2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias

apolipoprotein B; cholesterol; dyslipidaemias; high-density lipoproteins; lipoprotein remnants; low-density lipoproteins; total cardiovascular risk; treatment, adherence; treatment, drugs; treatment, lifestyle; triglycerides

Disciplines :

Cardiovascular & respiratory systems

Author, co-author :

Catapano, Alberico L.

Graham, Ian

De Backer, Guy

Wiklund, Olov

Chapman, M. John

Drexel, Heinz

Hoes, Arno W.

Jennings, Catriona S.

Landmesser, Ulf

Pedersen, Terje R.

More authors (8 more)

Other collaborator :

Cooney, Marie-Therese

Badimon, Lina

Funck-Brentano, Christian

Agewall, Stefan

Baron-Esquivias, Gonzalo

Boren, Jan

Bruckert, Eric

Cordero, Alberto

Corsini, Alberto

Giannuzzi, Pantaleo

More authors (84 more)

Language :

English

Title :

2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias

Publication date :

14 October 2016

Journal title :

European Heart Journal

ISSN :

0195-668X

eISSN :

1522-9645

Publisher :

Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

2999-3058

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 23 January 2017

Statistics

Number of views

4812 (7 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

3946 (3 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

2382

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

2072

OpenCitations

2054

OpenAlex citations

2806

Bibliography

Townsend N, Nichols M, Scarborough P, Rayner M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe-epidemiological update 2015. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2696-705
Cooney MT, Dudina A, Whincup P, Capewell S, Menotti A, Jousilahti P, Njølstad I, Oganov R, Thomsen T, Tverdal A, Wedel H, Wilhelmsen L, Graham I. Reevaluating the Rose approach:Comparative benefits of the population and highrisk preventive strategies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:541-549
Liu K, Daviglus ML, Loria CM, Colangelo LA, Spring B, Moller AC, Lloyd-Jones DM. Healthy lifestyle through young adulthood and the presence of low cardiovascular disease risk profile in middle age:The Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) study. Circulation 2012;125:996-1004
Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL. Comparative quantification of health risks:Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2004
World Health Organization. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2011
Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, Albus C, Benlian P, Boysen G, Cifkova R, Deaton C, Ebrahim S, Fisher M, Germano G, Hobbs R, Hoes A, Karadeniz S, Mezzani A, Prescott E, Ryden L, Scherer M, Syvänne M, Scholte op Reimer WJ, Vrints C, Wood D, Zamorano JL, Zannad F. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 2012;33:1635-1701
Mistry H, Morris S, Dyer M, Kotseva K, Wood D, Buxton M. Cost-effectiveness of a European preventive cardiology programme in primary care:A Markov modelling approach. BMJ Open 2012 Oct 11;2. pii:E001029
Nichols M, Townsend N, Luengo-Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A, Scarborough P, Rayner M. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2012. Brussels:European Heart Network, 2012
Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, Butler J, Dracup K, Ezekowitz MD, Finkelstein EA, Hong Y, Johnston SC, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones DM, Nelson SA, Nichol G, Orenstein D, Wilson PW, Woo YJ. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States:A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:933-944
McConnachie A, Walker A, Robertson M, Marchbank L, Peacock J, Packard CJ, Cobbe SM, Ford I. Long-Term impact on healthcare resource utilization of statin treatment, and its cost effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease:A record linkage study. Eur Heart J 2014;35:290-298
Ward S, Lloyd Jones M, Pandor A, Holmes M, Ara R, Ryan A, Yeo W, Payne N. A systematic review and economic evaluation of statins for the prevention of coronary events. Health Technol Assess 2007;11:1-160, iii-iv
Plans-Rubio P. The cost effectiveness of statin therapies in Spain in 2010, after the introduction of generics and reference prices. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010;10:369-382
Bjorck L, Rosengren A, Bennett K, Lappas G, Capewell S. Modelling the decreasing coronary heart disease mortality in Sweden between 1986 and 2002. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1046-1056
Aspelund T, Gudnason V, Magnusdottir BT, Andersen K, Sigurdsson G, Thorsson B, Steingrimsdottir L, Critchley J, Bennett K, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S. Analysing the large decline in coronary heart disease mortality in the Icelandic population aged 25-74 between the years 1981 and 2006. PLoS One 2010;5:E13957
Pereira M, Azevedo A, Lunet N, Carreira H, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S, Bennett K. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Portugal between 1995 and 2008. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6:634-642
Unal B, Sozmen K, Arik H, Gerceklioglu G, Altun DU, Simsek H, Doganay S, Demiral Y, AslanÖ, Bennett K, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S, Critchley J. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in Turkey between 1995 and 2008. BMC Public Health 2013;13:1135
Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Moran AE, Barber R, Nguyen G, Feigin VL, Naghavi M, Mensah GA, Murray CJ. Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global cardiovascular mortality. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1333-1341
Cobiac LJ, Magnus A, Lim S, Barendregt JJ, Carter R, Vos T. Which interventions offer best value for money in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease? PLoS One 2012;7:E41842
Collins M, Mason H, O'Flaherty M, Guzman-Castillo M, Critchley J, Capewell S. An economic evaluation of salt reduction policies to reduce coronary heart disease in England:A policy modeling study. Value Health 2014;17:517-524
Mason H, Shoaibi A, Ghandour R, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S, Khatib R, Jabr S, Unal B, Sözmen K, Arfa C, Aissi W, Ben Romdhane H, Fouad F, Al-Ali R, Husseini A. A cost effectiveness analysis of salt reduction policies to reduce coronary heart disease in four Eastern Mediterranean countries. PLoS One 2014;9:E84445
O'Keeffe C, Kabir Z, O'Flaherty M, Walton J, Capewell S, Perry IJ. Modelling the impact of specific food policy options on coronary heart disease and stroke deaths in Ireland. BMJ Open 2013;3. pii:E002837
Moreira PV, Baraldi LG, Moubarac JC, Monteiro CA, Newton A, Capewell S, O'Flaherty M. Comparing different policy scenarios to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods in UK:Impact on cardiovascular disease mortality using a modelling approach. PLoS One 2015;10:E0118353
Neyt M, De Laet C, Van Brabandt H, Franco O, Ramaekers D. Cost-effectiveness of statins in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease:A systematic review and economic analysis for Belgium. Acta Cardiol 2009;64:1-10
Peura P, Martikainen J, Soini E, Hallinen T, Niskanen L. Cost-effectiveness of statins in the prevention of coronary heart disease events in middle-Aged Finnish men. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24: 1823-1832
Ito MK, Nanchen D, Rodondi N, Paccaud F, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Marques-Vidal P. Statins for cardiovascular prevention according to different strategies:A cost analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2011;11:33-44
Stevanovic J, O'Prinsen AC, Verheggen BG, Schuiling-Veninga N, Postma MJ, Pechlivanoglou P. Economic evaluation of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in mild hypertension:A scenario analysis for the Netherlands. Clin Ther 2014;36:368-384.e5
Wisloff T, Selmer RM, Halvorsen S, Fretheim A, Norheim OF, Kristiansen IS. Choice of generic antihypertensive drugs for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease-A cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2012;12:26
Banegas JR, Lopez-Garcia E, Dallongeville J, Guallar E, Halcox JP, Borghi C, Massó-González EL, Jiménez FJ, Perk J, Steg PG, De Backer G, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Achievement of treatment goals for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice across Europe:The EURIKA study. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2143-2152
Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyorala K, Reiner Z, Keil U. EUROASPIRE III. Management of cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic high-risk patients in general practice:Cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17:530-540
Cherry SB, Benner JS, Hussein MA, Tang SS, Nichol MB. The clinical and economic burden of nonadherence with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy in hypertensive patients. Value Health 2009;12:489-497
Corrao G, Scotti L, Zambon A, Baio G, Nicotra F, Conti V, Capri S, Tragni E, Merlino L, Catapano AL, Mancia G. Cost-effectiveness of enhancing adherence to therapy with statins in the setting of primary cardiovascular prevention. Evidence from an empirical approach based on administrative databases. Atherosclerosis 2011;217:479-485
Dragomir A, Cote R, Roy L, Blais L, Lalonde L, Berard A, Perreault S. Impact of adherence to antihypertensive agents on clinical outcomes and hospitalization costs. Med Care 2010;48:418-425
Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ 2003;326:1419
Gaziano TA, Opie LH, Weinstein MC. Cardiovascular disease prevention with a multidrug regimen in the developing world:A cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet 2006:368:679-686
van Gils PF, Over EA, Hamberg-van Reenen HH, de Wit GA, van den Berg M, Schuit AJ, Engelfriet PM. The polypill in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease:Cost-effectiveness in the Dutch population. BMJ Open 2011;1:E000363
Frieden TR. A framework for public health action:The health impact pyramid. Am J Public Health 2010;100:590-595
Brown MT, Bussell JK. Medication adherence:WHO cares? Mayo Clin Proc 2011;86:304-314
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE Public Health Guidance 25. June 2010. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph25
Capewell S, Ford ES, Croft JB, Critchley JA, Greenlund KJ, Labarthe DR. Cardiovascular risk factor trends and potential for reducing coronary heart disease mortality in the United States of America. Bull World Health Org 2010;88:120-130
Mozaffarian D, Capewell S. United Nations' dietary policies to prevent cardiovascular disease. BMJ 2011;343:D5747
D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, Kannel WB. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care:The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008;117:743-753
Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Ducimetière P, Jousilahti P, Keil U, Njølstad I, Oganov RG, Thomsen T, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Tverdal A, Wedel H, Whincup P, Wilhelmsen L, Graham IM. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe:The SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987-1003
Woodward M, Brindle P, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Adding social deprivation and family history to cardiovascular risk assessment:The ASSIGN score from the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC). Heart 2007;93:172-176
Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, Minhas R, Sheikh A, Brindle P. Predicting cardiovascular risk in England andWales:Prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2. BMJ 2008;336:1475-1482
Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H. Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 2002;105:310-315
Ridker PM, Paynter NP, Rifai N, Gaziano JM, Cook NR. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction:The Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 2008;118:2243-2251
Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, Cook NR. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women:The Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 2007;297:611-619
