1996.
Langacker, Ronald W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. 2, Descriptive Application. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991.
Loureiro-Porto, Lucía. "The Semantic Predecessors of Need: From Old to Early Modern English." Ph.D. diss., Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 2005.
Lyons, John. Semantics. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Nuyts, Jan. "Modality and the Layered Representation of Conceptual and Linguistic Structure." Linguistics 31 (1993): 933-69.
_. "Subjectivity as an Evidential Dimension in Epistemic Modal Expressions." Journal of Pragmatics 33, no. 3 (2001): 383-400.
Nuyts, Jan, Pieter Byloo, and Janneke Diepeveen. "On Deontic Modality, Directivity, and Mood. A Case Study of Dutch mogen and moeten." In Antwerp Papers in Linguistics. Vol. 110. Antwerp: University of Antwerp, 2005.
Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. (1989) on CD-ROM, version 3 (2002) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Palmer, Frank Robert. Modality and the English Modais. London: Longman, 1979.
_. Mood and Modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
_. Mood and Modality. 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Riviere, Claude. "Modal Adjectives: Transformations, Synonymy, and Complementation." Lingua 59(1983): 1-45.
Sweetser, Eve. From Etymology to Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Teyssier, Jacques. "Notes on the Syntax of the Adjective in Modern English." Lingua 20 (1968): 225-49.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "On the Rise of Epistemic Meanings in English: An Exemplification of Subjectification in Semantic Change." Language 65 (1989): 31-55.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, and Richard B. Dasher. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Trésor de la langue française. Dictionnaire de la langue du XIXe et du XXe siècle. 16 vols. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1971-94.
Van der Auwera, Johan, and Vladimir Plungian. "Modality's Semantic Map." Linguistic Typology 2, no. 1 (1998): 79-124.
Verstraete, Jean-Christophe. "Scalar Quantity Implicatures and the Interpretation of Modality. Problems in the Deontic Domain." Journal of Pragmatics 37, no. 9 (2005): 1401-18.
Von Wartburg, Walther. Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Eine Darstellung des galloromanischen Sprachschatzes. Bonn: K. Schroeder, 1922.
Von Wright, Georg Henrik. An Essay in Modal Logic. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1951.
_. Norm and Action: A Logical Enquiry. London: Routledge, 1971.