Giacino JT, Kalmar K, Whyte J. The JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised: measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:2020–2029.
Laureys S, Schiff ND. Coma and consciousness: paradigms (re)framed by neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2012;61:478–491.
Fernández-Espejo D, Owen AM. Detecting awareness after severe brain injury. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013;14:801–809.
Fernández-Espejo D, Rossit S, Owen AM. A thalamocortical mechanism for the absence of overt motor behavior in covertly aware patients. JAMA Neurol 2015;72:1442–1450.
Schiff ND. Recovery of consciousness after brain injury: a mesocircuit hypothesis. Trends Neurosci 2010;33:1–9.
Stickgold R, Malia A, Fosse R, et al. Brain-mind states: I. Longitudinal field study of sleep/wake factors influencing mentation report length. Sleep 2001;24:171–179.
Domino EF. Taming the ketamine tiger. Anesthesiology 2010;113:678–684.
Sanders RD, Raz A, Banks MI, et al. Is consciousness fragile? Br J Anaesth 2016;116:1–3.
Majerus S, Gill-Thwaites H, Andrews K, Laureys S. Behavioral evaluation of consciousness in severe brain damage. Prog Brain Res 2005;150:397–413.
Casali AG, Gosseries O, Rosanova M, et al. A theoretically based index of consciousness independent of sensory processing and behavior. Sci Transl Med 2013;5:198ra105.
Tononi G. An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neurosci 2004;5:42.
Tononi G, Boly M, Massimini M, Koch C. Integrated information theory: from consciousness to its physical substrate. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016;17:450–461.
Harrison AH, Connolly JF. Finding a way in: A review and practical evaluation of fMRI and EEG for detection and assessment in disorders of consciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013;37:1403–1419.
Peterson A, Cruse D, Naci L, et al. Risk, diagnostic error, and the clinical science of consciousness. Neuroimage Clin 2015;7:588–597.
Noreika V, Jylhänkangas L, Móró L, et al. Consciousness lost and found: subjective experiences in an unresponsive state. Brain Cogn 2011;77:327–334.
Sarasso S, Boly M, Napolitani M, et al. Consciousness and complexity during unresponsiveness induced by propofol, xenon, and ketamine. Curr Biol 2015;25:3099–3105.
Ferrarelli F, Massimini M, Sarasso S, et al. Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:2681–2686.
Laureys S, Goldman S, Phillips C, et al. Impaired effective cortical connectivity in vegetative state: preliminary investigation using PET. Neuroimage 1999;9:377–382.
Fridman EA, Beattie BJ, Broft A, et al. Regional cerebral metabolic patterns demonstrate the role of anterior forebrain mesocircuit dysfunction in the severely injured brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014;111:6473–6478.
Di Perri C, Stender J, Laureys S, Gosseries O. Functional neuroanatomy of disorders of consciousness. Epilepsy Behav 2014;30:28–32.
Mutanen T, Mäki H, Ilmoniemi RJ. The effect of stimulus parameters on TMS–EEG muscle artifacts. Brain Stimul 2013;6:371–376.
Gosseries O, Sarasso S, Casarotto S, et al. On the cerebral origin of EEG responses to TMS: insights from severe cortical lesions. Brain Stimul 2015;8:142–149.
Casali AG, Casarotto S, Rosanova M, et al. General indices to characterize the electrical response of the cerebral cortex to TMS. Neuroimage 2010;49:1459–1468.
Casarotto S, Romero Lauro LJ, Bellina V, et al. EEG responses to TMS are sensitive to changes in the perturbation parameters and repeatable over time. PLoS One 2010;5:e10281.
Forgacs PB, Conte MM, Fridman EA, et al. Preservation of electroencephalographic organization in patients with impaired consciousness and imaging-based evidence of command-following. Ann Neurol 2014;76:869–879.
Siclari F, LaRocque JJ, Postle BR, Tononi G. Assessing sleep consciousness within subjects using a serial awakening paradigm. Front Psychol 2013;4:542.
Collier BB. Ketamine and the conscious mind. Anaesthesia 1972;27:120–134.
Giacino JT, Ashwal S, Childs N, et al. The minimally conscious state definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002;58:349–353.
King JR, Faugeras F, Gramfort A, et al. Single-trial decoding of auditory novelty responses facilitates the detection of residual consciousness. Neuroimage 2013;83:726–738.
Sitt JD, King J-R, El Karoui I, et al. Large scale screening of neural signatures of consciousness in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state. Brain 2014;137:2258–2270.
Koch C, Massimini M, Boly M, Tononi G. Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016;17:307–321.
Monti MM, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Coleman MR, et al. Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness. N Engl J Med 2010;362:579–589.
Laureys S, Celesia GG, Cohadon F, et al. Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a new name for the vegetative state or apallic syndrome. BMC Medicine 2010;8:68.
Stender J, Gosseries O, Bruno M-A, et al. Diagnostic precision of PET imaging and functional MRI in disorders of consciousness: a clinical validation study. Lancet 2014;384:514–522.
Gosseries O, Di H, Laureys S, Boly M. Measuring consciousness in severely damaged brains. Annu Rev Neurosci 2014;37:457–478.
Lant ND, Gonzalez-Lara LE, Owen AM, Fernández-Espejo D. Relationship between the anterior forebrain mesocircuit and the default mode network in the structural bases of disorders of consciousness. Neuroimage Clin 2016;10:27–35.
Lutkenhoff ES, Chiang J, Tshibanda L, et al. Thalamic and extrathalamic mechanisms of consciousness after severe brain injury. Ann Neurol 2015;78:68–76.
Yin B, Terhune DB, Smythies J, Meck WH. Claustrum, consciousness, and time perception. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016;8:258–267.
Crick FC, Koch C. What is the function of the claustrum? Phil Trans R Soc B 2005;360:1271–1279.
Fernández-Espejo D, Soddu A, Cruse D, et al. A role for the default mode network in the bases of disorders of consciousness. Ann Neurol 2012;72:335–343.
Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Sarasso S, Tononi G. Cortical mechanisms of loss of consciousness: insight from TMS/EEG studies. Arch Ital Biol 2012;150:44–55.
Sanchez-Vives MV, McCormick DA. Cellular and network mechanisms of rhythmic recurrent activity in neocortex. Nat Neurosci 2000;3:1027–1034.
Timofeev I, Grenier F, Steriade M. Disfacilitation and active inhibition in the neocortex during the natural sleep-wake cycle: an intracellular study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:1924–1929.
Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Esser SK, et al. Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:8496–8501.
Pigorini A, Sarasso S, Proserpio P, et al. Bistability breaks-off deterministic responses to intracortical stimulation during non-REM sleep. Neuroimage 2015;112:105–113.
Fridman EA, Schiff ND. Neuromodulation of the conscious state following severe brain injuries. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014;29:172–177.
Kundishora AJ, Gummadavelli A, Ma C, et al. Restoring conscious arousal during focal limbic seizures with deep brain stimulation. Cereb Cortex (in press).
McCormick DA, Prince DA. Mechanisms of action of acetylcholine in the guinea-pig cerebral cortex in vitro. J Physiol 1986;375:169–194.
Schiff ND, Giacino JT, Kalmar K, et al. Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury. Nature 2007;448:600–603.
Naci L, Monti MM, Cruse D, et al. Brain-computer interfaces for communication with nonresponsive patients. Ann Neurol 2012;72:312–323.
Chatelle C, Chennu S, Noirhomme Q, et al. Brain–computer interfacing in disorders of consciousness. Brain Inj 2012;26:1510–1522.