Ferrario M, Chiodini P, Chambless LE, Cesana G, Vanuzzo D, Panico S, Sega R, Pilotto L, Palmieri L, Giampaoli S. Prediction of coronary events in a low incidence population. Assessing accuracy of the CUORE Cohort Study prediction equation. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:413-421
Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D'Agostino RB, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O'Donnell CJ, Robinson JG, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Sorlie P, Stone NJ, Wilson PW, Jordan HS, Nevo L, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk:A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S49-S73
Hajifathalian K, Ueda P, Lu Y, Woodward M, Ahmadvand A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Azizi F, Cifkova R, Di Cesare M, Eriksen L, Farzadfar F, Ikeda N, Khalili D, Khang YH, Lanska V, León-Muñoz L, Magliano D, Msyamboza KP, Oh K, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Rojas-Martinez R, Shaw JE, Stevens GA, Tolstrup J, Zhou B, Salomon JA, Ezzati M, Danaei G. A novel risk score to predict cardiovascular disease risk in national populations (Globorisk):A pooled analysis of prospective cohorts and health examination surveys. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015;3:339-355
Cooney MT, Dudina AL, Graham IM. Value and limitations of existing scores for the assessment of cardiovascular risk:A review for clinicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1209-1227
Cooney MT, Dudina A, D'Agostino R, Graham IM. Cardiovascular risk-estimation systems in primary prevention:Do they differ? Do they make a difference? Can we see the future? Circulation 2010;122:300-310
Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG, D'Agostino RB, Beiser A, Wilson PW, Wolf PA, Levy D. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation 2006;113:791-798
Cooney MT, Selmer R, Lindman A, Tverdal A, Menotti A, Thomsen T, DeBacker G, De Bacquer D, Tell GS, Njolstad I, Graham IM. Cardiovascular risk estimation in older persons:SCORE O.P. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2016;23:1093-1103
Cooney MT, Dudina A, De Bacquer D, Wilhelmsen L, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, Jousilahti P, Keil U, Thomsen T, Whincup P, Graham IM. HDL cholesterol protects against cardiovascular disease in both genders, at all ages and at all levels of risk. Atherosclerosis 2009;206:611-616
Cooney MT, Dudina A, De Bacquer D, Fitzgerald A, Conroy R, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, Jousilahti P, Keil U, Thomsen T, Whincup P, Graham I. How much does HDL cholesterol add to risk estimation? A report from the SCORE Investigators. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:304-314
Mortensen MB, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG, Falk E. The high-density lipoprotein-Adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30, 824 Europeans:The Copenhagen General Population Study. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2446-2453
Kavousi M, Elias-Smale S, Rutten JH, Leening MJ, Vliegenthart R, Verwoert GC, Krestin GP, Oudkerk M, de Maat MP, Leebeek FW, Mattace-Raso FU, Lindemans J, Hofman A, Steyerberg EW, van der Lugt A, van den Meiracker AH, Witteman JC. Evaluation of newer risk markers for coronary heart disease risk classification:A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:438-444
Yeboah J, McClelland RL, Polonsky TS, Burke GL, Sibley CT, O'Leary D, Carr JJ, Goff DC, Greenland P, Herrington DM. Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals. JAMA 2012;308:788-795
Vlachopoulos C, Xaplanteris P, Aboyans V, Brodmann M, Cifkova R, Cosentino F, De Carlo M, Gallino A, Landmesser U, Laurent S, Lekakis J, Mikhailidis DP, Naka KK, Protogerou AD, Rizzoni D, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Van Bortel L, Weber T, Yamashina A, Zimlichman R, Boutouyrie P, Cockcroft J, O'Rourke M, Park JB, Schillaci G, Sillesen H, Townsend RR. The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation:Endorsed by the Association for Research into Arterial Structure and Physiology (ARTERY) Society. Atherosclerosis 2015;241:507-532
Boekholdt SM, Hovingh GK, Mora S, Arsenault BJ, Amarenco P, Pedersen TR, LaRosa JC, Waters DD, DeMicco DA, Simes RJ, Keech AC, Colquhoun D, Hitman GA, Betteridge DJ, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Colhoun HM, Gotto AM Jr, Ridker PM, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ. Very low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins and the risk for cardiovascular events:A meta-Analysis of statin trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:485-494
Brugts JJ, Yetgin T, Hoeks SE, Gotto AM, Shepherd J, Westendorp RG, de Craen AJ, Knopp RH, Nakamura H, Ridker P, van Domburg R, Deckers JW. The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors:Meta-Analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009;338:B2376
Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, Darius H, Lewis BS, Ophuis TO, Jukema JW, De Ferrari GM, Ruzyllo W, De Lucca P, Im K, Bohula EA, Reist C, Wiviott SD, Tershakovec AM, Musliner TA, Braunwald E, Califf RM. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2387-2397
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, Peto R, Barnes EH, Keech A, Simes J, Collins R. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol:A meta-Analysis of data from 170, 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376:1670-1681
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists? (CTT) Collaboration, Fulcher J, O'Connell R, Voysey M, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Mihaylova B, Simes J, Collins R, Kirby A, Colhoun H, Braunwald E, La Rosa J, Pedersen TR, Tonkin A, Davis B, Sleight P, Franzosi MG, Baigent C, Keech A. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women:Meta-Analysis of individual data from 174, 000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet 2015;385:1397-1405
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists? (CTT) Collaborators, Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Keech A, Simes J, Barnes EH, Voysey M, Gray A, Collins R, Baigent C. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease:Meta-Analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 2012;380:581-590
Hegele RA, Ginsberg HN, Chapman MJ, Nordestgaard BG, Kuivenhoven JA, Averna M, Borén J, Bruckert E, Catapano AL, Descamps OS, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Kovanen PT, Masana L, Pajukanta P, Parhofer KG, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Santos RD, Stalenhoef AF, Stroes E, Taskinen MR, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Watts GF, Wiklund O. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia:Implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:655-666
Mills EJ, Rachlis B, Wu P, Devereaux PJ, Arora P, Perri D. Primary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and events with statin treatments:A network meta-Analysis involving more than 65, 000 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1769-1781
Pedersen TR, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, Holme I, Larsen ML, Bendiksen FS, Lindahl C, Szarek M, Tsai J. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction:The IDEAL study:A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294:2437-2445
SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM, Rocco MV, Reboussin DM, Rahman M, Oparil S, Lewis CE, Kimmel PL, Johnson KC, Goff DC Jr, Fine LJ, Cutler JA, Cushman WC, Cheung AK, Ambrosius WT. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2103-2116
Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, Goldberg AC, Gordon D, Levy D, Lloyd-Jones DM, McBride P, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Watson K, Wilson PW, Eddleman KM, Jarrett NM, LaBresh K, Nevo L, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults:A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S1-S45
Langlois MR, Descamps OS, van der Laarse A, Weykamp C, Baum H, Pulkki K, von Eckardstein A, De Bacquer D, Borén J, Wiklund O, Laitinen P, Oosterhuis WP, Cobbaert C. Clinical impact of direct HDLc and LDLc method bias in hypertriglyceridemia. A simulation study of the EAS-EFLM Collaborative Project Group. Atherosclerosis 2014;233:83-90
Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, Kovar J, Lairon D, Nordestgaard BG, Ooi TC, Perez-Martinez P, Bilianou H, Anagnostopoulou K, Panotopoulos G. Assessment and clinical relevance of non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides:An expert panel statement. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011;9:258-270
Mihas C, Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, Kovar J, Lairon D, Nordestgaard BG, Ooi TC, Perez-Martinez P, Bilianou H, Anagnostopoulou K, Panotopoulos G. Diagnostic value of postprandial triglyceride testing in healthy subjects:A meta-Analysis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011;9:271-280
Nordestgaard BG, Varbo A. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2014;384:626-635
Jorgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, West AS, Grande P, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1826-1833
Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Nonfasting lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in individuals with and without diabetes:58 434 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. Clin Chem 2011;57:482-489
Marti-Soler H, Gubelmann C, Aeschbacher S, Alves L, Bobak M, Bongard V, Clays E, de Gaetano G, Di Castelnuovo A, Elosua R, Ferrieres J, Guessous I, Igland J, Jørgensen T, Nikitin Y, O'Doherty MG, Palmieri L, Ramos R, Simons J, Sulo G, Vanuzzo D, Vila J, Barros H, Borglykke A, Conen D, De Bacquer D, Donfrancesco C, Gaspoz JM, Giampaoli S, Giles GG, Iacoviello L, Kee F, Kubinova R, Malyutina S, Marrugat J, Prescott E, Ruidavets JB, Scragg R, Simons LA, Tamosiunas A, Tell GS, Vollenweider P, Marques-Vidal P. Seasonality of cardiovascular risk factors:An analysis including over 230 000 participants in 15 countries. Heart 2014;100:1517-1523
Rabar S, Harker M, O'Flynn N, Wierzbicki AS, Guideline Development Group. Lipid modification and cardiovascular risk assessment for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease:Summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2014;349:G4356
JBS3. Joint British Societies? consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart 2014;100(Suppl 2):Ii1-ii67
Knopfholz J, Disserol CC, Pierin AJ, Schirr FL, Streisky L, Takito LL, Massucheto Ledesma P, Faria-Neto JR, Olandoski M, da Cunha CL, Bandeira AM. Validation of the Friedewald formula in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cholesterol 2014;2014:261878
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lipid modification:Cardiovascular risk assessment and the modification of blood lipids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. London:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Gao P, Pennells L, Kaptoge S, Caslake M, Thompson A, Butterworth AS, Sarwar N, Wormser D, Saleheen D, Ballantyne CM, Psaty BM, Sundström J, Ridker PM, Nagel D, Gillum RF, Ford I, Ducimetiere P, Kiechl S, Koenig W, Dullaart RP, Assmann G, D'Agostino RB Sr, Dagenais GR, Cooper JA, Kromhout D, Onat A, Tipping RW, Gómez-de-la-Cámara A, Rosengren A, Sutherland SE, Gallacher J, Fowkes FG, Casiglia E, Hofman A, Salomaa V, Barrett-Connor E, Clarke R, Brunner E, Jukema JW, Simons LA, Sandhu M, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT, Kauhanen J, Salonen JT, Howard WJ, Nordestgaard BG, Wood AM, Thompson SG, Boekholdt SM, Sattar N, Packard C, Gudnason V, Danesh J. Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction. JAMA 2012;307:2499-2506
Boekholdt SM, Arsenault BJ, Mora S, Pedersen TR, LaRosa JC, Nestel PJ, Simes RJ, Durrington P, Hitman GA, Welch KM, DeMicco DA, Zwinderman AH, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Tonkin AM, Colhoun HM, Gotto AM Jr, Ridker PM, Kastelein JJ. Association of LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels with risk of cardiovascular events among patients treated with statins:A meta-Analysis. JAMA 2012;307:1302-1309
Robinson JG, Wang S, Jacobson TA. Meta-Analysis of comparison of effectiveness of lowering apolipoprotein B versus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol for cardiovascular risk reduction in randomized trials. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:1468-1476
Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jorgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:427-436
Triglyceride Coronary Disease Genetics, Consortium and Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar N, Sandhu MS, Ricketts SL, Butterworth AS, Di Angelantonio E, Boekholdt SM, Ouwehand W, Watkins H, Samani NJ, Saleheen D, Lawlor D, Reilly MP, Hingorani AD, Talmud PJ, Danesh J. Triglyceridemediated pathways and coronary disease:Collaborative analysis of 101 studies. Lancet 2010;375:1634-1639
Do R, Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Gao C, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, Ganna A, Chen J, Buchkovich ML, Mora S, Beckmann JS, Bragg-Gresham JL, Chang HY, Demirkan A, Den Hertog HM, Donnelly LA, Ehret GB, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Fontanillas P, Fraser RM, Freitag DF, Gurdasani D, HeikkiläK, Hyppönen E, Isaacs A, Jackson AU, Johansson A, Johnson T, Kaakinen M, Kettunen J, Kleber ME, Li X, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Magnusson PK, Mangino M, Mihailov E, Montasser ME, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, O'Connell JR, Palmer CD, Perola M, Petersen AK, Sanna S, Saxena R, Service SK, Shah S, Shungin D, Sidore C, Song C, Strawbridge RJ, Surakka I, Tanaka T, Teslovich TM, Thorleifsson G, Van den Herik EG, Voight BF, Volcik KA, Waite LL, Wong A, Wu Y, Zhang W, Absher D, Asiki G, Barroso I, Been LF, Bolton JL, Bonnycastle LL, Brambilla P, Burnett MS, Cesana G, Dimitriou M, Doney AS, Döring A, Elliott P, Epstein SE, Eyjolfsson GI, Gigante B, Goodarzi MO, Grallert H, Gravito ML, Groves CJ. Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2013;45:1345-1352
Holmes MV, Asselbergs FW, Palmer TM, Drenos F, Lanktree MB, Nelson CP, Dale CE, Padmanabhan S, Finan C, Swerdlow DI, Tragante V, van Iperen EP, Sivapalaratnam S, Shah S, Elbers CC, Shah T, Engmann J, Giambartolomei C, White J, Zabaneh D, Sofat R, McLachlanS;UCLEB consortium, Doevendans PA, Balmforth AJ, Hall AS, North KE, Almoguera B, Hoogeveen RC, Cushman M, Fornage M, Patel SR, Redline S, Siscovick DS, Tsai MY, Karczewski KJ, Hofker MH, Verschuren WM, Bots ML, van der Schouw YT, Melander O, Dominiczak AF, Morris R, Ben-Shlomo Y, Price J, Kumari M, Baumert J, Peters A, Thorand B, Koenig W, Gaunt TR, Humphries SE, Clarke R, Watkins H, Farrall M, Wilson JG, Rich SS, de Bakker PI, Lange LA, Davey Smith G, Reiner AP, Talmud PJ, Kivimäki M, Lawlor DA, Dudbridge F, Samani NJ, Keating BJ, Hingorani AD, Casas JP. Mendelian randomization of blood lipids for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 2015;36:539-550
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Perry P, Kaptoge S, Ray KK, Thompson A, Wood AM, Lewington S, Sattar N, Packard CJ, Collins R, Thompson SG, Danesh J. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA 2009;302:1993-2000
Haase CL, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Grande P, Frikke-Schmidt R. Genetically elevated apolipoprotein A-I, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and risk of ischemic heart disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:E500-510
Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M, Frikke-Schmidt R, Barbalic M, Jensen MK, Hindy G, Hólm H, Ding EL, Johnson T, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Clarke R, Hopewell JC, Thompson JF, Li M, Thorleifsson G, Newton-Cheh C, Musunuru K, Pirruccello JP, Saleheen D, Chen L, Stewart A, Schillert A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Thorgeirsson G, Anand S, Engert JC, Morgan T, Spertus J, Stoll M, Berger K, Martinelli N, Girelli D, McKeown PP, Patterson CC, Epstein SE, Devaney J, Burnett MS, Mooser V, Ripatti S, Surakka I, Nieminen MS, Sinisalo J, Lokki ML, Perola M, Havulinna A, de Faire U, Gigante B, Ingelsson E, Zeller T, Wild P, de Bakker PI, Klungel OH, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Peters BJ, de Boer A, Grobbee DE, Kamphuisen PW, Deneer VH, Elbers CC, Onland-Moret NC, Hofker MH, Wijmenga C, Verschuren WM, Boer JM, van der Schouw YT, Rasheed A, Frossard P, Demissie S, Willer C, Do R, Ordovas JM, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Mohlke KL, Daly MJ, Guiducci C, Burtt NP, Surti A, Gonzalez E, Purcell S, Gabriel S, Marrugat J, Peden J, Erdmann J. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction:A Mendelian randomisation study. Lancet 2012;380:572-580
Khera AV, Cuchel M, de la Llera-Moya M, Rodrigues A, Burke MF, Jafri K, French BC, Phillips JA, Mucksavage ML, Wilensky RL, Mohler ER, Rothblat GH, Rader DJ. Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011;364:127-135
Li XM, Tang WH, Mosior MK, Huang Y, Wu Y, Matter W, Gao V, Schmitt D, Didonato JA, Fisher EA, Smith JD, Hazen SL. Paradoxical association of enhanced cholesterol efflux with increased incident cardiovascular risks. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013;33:1696-1705
Rohatgi A, Khera A, Berry JD, Givens EG, Ayers CR, Wedin KE, Neeland IJ, Yuhanna IS, Rader DR, de Lemos JA, Shaul PW. HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and incident cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2383-2393
Sarwar N, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, Sigurdsson G, Wareham N, Bingham S, Boekholdt SM, Khaw KT, Gudnason V. Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease:10, 158 incident cases among 262, 525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies. Circulation 2007;115:450-458
Hokanson JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level:A meta-Analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk 1996;3:213-219
Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM. Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women. JAMA 2007;298:309-316
Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 2007;298:299-308
Charlton-Menys V, Betteridge DJ, Colhoun H, Fuller J, France M, Hitman GA, Livingstone SJ, Neil HA, Newman CB, Szarek M, DeMicco DA, Durrington PN. Targets of statin therapy:LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Clin Chem 2009;55:473-480
Ingelsson E, Schaefer EJ, Contois JH, McNamara JR, Sullivan L, Keyes MJ, Pencina MJ, Schoonmaker C, Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Vasan RS. Clinical utility of different lipid measures for prediction of coronary heart disease in men and women. JAMA 2007;298:776-785
Taskinen MR, Barter PJ, Ehnholm C, Sullivan DR, Mann K, Simes J, Best JD, Hamwood S, Keech AC. Ability of traditional lipid ratios and apolipoprotein ratios to predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2010;53:1846-1855
Sniderman AD, Williams K, Contois JH, Monroe HM, McQueen MJ, de Graaf J, Furberg CD. A meta-Analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2011;4:337-345
Onat A, Hergenc G, Sansoy V, Fobker M, Ceyhan K, Toprak S, Assmann G. Apolipoprotein C-III, a strong discriminant of coronary risk in men and a determinant of the metabolic syndrome in both genders. Atherosclerosis 2003;168:81-89
Sacks FM, Alaupovic P, Moye LA, Cole TG, Sussex B, Stampfer MJ, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. VLDL, apolipoproteins B, CIII, and E, and risk of recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. Circulation 2000;102:1886-1892
TG and HDLWorking Group of the Exome Sequencing Project, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Crosby J, Peloso GM, Auer PL, Crosslin DR, Stitziel NO, Lange LA, Lu Y, Tang ZZ, Zhang H, Hindy G, Masca N, Stirrups K, Kanoni S, Do R, Jun G, Hu Y, Kang HM, Xue C, Goel A, Farrall M, Duga S, Merlini PA, Asselta R, Girelli D, Olivieri O, Martinelli N, Yin W, Reilly D, Speliotes E, Fox CS, Hveem K, Holmen OL, Nikpay M, Farlow DN, Assimes TL, Franceschini N, Robinson J, North KE, Martin LW, DePristo M, Gupta N, Escher SA, Jansson JH, Van Zuydam N, Palmer CN, Wareham N, Koch W, Meitinger T, Peters A, Lieb W, Erbel R, Konig IR, Kruppa J, Degenhardt F, Gottesman O, Bottinger EP, O'Donnell CJ, Psaty BM, Ballantyne CM, Abecasis G, Ordovas JM, Melander O, Watkins H, Orho-Melander M, Ardissino D, Loos RJ, McPherson R, Willer CJ, Erdmann J, Hall AS, Samani NJ, Deloukas P, Schunkert H, Wilson JG, Kooperberg C, Rich SS, Tracy RP, Lin DY, Altshuler D, Gabriel S, Nickerson DA, Jarvik GP, Cupples LA, Reiner AP, Boerwinkle E, Kathiresan S. Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3, triglycerides, and coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2014;371:22-31
Jorgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3 and risk of ischemic vascular disease. N Engl J Med 2014;371:32-41
Graham MJ, Lee RG, Bell TA 3rd, Fu W, Mullick AE, Alexander VJ, Singleton W, Viney N, Geary R, Su J, Baker BF, Burkey J, Crooke ST, Crooke RM. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III reduces plasma triglycerides in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans. Circ Res 2013;112:1479-1490
Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Borén J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, Ginsberg H, Amarenco P, Catapano A, Descamps OS, Fisher E, Kovanen PT, Kuivenhoven JA, Lesnik P, Masana L, Reiner Z, Taskinen MR, Tokgözoglu L, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor:Current status. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2844-2853
Kamstrup PR, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Elevated lipoprotein(a) and risk of aortic valve stenosis in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:470-477
Kronenberg F, Utermann G. Lipoprotein(a):Resurrected by genetics. J Intern Med 2013;273:6-30
Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML, Albers JJ, Skarlatos S. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteWorkshop on Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease:Recent advances and future directions. Clin Chem 2003;49:1785-1796
Willeit P, Kiechl S, Kronenberg F, Witztum JL, Santer P, Mayr M, Xu Q, Mayr A, Willeit J, Tsimikas S. Discrimination and net reclassification of cardiovascular risk with lipoprotein(a):Prospective 15-year outcomes in the Bruneck Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:851-860
Kamstrup PR, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Extreme lipoprotein(a) levels and improved cardiovascular risk prediction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1146-1156
Robinson JG, Farnier M, Krempf M, Bergeron J, Luc G, Averna M, Stroes ES, Langslet G, Raal FJ, El Shahawy M, Koren MJ, Lepor NE, Lorenzato C, Pordy R, Chaudhari U, Kastelein JJ. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1489-1499
Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Wiviott SD, Raal FJ, Blom DJ, Robinson J, Ballantyne CM, Somaratne R, Legg J, Wasserman SM, Scott R, Koren MJ, Stein EA. Efficacy and safety of evolocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2015;727:1500-1509
Seed M, O'Connor B, Perombelon N, O'Donnell M, Reaveley D, Knight BL. The effect of nicotinic acid and acipimox on lipoprotein(a) concentration and turnover. Atherosclerosis 1993;101:61-68
Packard CJ. Small dense low-density lipoprotein and its role as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006;17:412-417
Mora S, Szklo M, Otvos JD, Greenland P, Psaty BM, Goff DC Jr, O'Leary DH, Saad MF, Tsai MY, Sharrett AR. LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2007;192:211-217
Whitfield JB. Genetic insights into cardiometabolic risk factors. Clin Biochem Rev 2014;35:15-36
Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, Ginsberg HN, Masana L, Descamps OS, Wiklund O, Hegele RA, Raal FJ, Defesche JC, Wiegman A, Santos RD, Watts GF, Parhofer KG, Hovingh GK, Kovanen PT, Boileau C, Averna M, Borén J, Bruckert E, Catapano AL, Kuivenhoven JA, Pajukanta P, Ray K, Stalenhoef AF, Stroes E, Taskinen MR, Tybjærg-Hansen A. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population:Guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease:Consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3478-3490a
Futema M, Shah S, Cooper JA, Li K, Whittall RA, Sharifi M, Goldberg O, Drogari E, Mollaki V, Wiegman A, Defesche J, D'Agostino MN, D'Angelo A, Rubba P, Fortunato G, Waluś-Miarka M, Hegele RA, Aderayo Bamimore M, Durst R, Leitersdorf E, Mulder MT, Roeters van Lennep JE, Sijbrands EJ, Whittaker JC, Talmud PJ, Humphries SE. Refinement of variant selection for the LDL cholesterol genetic risk score in the diagnosis of the polygenic form of clinical familial hypercholesterolemia and replication in samples from 6 countries. Clin Chem 2015;61:231-238
Soran H, Schofield JD, Durrington PN. Cholesterol, not just cardiovascular risk, is important in deciding who should receive statin treatment. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2975-2983
Holme I, Cater NB, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, Larsen ML, Lindahl C, Pedersen TR. Lipoprotein predictors of cardiovascular events in statin-Treated patients with coronary heart disease. Insights from the Incremental Decrease In End-points Through Aggressive Lipid-lowering Trial (IDEAL). Ann Med 2008;40:456-464
European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention &Rehabilitation, Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, Agewall S, Alegria E, Chapman MJ, Durrington P, Erdine S, Halcox J, Hobbs R, Kjekshus J, Filardi PP, Riccardi G, Storey RF, Wood D. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias:The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011;32:1769-1818
Hsia J, MacFadyen JG, Monyak J, Ridker PM. Cardiovascular event reduction and adverse events among subjects attaining low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 50 mg/dl with rosuvastatin. The JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention:An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1666-1675
Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998;317:703-713
LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, Gotto AM, Greten H, Kastelein JJ, Shepherd J, Wenger NK. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1425-1435
LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease:A meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1999;282:2340-2346
Thompson A, Danesh J. Associations between apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein AI, the apolipoprotein B/AI ratio and coronary heart disease:A literature-based meta-Analysis of prospective studies. J Intern Med 2006;259:481-492
Robinson JG, Wang S, Smith BJ, Jacobson TA. Meta-Analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:316-322
Dalen JE, Devries S. Diets to prevent coronary heart disease 1957-2013:What have we learned? Am J Med 2014;127:364-369
Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, de Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, Lee IM, Lichtenstein AH, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Sacks FM, Smith SC Jr, Svetkey LP, Wadden TA, Yanovski SZ, Kendall KA, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Velasco G, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC Jr, Tomaselli GF. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk:A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S76-S99
Mente A, de Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:659-669
Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, Crowe F, Ward HA, Johnson L, Franco OH, Butterworth AS, Forouhi NG, Thompson SG, Khaw KT, Mozaffarian D, Danesh J, Di Angelantonio E. Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:398-406
Mozaffarian D, Micha R, Wallace S. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat:A systematic review and meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2010;7:E1000252
Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-SalvadóJ, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, PintóX, Basora J, Muñoz MA, SorlíJV, Martínez JA, Martínez-González MA. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1279-1290
de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction:Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999;99:779-785
Mozaffarian D, Aro A, Willett WC. Health effects of trans-fatty acids:Experimental and observational evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(Suppl 2):S5-S21
Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber:A meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:30-42
Hollaender PL, Ross AB, Kristensen M. Whole-grain and blood lipid changes in apparently healthy adults:A systematic review and meta-Analysis of randomized controlled studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:556-572
Gylling H, Plat J, Turley S, Ginsberg HN, Ellegård L, Jessup W, Jones PJ, Lütjohann D, Maerz W, Masana L, Silbernagel G, Staels B, Borén J, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Deanfield J, Descamps OS, Kovanen PT, Riccardi G, Tokgözoglu L, Chapman MJ. Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2014;232:346-360
Musa-Veloso K, Poon TH, Elliot JA, Chung C. A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range:Results of a meta-Analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011;85:9-28
Lu Z, Kou W, Du B, Wu Y, Zhao S, Brusco OA, Morgan JM, Capuzzi DM. Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:1689-1693
Gordon RY, Cooperman T, Obermeyer W, Becker DJ. Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products:Buyer beware. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1722-1727
Li Y, Jiang L, Jia Z, Xin W, Yang S, Yang Q, Wand L. A meta-Analysis of red yeast rice:An effective and relatively safe alternative approach for dyslipidemia. PLoS One 2014;9:E98611
Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins:A meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:320-328
Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, Keller U, Yancy WS Jr, Brehm BJ, Bucher HC. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors:A meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:285-293
Keys A. Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40:351-359
Shaw K, Gennat H, O'Rourke P, Del Mar C. Exercise for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD003817
Dewell A, Hollenbeck PL, Hollenbeck CB. Clinical review:A critical evaluation of the role of soy protein and isoflavone supplementation in the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:772-780
Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K, Criqui M, Stampfer MJ. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease:Meta-Analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ 1999;319:1523-1528
Droste DW, Iliescu C, Vaillant M, Gantenbein M, De Bremaeker N, Lieunard C, Velez T, Meyer M, Guth T, Kuemmerle A, Gilson G, Chioti A. A daily glass of red wine associated with lifestyle changes independently improves blood lipids in patients with carotid arteriosclerosis:Results from a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2013;12:147
Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors:A meta-Analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:632-646
Santos FL, Esteves SS, da Costa Pereira A, Yancy WS Jr, Nunes JP. Systematic review and meta-Analysis of clinical trials of the effects of low carbohydrate diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Obes Rev 2012;13:1048-1066
Rivellese AA, Maffettone A, Vessby B, Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, Berglund L, Louheranta A, Meyer BJ, Riccardi G. Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 2003;167:149-158
Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins:Human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(5 Suppl):1645S-1654S
Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, Griffen SC, Bremer AA, Graham JL, Hatcher B, Cox CL, Dyachenko A, Zhang W, McGahan JP, Seibert A, Krauss RM, Chiu S, Schaefer EJ, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Nakajima K, Nakano T, Beysen C, Hellerstein MK, Berglund L, Havel PJ. Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J Clin Invest 2009;119:1322-1334
Kelishadi R, Mansourian M, Heidari-Beni M. Association of fructose consumption and components of metabolic syndrome in human studies:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Nutrition 2014;30:503-510
Gayet-Boyer C, Tenenhaus-Aziza F, Prunet C, Marmonier C, Malpuech-Brugere C, Lamarche B, Chardigney JM. Is there a linear relationship between the dose of ruminant trans-fatty acids and cardiovascular risk markers in healthy subjects:Results from a systematic review and meta-regression of randomised clinical trials. Br J Nutr 2014;112:1914-1922
Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Impact of progressive resistance training on lipids and lipoproteins in adults:Another look at a meta-Analysis using prediction intervals. Prev Med 2009;49:473-475
Kastorini CM, Milionis HJ, Esposito K, Giugliano D, Goudevenos JA, Panagiotakos DB. The effect of Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components:A meta-Analysis of 50 studies and 534, 906 individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1299-1313
Maeda K, Noguchi Y, Fukui T. The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles:A meta-Analysis. Prev Med 2003;37:283-290
Poli A, Marangoni F, Paoletti R, Mannarino E, Lupattelli G, Notarbartolo A, Aureli P, Bernini F, Cicero A, Gaddi A, Catapano A, Cricelli C, Gattone M, Marrocco W, Porrini M, Stella R, Vanotti A, Volpe M, Volpe R, Cannella C, Pinto A, Del Toma E, La Vecchia C, Tavani A, Manzato E, Riccardi G, Sirtori C, Zambon A. Non-pharmacological control of plasma cholesterol levels. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008;18:S1-S16
Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins:A meta-Analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1146-1155
Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Shi P, Fahimi S, Lim S, Andrews KG, Engell RE, Powles J, Ezzati M, Mozaffarian D. Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010:A systematic analysis including 266 countryspecific nutrition surveys. BMJ 2014;348:G2272
Griffin JD, Lichtenstein AH. Dietary cholesterol and plasma lipoprotein profiles:Randomized-controlled trials. Curr Nutr Rep 2013;2:274-282
Ordovas JM. Genetic influences on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease risk:Tools for primary prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1509S-1517S
Huffman KM, Hawk VH, Henes ST, Ocampo CI, Orenduff MC, Slentz CA, Johnson JL, Houmard JA, Samsa GP, Kraus WE, Bales CW. Exercise effects on lipids in persons with varying dietary patterns-does diet matter if they exercise? Responses in Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise I. Am Heart J 2012;164:117-124
Vessby B, Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Tapsell LC, Nälsén C, Berglund L, Louheranta A, Rasmussen BM, Calvert GD, Maffetone A, Pedersen E, Gustafsson IB, Storlien LH. Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women:The KANWU Study. Diabetologia 2001;44:312-319
Rivellese AA, Giacco R, Annuzzi G, De Natale C, Patti L, Di Marino L, Minerva V, Costabile G, Santangelo C, Masella R, Riccardi G. Effects of monounsaturated vs. saturated fat on postprandial lipemia and adipose tissue lipases in type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr 2008;27:133-141
Jacobson TA, Glickstein SB, Rowe JD, Soni PN. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipids:A review. J Clin Lipidol 2012;6:5-18
Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Holmes MD, Hu FB, Hankinson SE, Willett WC. Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;73:560-566
De Natale C, Annuzzi G, Bozzetto L, Mazzarella R, Costabile G, Ciano O, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Effects of a plant-based high-carbohydrate/high-fiber diet versus high-monounsaturated fat/low-carbohydrate diet on postprandial lipids in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2009;32:2168-2173
Stanhope KL, Medici V, Bremer AA, Lee V, Lam HD, Nunez MV, Chen GX, Keim NL, Havel PJ. A dose-response study of consuming high-fructose corn syrup-sweetened beverages on lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:1144-1154
Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Knetzger KJ, Wharton MB, McCartney JS, Bales CW, Henes S, Samsa GP, Otvos JD, Kulkarni KR, Slentz CA. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1483-1492
Brien SE, Ronksley PE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease:Systematic review and meta-Analysis of interventional studies. BMJ 2011;342:D636
Goff LM, Cowland DE, Hooper L, Frost GS. Low glycaemic index diets and blood lipids:A systematic review and meta-Analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013;23:1-10
Bazzano LA, Thompson AM, Tees MT, Nguyen CH, Winham DM. Non-soy legume consumption lowers cholesterol levels:A meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011;21:94-103
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC Jr. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome:A joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention;National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute;American Heart Association;World Heart Federation;International Atherosclerosis Society;and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120:1640-1645
Puzziferri N, Roshek TB 3rd, Mayo HG, Gallagher R, Belle SH, Livingston EH. Long-Term follow-up after bariatric surgery:A systematic review. JAMA 2014;312:934-942
Harris WS, Mozaffarian D, Rimm E, Kris-Etherton P, Rudel LL, Appel LJ, Engler MM, Engler MB, Sacks F. Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease:A science advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism;Council on Cardiovascular Nursing;and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2009;119:902-907
Mozaffarian D, Lemaitre RN, King IB, Song X, Huang H, Sacks FM, Rimm EB, Wang M, Siscovick DS. Plasma phospholipid long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults:A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:515-525
Sirtori CR, Galli C, Anderson JW, Arnoldi A. Nutritional and nutraceutical approaches to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis prevention:Focus on dietary proteins. Atherosclerosis 2009;203:8-17
Lea LJ, Hepburn PA. Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9:Results of a European post-launch monitoring programme. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44:1213-1222
AbuMweis SS, Jew S, Ames NP. b-glucan from barley and its lipid-lowering capacity:A meta-Analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010;64:1472-1480
Wolever TM, Tosh SM, Gibbs AL, Brand-Miller J, Duncan AM, Hart V, Lamarche B, Thomson BA, Duss R, Wood PJ. Physicochemical properties of oat beta-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans:A randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:723-732
Más R, Castaño G, Illnait J, Fernández L, Fernández J, Alemán C, Pontigas V, Lescay M. Effects of policosanol in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and additional coronary risk factors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;65:439-447
Reiner Z, Tedeschi-Reiner E, Romic Z. Effects of rice policosanol on serum lipoproteins, homocysteine, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein in hypercholesterolaemic patients. Clin Drug Investig 2005;25:701-707
Lan J, Zhao Y, Dong F, Yan Z, Zheng W, Fan J, Sun G. Meta-Analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;161:69-81
Weng TC, Yang YH, Lin SJ, Tai SH. A systematic review and meta-Analysis on the therapeutic equivalence of statins. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010;35:139-151
Chasman DI, Giulianini F, MacFadyen J, Barratt BJ, Nyberg F, Ridker PM. Genetic determinants of statin-induced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction:The Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention:An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2012;5:257-264
Reiner Z. Resistance and intolerance to statins. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014;24:1057-1066
Gould AL, Rossouw JE, Santanello NC, Heyse JF, Furberg CD. Cholesterol reduction yields clinical benefit. A new look at old data. Circulation 1995;91:2274-2282
Gould AL, Rossouw JE, Santanello NC, Heyse JF, Furberg CD. Cholesterol reduction yields clinical benefit:Impact of statin trials. Circulation 1998;97:946-952
Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment:Prospective meta-Analysis of data from 90, 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-1278
Genser B, Marz W. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, statins and cardiovascular events:A meta-Analysis. Clin Res Cardiol 2006;95:393-404
Mills EJ, Wu P, Chong G, Ghement I, Singh S, Akl EA, Eyawo O, Guyatt G, Berwanger O, Briel M. Efficacy and safety of statin treatment for cardiovascular disease:A network meta-Analysis of 170, 255 patients from 76 randomized trials. QJM 2011;104:109-124
Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Erqou S, Sever P, Jukema JW, Ford I, Sattar N. Statins and all-cause mortality in high-risk primary prevention:A meta-Analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 65, 229 participants. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1024-1031
Taylor F, Huffman MD, Macedo AF, Moore TH, Burke M, Davey Smith G, Ward K, Ebrahim S. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;1:CD004816
Davignon J. Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins. Circulation 2004;109(23 Suppl 1):III-39-III-43
Zhou Q, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Basic research and clinical perspectives. Circulation J 2010;74:818-826
Pedersen TR. Pleiotropic effects of statins:Evidence against benefits beyond LDL-cholesterol lowering. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010;10(Suppl 1):10-17
McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Malouf R, Passmore P. Statins for the treatment of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;7:CD007514
Eslami L, Merat S, Malekzadeh R, Nasseri-Moghaddam S, Aramin H. Statins for non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-Alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;12:CD008623
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration, Emberson JR, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Newman C, Reith C, Bhala N, Holland L, Peto R, Keech A, Collins R, Simes J, Baigent C. Lack of effect of lowering LDL cholesterol on cancer:Meta-Analysis of individual data from 175, 000 people in 27 randomised trials of statin therapy. PLoS One 2012;7:E29849
Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG, Bojesen SE. Statin use and reduced cancer-related mortality. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1792-1802
Li L, Sun T, Zhang P, Tian J, Yang K. Statins for primary prevention of venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;12:CD008203
Raval AD, Hunter T, Stuckey B, Hart RJ. Statins for women with polycystic ovary syndrome not actively trying to conceive. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;10:CD008565
Gauthier JM, Massicotte A. Statins and their effect on cognition:Let's clear up the confusion. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2015;148:150-155
Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Roden M, Stein E, Tokgözoǧlu L, Nordestgaard BG, Bruckert E, De Backer G, Krauss RM, Laufs U, Santos RD, Hegele RA, Hovingh GK, Leiter LA, Mach F, März W, Newman CB, Wiklund O, Jacobson TA, Catapano AL, Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN;European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Statin-Associated muscle symptoms:Impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1012-1022
Law M, Rudnicka AR. Statin safety:A systematic review. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(8A):52C-60C
Finegold JA, Francis DP. What proportion of symptomatic side-effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? A response to letters. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015;22:1328-1330
Naci H, Brugts J, Ades T. Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins:A study-level network meta-Analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013;6:390-399
Bruckert E, Hayem G, Dejager S, Yau C, Bégaud B. Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients-The PRIMO study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2005;19:403-414
Davidson MH, Clark JA, Glass LM, Kanumalla A. Statin safety:An appraisal from the adverse event reporting system. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(8A):32C-43C
Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, Clarkson PM, Cole SM, Keadle J, Chipkin S, Pescatello LS, Simpson K, White CM, Thompson PD. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation 2013;127:96-103
Moriarty PM, Jacobson TA, Bruckert E, Thompson PD, Guyton JR, Baccara-Dinet MT, Gipe D. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, in statin-intolerant patients:Design and rationale of ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE, a randomized phase 3 trial. J Clin Lipidol 2014;8:554-561
Stroes E, Colquhoun D, Sullivan D, Civeira F, Rosenson RS, Watts GF, Bruckert E, Cho L, Dent R, Knusel B, Xue A, Scott R, Wasserman SM, Rocco M. Anti-PCSK9 antibody effectively lowers cholesterol in patients with statin intolerance:The GAUSS-2 randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial of evolocumab. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:2541-2548
Keating AJ, Campbell KB, Guyton JR. Intermittent nondaily dosing strategies in patients with previous statin-induced myopathy. Ann Pharmacother 2013;47:398-404
Marcum ZA, Vande Griend JP, Linnebur SA. FDA drug safety communications:A narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2012;10:264-271
Chalasani N, Aljadhey H, Kesterson J, Murray MD, Hall SD. Patients with elevated liver enzymes are not at higher risk for statin hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1287-1292
Vuppalanchi R, Teal E, Chalasani N. Patients with elevated baseline liver enzymes do not have higher frequency of hepatotoxicity from lovastatin than those with normal baseline liver enzymes. Am J Med Sci 2005;329:62-65
Dongiovanni P, Petta S, Mannisto V, Mancina RM, Pipitone R, Karja V, Maggioni M, Kakela P, Wiklund O, Mozzi E, Grimaudo S, Kaminska D, Rametta R, Craxi A, Fargion S, Nobili V, Romeo S, Pihlajamaki J, Valenti L. Statin use and non-Alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals. J Hepatol 2015;63:705-712
Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ, Seshasai SR, McMurray JJ, Freeman DJ, Jukema JW, Macfarlane PW, Packard CJ, Stott DJ, Westendorp RG, Shepherd J, Davis BR, Pressel SL, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Cook TJ, Gotto AM, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Nakamura H, Ohashi Y, Mizuno K, Ray KK, Ford I. Statins and risk of incident diabetes:A collaborative meta-Analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 2010;375:735-742
Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, Murphy SA, Ho JE, Waters DD, DeMicco DA, Barter P, Cannon CP, Sabatine MS, Braunwald E, Kastelein JJ, de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Pedersen TR, Tikkanen MJ, Sattar N, Ray KK. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy:A meta-Analysis. JAMA 2011;305:2556-2564
Waters DD, Ho JE, Boekholdt SM, DeMicco DA, Kastelein JJ, Messig M, Breazna A, Pedersen TR. Cardiovascular event reduction versus new-onset diabetes during atorvastatin therapy:Effect of baseline risk factors for diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:148-152
Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, Perkovic V, Johnson DW, Nigwekar SU, Hegbrant J, Strippoli GF. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;1:CD005019
Vidt DG. Statins and proteinuria. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2005;7:351-357
Sidaway JE, Davidson RG, McTaggart F, Orton TC, Scott RC, Smith GJ, Brunskill NJ. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase reduce receptor-mediated endocytosis in opossum kidney cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2258-2265
Davidson MH. Rosuvastatin safety:Lessons from the FDA review and postapproval surveillance. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2004;3:547-557
Egan A, Colman E.Weighing the benefits of high-dose simvastatin against the risk of myopathy. N Engl J Med 2011;365:285-287
Wiklund O, Pirazzi C, Romeo S. Monitoring of lipids, enzymes, and creatine kinase in patients on lipid-lowering drug therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2013;15:397
Holoshitz N, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Karas RH. Relative safety of gemfibrozil and fenofibrate in the absence of concomitant cerivastatin use. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:95-97
Franssen R, Vergeer M, Stroes ES, Kastelein JJ. Combination statin-fibrate therapy:Safety aspects. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009;11:89-94
Guyton JR, Bays HE. Safety considerations with niacin therapy. Am J Cardiol 2007;99(6A):22C-31C
Cziraky MJ, Willey VJ, McKenney JM, Kamat SA, Fisher MD, Guyton JR, Jacobson TA, Davidson MH. Statin safety:An assessment using an administrative claims database. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(8A):61C-68C
Ooi CP, Loke SC. Colesevelam for type 2 diabetes mellitus:An abridged Cochrane review. Diabet Med 2014;31:2-14
The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984;251:351-364
Pre-entry characteristics of participants in the Lipid Research Clinics' Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. J Chronic Dis 1983;36:467-479
The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Results of 6 years of post-Trial follow-up. The Lipid Research Clinics Investigators. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:1399-1410
He L, Wickremasingha P, Lee J, Tao B, Mendell-Harary J, Walker J, Wight D. Lack of effect of colesevelam HCl on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of aspirin, atenolol, enalapril, phenytoin, rosiglitazone, and sitagliptin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;104:401-409
RossebøAB, Pedersen TR, Boman K, Brudi P, Chambers JB, Egstrup K, Gerdts E, Gohlke-Bärwolf C, Holme I, Kesäniemi YA, Malbecq W, Nienaber CA, Ray S, Skjaerpe T, Wachtell K, Willenheimer R. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1343-1356
Sharp Collaborative Group. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP):Randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9, 438 patients with chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J 2010;160:785-794 e10
Myocardial Infarction Genetics Consortium Investigators, Stitziel NO, Won HH, Morrison AC, Peloso GM, Do R, Lange LA, Fontanillas P, Gupta N, Duga S, Goel A, Farrall M, Saleheen D, Ferrario P, König I, Asselta R, Merlini PA, Marziliano N, Notarangelo MF, Schick U, Auer P, Assimes TL, Reilly M, Wilensky R, Rader DJ, Hovingh GK, Meitinger T, Kessler T, Kastrati A, Laugwitz KL, Siscovick D, Rotter JI, Hazen SL, Tracy R, Cresci S, Spertus J, Jackson R, Schwartz SM, Natarajan P, Crosby J, Muzny D, Ballantyne C, Rich SS, O'Donnell CJ, Abecasis G, Sunyaev S, Nickerson DA, Buring JE, Ridker PM, Chasman DI, Austin E, Ye Z, Kullo IJ, Weeke PE, Shaffer CM, Bastarache LA, Denny JC, Roden DM, Palmer C, Deloukas P, Lin DY, Tang ZZ, Erdmann J, Schunkert H, Danesh J, Marrugat J, Elosua R, Ardissino D, McPherson R, Watkins H, Reiner AP, Wilson JG, Altshuler D, Gibbs RA, Lander ES, Boerwinkle E, Gabriel S, Kathiresan S. Inactivating mutations in NPC1L1 and protection from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2072-2082
Tsujita K, Sugiyama S, Sumida H, Shimomura H, Yamashita T, Yamanaga K, Komura N, Sakamoto K, Oka H, Nakao K, Nakamura S, Ishihara M, Matsui K, Sakaino N, Nakamura N, Yamamoto N, Koide S, Matsumura T, Fujimoto K, Tsunoda R, Morikami Y, Matsuyama K, Oshima S, Kaikita K, Hokimoto S, Ogawa H. Impact of dual lipid-lowering strategy with ezetimibe and atorvastatin on coronary plaque regression in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention:The multicenter randomized controlled PRECISE-IVUS trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:495-507
Abifadel M, Varret M, Rabès JP, Allard D, Ouguerram K, Devillers M, Cruaud C, Benjannet S, Wickham L, Erlich D, DerréA, Villéger L, Farnier M, Beucler I, Bruckert E, Chambaz J, Chanu B, Lecerf JM, Luc G, Moulin P, Weissenbach J, Prat A, Krempf M, Junien C, Seidah NG, Boileau C. Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Nat Genet 2003;34:154-156
Norata GD, Tibolla G, Catapano AL. Targeting PCSK9 for hypercholesterolemia. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014;54:273-293
Navarese EP, Kolodziejczak M, Kereiakes DJ, Tantry US, O'Connor C, Gurbel PA. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies for acute coronary syndrome:A narrative review. Ann Intern Med 2016;164:600-607
Zhang XL, Zhu L, Wei ZH, Zhu QQ, Qiao JZ, Dai Q, Huang W, Li XH, Xie J, Kang LN, Wang L, Xu B. Comparative efficacy and safety of everolimus-eluting bioresorbable scaffold versus everolimus-eluting metallic stents:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med 2016;164:752-763
AIM-HIGH Investigators, Boden WE, Probstfield JL, Anderson T, Chaitman BR, Desvignes-Nickens P, Koprowicz K, McBride R, Teo K, Weintraub W. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2255-2267
HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group, Landray MJ, Haynes R, Hopewell JC, Parish S, Aung T, Tomson J, Wallendszus K, Craig M, Jiang L, Collins R, Armitage J. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2014;371:203-212
Zhao XQ, Krasuski RA, Baer J, Whitney EJ, Neradilek B, Chait A, Marcovina S, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Effects of combination lipid therapy on coronary stenosis progression and clinical cardiovascular events in coronary disease patients with metabolic syndrome:A combined analysis of the Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (FATS), the HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS), and the Armed Forces Regression Study (AFREGS). Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1457-1464
Jones MR, Nwose OM. Role of colesevelam in combination lipid-lowering therapy. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2013;13:315-323
Abumweis SS, Barake R, Jones PJ. Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents:A meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr Res 2008;52. ISSN 1654-661X. Available at http://www.foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/1811
Tyroler HA. Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. An overview of Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) epidemiologic studies as background for the LRC Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Am J Cardiol 1984;54:14C-19C
Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, Stamler J, Friedman L, Prineas RJ, Friedewald W. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients:Longterm benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:1245-1255
Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, PyöräläK, Keil U. EUROASPIRE III:A survey on the lifestyle, risk factors and use of cardioprotective drug therapies in coronary patients from 22 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:121-137
Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, Goldberg IJ, Sacks F, Murad MH, Stalenhoef AF. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia:An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2969-2989
Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, Andreotti F, Borén J, Catapano AL, Descamps OS, Fisher E, Kovanen PT, Kuivenhoven JA, Lesnik P, Masana L, Nordestgaard BG, Ray KK, Reiner Z, Taskinen MR, Tokgözoglu L, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Watts GF. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease:Evidence and guidance for management. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1345-1361
Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, Best J, Scott R, Taskinen MR, Forder P, Pillai A, Davis T, Glasziou P, Drury P, Kesäniemi YA, Sullivan D, Hunt D, Colman P, d'Emden M, Whiting M, Ehnholm C, Laakso M. Effects of long-Term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study):Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1849-1861
ACCORD Study Group, Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse JR 3rd, Leiter LA, Linz P, Friedewald WT, Buse JB, Gerstein HC, Probstfield J, Grimm RH, Ismail-Beigi F, Bigger JT, Goff DC Jr, Cushman WC, Simons-Morton DG, Byington RP. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1563-1574
Chapman MJ, Redfern JS, McGovern ME, Giral P. Niacin and fibrates in atherogenic dyslipidemia:Pharmacotherapy to reduce cardiovascular risk. Pharmacol Ther 2010;126:314-345
Catapano AL, Farnier M, Foody JM, Toth PP, Tomassini JE, Brudi P, Tershakovec AM. Combination therapy in dyslipidemia:Where are we now? Atherosclerosis 2014;237:319-335
Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, Heinonen OP, Heinsalmi P, Helo P, Huttunen JK, Kaitaniemi P, Koskinen P, Manninen V, et al. Helsinki Heart Study:Primaryprevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-Aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1237-1245
Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FH, Linares E, Schaefer EJ, Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:410-418
Lipids and lipoproteins in symptomatic coronary heart disease. Distribution, intercorrelations, and significance for risk classification in 6, 700 men and 1, 500 women. The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study Group, Israel. Circulation 1992;86:839-848
Keene D, Price C, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis DP. Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors:Meta-Analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117, 411 patients. BMJ 2014;349:G4379
Ip CK, Jin DM, Gao JJ, Meng Z, Meng J, Tan Z, Wang JF, Geng DF. Effects of add-on lipid-modifying therapy on top of background statin treatment on major cardiovascular events:A meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol 2015;191:138-148
Jun M, Foote C, Lv J, Neal B, Patel A, Nicholls SJ, Grobbee DE, Cass A, Chalmers J, Perkovic V. Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Lancet 2010;375:1875-1884
Lee M, Saver JL, Towfighi A, Chow J, Ovbiagele B. Efficacy of fibrates for cardiovascular risk reduction in persons with atherogenic dyslipidemia:A meta-Analysis. Atherosclerosis 2011;217:492-498
Bruckert E, Labreuche J, Deplanque D, Touboul PJ, Amarenco P. Fibrates effect on cardiovascular risk is greater in patients with high triglyceride levels or atherogenic dyslipidemia profile:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011;57:267-272
Davidson MH, Armani A, McKenney JM, Jacobson TA. Safety considerations with fibrate therapy. Am J Cardiol 2007;99(6A):3C-18C
Jun M, Zhu B, Tonelli M, Jardine MJ, Patel A, Neal B, Liyanage T, Keech A, Cass A, Perkovic V. Effects of fibrates in kidney disease:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:2061-2071
Taskinen MR, Sullivan DR, Ehnholm C, Whiting M, Zannino D, Simes RJ, Keech AC, Barter PJ. Relationships of HDL cholesterol, ApoA-I, and ApoA-II with homocysteine and creatinine in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with fenofibrate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:950-955
Herrmann M, Whiting MJ, Veillard AS, Ehnholm C, Sullivan DR, Keech AC. Plasma homocysteine and the risk of venous thromboembolism:Insights from the FIELD study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012;50:2213-2219
Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Mechanism of action of niacin. Am J Cardiol 2008;101(8A):20B-26B
Bruckert E, Labreuche J, Amarenco P. Meta-Analysis of the effect of nicotinic acid alone or in combination on cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2010;210:353-361
Brown BG, Zhao XQ. Nicotinic acid, alone and in combinations, for reduction of cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 2008;101(8A):58B-62B
Balk EM, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M, Kupelnick B, Chew P, Lau J. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serum markers of cardiovascular disease risk:A systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2006;189:19-30
Ballantyne CM, Bays HE, Kastelein JJ, Stein E, Isaacsohn JL, Braeckman RA, Soni PN. Efficacy and safety of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in statin-Treated patients with persistent high triglycerides (from the ANCHOR study). Am J Cardiol 2012;110:984-992
Bays HE, Ballantyne CM, Kastelein JJ, Isaacsohn JL, Braeckman RA, Soni PN. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (AMR101) therapy in patients with very high triglyceride levels (from the Multi-center, plAcebo-controlled, Randomized, double-blINd, 12-week study with an open-label Extension [MARINE] trial). Am J Cardiol 2011;108:682-690
Kastelein JJ, Maki KC, Susekov A, Ezhov M, Nordestgaard BG, Machielse BN, Kling D, Davidson MH. Omega-3 free fatty acids for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia:The EpanoVa fOr Lowering Very high triglyceridEs (EVOLVE) trial. J Clin Lipidol 2014;8:94-106
Wei MY, Jacobson TA. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipids:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011;13:474-483
Kotwal S, Jun M, Sullivan D, Perkovic V, Neal B. Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes:Systematic review and meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012;5:808-818
Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H, Itakura H, Kita T, Kitabatake A, Nakaya N, Sakata T, Shimada K, Shirato K. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS):A randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet 2007;369:1090-1098
Hooper L, Thompson RL, Harrison RA, Summerbell CD, Ness AR, Moore HJ, Worthington HV, Durrington PN, Higgins JP, Capps NE, Riemersma RA, Ebrahim SB, Davey Smith G. Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer:Systematic review. BMJ 2006;332:752-760
Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, Chieffo C, Di Gregorio D, Di Mascio R, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Levantesi G, Maggioni AP, Mantini L, Marfisi RM, Mastrogiuseppe G, Mininni N, Nicolosi GL, Santini M, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Tucci C, Valagussa F. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction:Time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell-Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105:1897-1903
Brasky TM, Darke AK, Song X, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Thompson IM, Meyskens FL Jr, Goodman GE, Minasian LM, Parnes HL, Klein EA, Kristal AR. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids and prostate cancer risk in the SELECT trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013;105:1132-1141
Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Sipahi I, Grasso AW, Schoenhagen P, Hu T, Wolski K, Crowe T, Desai MY, Hazen SL, Kapadia SR, Nissen SE. Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA 2007;297:499-508
Barter PJ, Brandrup-Wognsen G, Palmer MK, Nicholls SJ. Effect of statins on HDL-C:A complex process unrelated to changes in LDL-C:Analysis of the VOYAGER Database. J Lipid Res 2010;51:1546-1553
Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, Maroni J, Szarek M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, Fruchart JC. HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1301-1310
Fruchart JC, Sacks FM, Hermans MP, Assmann G, Brown WV, Ceska R, Chapman MJ, Dodson PM, Fioretto P, Ginsberg HN, Kadowaki T, Lablanche JM, Marx N, Plutzky J, Reiner Z, Rosenson RS, Staels B, Stock JK, Sy R, Wanner C, Zambon A, Zimmet P. The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative:A call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patient. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008;5:319-335
Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, Komajda M, Lopez-Sendon J, Mosca L, Tardif JC, Waters DD, Shear CL, Revkin JH, Buhr KA, Fisher MR, Tall AR, Brewer B. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2109-2122
Global Lipids Genetics Consortium, Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, Ganna A, Chen J, Buchkovich ML, Mora S, Beckmann JS, Bragg-Gresham JL, Chang HY, Demirkan A, Den Hertog HM, Do R, Donnelly LA, Ehret GB, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Fontanillas P, Fraser RM, Freitag DF, Gurdasani D, HeikkiläK, Hyppönen E, Isaacs A, Jackson AU, Johansson A, Johnson T, Kaakinen M, Kettunen J, Kleber ME, Li X, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Magnusson PK, Mangino M, Mihailov E, Montasser ME, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, O'Connell JR, Palmer CD, Perola M. Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels. Nat Genet 2013;45:1274-1283
Veerkamp MJ, de Graaf J, Bredie SJ, Hendriks JC, Demacker PN, Stalenhoef AF. Diagnosis of familial combined hyperlipidemia based on lipid phenotype expression in 32 families:Results of a 5-year follow-up study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:274-282
Benn M, Watts GF, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Familial hypercholesterolemia in the Danish general population:Prevalence, coronary artery disease, and cholesterol-lowering medication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:3956-3964
de Ferranti SD, Rodday AM, Mendelson MM, Wong JB, Leslie LK, Sheldrick RC. Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Circulation 2016;133:1067-1072
Risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register Group. BMJ 1991;303:893-896
World Health Organization. Human Genetics Programme. Familial hypercholesterolemia:Report of a second WHO consultation. WHO/HGN/FH/Cons/992. Geneva:World Health Organization, 1999
Defesche JC, Lansberg PJ, Umans-Eckenhausen MA, Kastelein JJ. Advanced method for the identification of patients with inherited hypercholesterolemia. Semin Vasc Med 2004;4:59-65
Cuchel M, Bruckert E, Ginsberg HN, Raal FJ, Santos RD, Hegele RA, Kuivenhoven JA, Nordestgaard BG, Descamps OS, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Watts GF, Averna M, Boileau C, Borén J, Catapano AL, Defesche JC, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Kovanen PT, Masana L, Pajukanta P, Parhofer KG, Ray KK, Stalenhoef AF, Stroes E, Taskinen MR, Wiegman A, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia:New insights and guidance for clinicians to improve detection and clinical management. A position paper from the Consensus Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolaemia of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J 2014:35:2146-2157
Wiegman A, Gidding SS, Watts GF, Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Cuchel M, Ose L, Averna M, Boileau C, Borén J, Bruckert E, Catapano AL, Defesche JC, Descamps OS, Hegele RA, Hovingh GK, Humphries SE, Kovanen PT, Kuivenhoven JA, Masana L, Nordestgaard BG, Pajukanta P, Parhofer KG, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Santos RD, Stalenhoef AF, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Stroes ES, Taskinen MR, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Wiklund O. Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents:Gaining decades of life by optimizing detection and treatment. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2425-2437
Johansen CT, Wang J, Lanktree MB, McIntyre AD, Ban MR, Martins RA, Kennedy BA, Hassell RG, Visser ME, Schwartz SM, Voight BF, Elosua R, Salomaa V, O'Donnell CJ, Dallinga-Thie GM, Anand SS, Yusuf S, Huff MW, Kathiresan S, Cao H, Hegele RA. An increased burden of common and rare lipid-Associated risk alleles contributes to the phenotypic spectrum of hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011;31: 1916-1926
Gaudet D, Méthot J, Déry S, Brisson D, Essiembre C, Tremblay G, Tremblay K, de Wal J, Twisk J, van den Bulk N, Sier-Ferreira V, van Deventer S. Efficacy and longterm safety of alipogene tiparvovec (AAV1-LPLS447X) gene therapy for lipoprotein lipase deficiency:An open-label trial. Gene Ther 2013;20:361-369
Huff MW, Hegele RA. Apolipoprotein C-III:Going back to the future for a lipid drug target. Circ Res 2013;112:1405-1408
Lindkvist B, Appelros S, Regner S, Manjer J. A prospective cohort study on risk of acute pancreatitis related to serum triglycerides, cholesterol and fasting glucose. Pancreatology 2012;12:317-324
Ewald N, Hardt PD, Kloer HU. Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis:Presentation and management. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009;20:497-504
Reiner Z, Guardamagna O, Nair D, Soran H, Hovingh K, Bertolini S, Jones S, ĆorićM, Calandra S, Hamilton J, Eagleton T, Ros E. Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency-An under-recognized cause of dyslipidaemia and liver dysfunction. Atherosclerosis 2014;235:21-30
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents:Summary report. Pediatrics 2011;128(Suppl 5):S213-S256
Reiner Z. Impact of early evidence of atherosclerotic changes on early treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Circ Res 2014;114:233-235
Jonsdottir LS, Sigfússon N, Gudnason V, Sigvaldason H, Thorgeirsson G. Do lipids, blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking confer equal risk of myocardial infarction in women as in men? The Reykjavik Study. J Cardiovasc Risk 2002;9:67-76
Falk E, Nakano M, Bentzon JF, Finn AV, Virmani R. Update on acute coronary syndromes:The pathologists' view. Eur Heart J 2013;34:719-728
Walsh JM, Pignone M. Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia in women. JAMA 2004;291:2243-2252
d'Emden MC, Jenkins AJ, Li L, Zannino D, Mann KP, Best JD, Stuckey BG, Park K, Saltevo J, Keech AC. Favourable effects of fenofibrate on lipids and cardiovascular disease in women with type 2 diabetes:Results from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetologia 2014;57:2296-2303
Spitzer WO, Faith JM, MacRae KD. Myocardial infarction and third generation oral contraceptives:Aggregation of recent studies. Human Reprod 2002;17:2307-2314
Shufelt CL, Bairey Merz CN. Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:221-231
Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, Rossouw JE, Assaf AR, Lasser NL, Trevisan M, Black HR, Heckbert SR, Detrano R, Strickland OL, Wong ND, Crouse JR, Stein E, Cushman M. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2003;349:523-534
Rosengren A. Better treatment and improved prognosis in elderly patients with AMI:But do registers tell the whole truth? Eur Heart J 2012;33:562-563
Gale CP, Cattle BA, Woolston A, Baxter PD, West TH, Simms AD, Blaxill J, Greenwood DC, Fox KA, West RM. Resolving inequalities in care? Reduced mortality in the elderly after acute coronary syndromes. The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project 2003-2010. Eur Heart J 2012;33:630-639
Prospective Studies Collaboration, Lewington S, Whitlock G, Clarke R, Sherliker P, Emberson J, Halsey J, Qizilibash N, Peto R, Collins R. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure:A meta-Analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55, 000 vascular deaths. Lancet 2007;370:1829-1839
Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other societies on coronary prevention. Eur Heart J 1998;19: 1434-1503
Berry JD, Dyer A, Cai X, Garside DB, Ning H, Thomas A, Greenland P, Van Horn L, Tracy RP, Lloyd-Jones DM. Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2012;366:321-329
Giang KW, Björck L, Novak M, Lappas G, Wilhelmsen L, Torén K, Rosengren A. Stroke and coronary heart disease:Predictive power of standard risk factors into old age-long-Term cumulative risk study among men in Gothenburg, Sweden. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1068-1074
Wilhelmsen L, Svärdsudd K, Eriksson H, Rosengren A, Hansson PO, Welin C, Odén A, Welin L. Factors associated with reaching 90 years of age:A study of men born in 1913 in Gothenburg, Sweden. J Intern Med 2011;269:441-451
Reiner Z. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with statins in the elderly. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014;16:420
Savarese G, Gotto AM Jr, Paolillo S, D'Amore C, Losco T, Musella F, Scala O, Marciano C, Ruggiero D, Marsico F, De Luca G, Trimarco B, Perrone-Filardi P. Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease:A meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:2090-2099
Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, Langendorfer A, Stein EA, Kruyer W, Gotto AM Jr. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels:Results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998;279:1615-1622
Glynn RJ, Koenig W, Nordestgaard BG, Shepherd J, Ridker PM. Rosuvastatin for primary prevention in older persons with elevated C-reactive protein and low to average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels:Exploratory analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:488-496, W174
Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Gaw A, Hyland M, Jukema JW, Kamper AM, Macfarlane PW, Meinders AE, Norrie J, Packard CJ, Perry IJ, Stott DJ, Sweeney BJ, Twomey C, Westendorp RG. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER):A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:1623-1630
Deedwania P, Stone PH, Bairey Merz CN, Cosin-Aguilar J, Koylan N, Luo D, Ouyang P, Piotrowicz R, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Sellier P, Stein JH, Thompson PL, Tzivoni D. Effects of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia in older patients with coronary heart disease:Results of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE). Circulation 2007;115:700-707
Miettinen TA, PyöräläK, Olsson AG, Musliner TA, Cook TJ, Faergeman O, Berg K, Pedersen T, Kjekshus J. Cholesterol-lowering therapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris:Findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation 1997;96:4211-4218
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20, 536 high-risk individuals:A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22
Hunt D, Young P, Simes J, Hague W, Mann S, Owensby D, Lane G, Tonkin A. Benefits of pravastatin on cardiovascular events and mortality in older patients with coronary heart disease are equal to or exceed those seen in younger patients:Results from the LIPID trial. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:931-940
Lewis SJ, Moye LA, Sacks FM, Johnstone DE, Timmis G, Mitchell J, Limacher M, Kell S, Glasser SP, Grant J, Davis BR, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction and cholesterol levels in the average range. Results of the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:681-689
Wenger NK, Lewis SJ, Herrington DM, Bittner V, Welty FK. Outcomes of using high-or low-dose atorvastatin in patients 65 years of age or older with stable coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:1-9
Gränsbo K, Melander O, Wallentin L, Lindbäck J, Stenestrand U, Carlsson J, Nilsson J. Cardiovascular and cancer mortality in very elderly post-myocardial infarction patients receiving statin treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1362-1369
Zimmet PZ, Magliano DJ, Herman WH, Shaw JE. Diabetes:A 21st century challenge. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:56-64
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Seshasai SR, Kaptoge S, Thompson A, Di Angelantonio E, Gao P, Sarwar N, Whincup PH, Mukamal KJ, Gillum RF, Holme I, Njølstad I, Fletcher A, Nilsson P, Lewington S, Collins R, Gudnason V, Thompson SG, Sattar N, Selvin E, Hu FB, Danesh J. Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N Engl J Med 2011;364:829-841
Gregg EW, Li Y, Wang J, Burrows NR, Ali MK, Rolka D, Williams DE, Geiss L. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990-2010. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1514-1523
Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, Ingelsson E, Lawlor DA, Selvin E, Stampfer M, Stehouwer CD, Lewington S, Pennells L, Thompson A, Sattar N, White IR, Ray KK, Danesh J. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease:A collaborative meta-Analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 2010;375:2215-2222
Sattar N. Revisiting the links between glycaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetologia 2013;56:686-695
Liu J, Grundy SM, Wang W, Smith SC Jr, Vega GL, Wu Z, Zeng Z, Wang W, Zhao D. Ten-year risk of cardiovascular incidence related to diabetes, prediabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Am Heart J 2007;153:552-558
Despres JP. Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease:An update. Circulation 2012;126:1301-1313
Donahoe SM, Stewart GC, McCabe CH, Mohanavelu S, Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Antman EM. Diabetes and mortality following acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2007;298:765-775
Tchernof A, Despres JP. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity:An update. Physiol Rev 2013;93:359-404
van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Nuotio ML, Slagter SN, Doiron D, Fischer K, Foco L, Gaye A, Gögele M, Heier M, Hiekkalinna T, Joensuu A, Newby C, Pang C, Partinen E, Reischl E, Schwienbacher C, Tammesoo ML, Swertz MA, Burton P, Ferretti V, Fortier I, Giepmans L, Harris JR, Hillege HL, Holmen J, Jula A, Kootstra-Ros JE, Kvaløy K, Holmen TL, MännistöS, Metspalu A, Midthjell K, Murtagh MJ, Peters A, Pramstaller PP, Saaristo T, Salomaa V, Stolk RP, Uusitupa M, van der Harst P, van der Klauw MM, Waldenberger M, Perola M, Wolffenbuttel BH. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolically healthy obesity in Europe:A collaborative analysis of ten large cohort studies. BMC Endocr Disord 2014;14:9
Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin EL, Eisenberg MJ. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1113-1132
Adiels M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, Borén J. Overproduction of very lowdensity lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:1225-1236
Taskinen MR, Boren J. New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2015;239:483-495
Scott R, O'Brien R, Fulcher G, Pardy C, D'Emden M, Tse D, Taskinen MR, Ehnholm C, Keech A. Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9, 795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome:The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:493-498
Ballantyne CM, Olsson AG, Cook TJ, Mercuri MF, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation 2001;104:3046-3051
Saha SA, Arora RR. Fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-A pooled meta-Analysis of randomized placebocontrolled clinical trials. Int J Cardiol 2010;141:157-166
Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Lindstrom J, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Hämäläinen H, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Valle TT, Lahtela J, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J;Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes Care 2008;31:805-807
Laing SP, Swerdlow AJ, Slater SD, Burden AC, Morris A, Waugh NR, Gatling W, Bingley PJ, Patterson CC. Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23, 000 patients with insulin-Treated diabetes. Diabetologia 2003;46:760-765
Chillaron JJ, Flores Le-Roux JA, Benaiges D, Pedro-Botet J. Type 1 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Metabolism 2014;63:181-187
Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R;Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes:A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005-2016
Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, Zeiher A, Chaitman BR, Leslie S, Stern T. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes:The MIRACL study:A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:1711-1718
de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, Lewis EF, Fox KA, White HD, Rouleau JL, Pedersen TR, Gardner LH, Mukherjee R, Ramsey KE, Palmisano J, Bilheimer DW, Pfeffer MA, Califf RM, Braunwald E. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes:Phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA 2004;292:1307-1316
Ray KK, Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Cairns R, Tonkin AM, Sacks FM, Jackson G, Braunwald E. Early and late benefits of high-dose atorvastatin in patients with acute coronary syndromes:Results from the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1405-1410
Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. JAMA 2012;308:1024-1033
Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Abt M, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, Brumm J, Chaitman BR, Holme IM, Kallend D, Leiter LA, Leitersdorf E, McMurray JJ, Mundl H, Nicholls SJ, Shah PK, Tardif JC, Wright RS. Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2089-2099
Di Sciascio G, Patti G, Pasceri V, Gaspardone A, Colonna G, Montinaro A. Efficacy of atorvastatin reload in patients on chronic statin therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention:Results of the ARMYDA-RECAPTURE (Atorvastatin for Reduction of Myocardial Damage During Angioplasty) Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:558-565
Patti G, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, Mega S, Pasceri V, Briguori C, Colombo A, Yun KH, Jeong MH, Kim JS, Choi D, Bozbas H, Kinoshita M, Fukuda K, Jia XW, Hara H, Cay S, Di Sciascio G. Clinical benefit of statin pretreatment in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention:A collaborative patient-level meta-Analysis of 13 randomized studies. Circulation 2011;123:1622-1632
Briguori C, Visconti G, Focaccio A, Golia B, Chieffo A, Castelli A, Mussardo M, Montorfano M, Ricciardelli B, Colombo A. Novel approaches for preventing or limiting events (Naples) II trial:Impact of a single high loading dose of atorvastatin on periprocedural myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:2157-2163
Kim JS, Kim J, Choi D, Lee CJ, Lee SH, Ko YG, Hong MK, Kim BK, Oh SJ, Jeon DW, Yang JY, Cho JR, Lee NH, Cho YH, Cho DK, Jang Y. Efficacy of high-dose atorvastatin loading before primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction:The STATIN STEMI trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010;3:332-339
Gandhi S, Mosleh W, Abdel-Qadir H, Farkouh ME. Statins and contrast-induced acute kidney injury with coronary angiography. Am J Med 2014;127:987-1000
Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, PyöräläK. The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail 1997;3:249-254
Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-1357
Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-1009
Scirica BM, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Ray KK, Sabatine MS, Jarolim P, Shui A, McCabe CH, Braunwald E. Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:2326-2331
Khush KK, Waters DD, Bittner V, Deedwania PC, Kastelein JJ, Lewis SJ, Wenger NK. Effect of high-dose atorvastatin on hospitalizations for heart failure:Subgroup analysis of the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Circulation 2007;115:576-583
Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, Böhm M, Cleland JG, Cornel JH, Dunselman P, Fonseca C, Goudev A, Grande P, Gullestad L, Hjalmarson A, Hradec J, Jánosi A, KamenskýG, Komajda M, Korewicki J, Kuusi T, Mach F, Mareev V, McMurray JJ, Ranjith N, Schaufelberger M, Vanhaecke J, van Veldhuisen DJ, Waagstein F, Wedel H, Wikstrand J. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2248-2261
GISSI-HF Investigators, Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Latini R, Lucci D, Nicolosi GL, Porcu M, Tognoni G. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial):A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1231-1239
Rogers JK, Jhund PS, Perez AC, Böhm M, Cleland JG, Gullestad L, Kjekshus J, van Veldhuisen DJ, Wikstrand J, Wedel H, McMurray JJ, Pocock SJ. Effect of rosuvastatin on repeat heart failure hospitalizations:The CORONATrial (Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure). JACC Heart Fail 2014;2:289-297
GISSI-HF Investigators, Tavazzi L, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Latini R, Lucci D, Nicolosi GL, Porcu M, Tognoni G. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial):A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1223-1230
Cowell SJ, Newby DE, Prescott RJ, Bloomfield P, Reid J, Northridge DB, Boon NA. A randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2005;352:2389-2397
Chan KL, Teo K, Dumesnil JG, Ni A, Tam J. Effect of lipid lowering with rosuvastatin on progression of aortic stenosis:Results of the aortic stenosis progression observation:Measuring effects of rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial. Circulation 2010;121:306-314
Arsenault BJ, Boekholdt SM, Mora S, DeMicco DA, Bao W, Tardif JC, Amarenco P, Pedersen T, Barter P, Waters DD. Impact of high-dose atorvastatin therapy and clinical risk factors on incident aortic valve stenosis in patients with cardiovascular disease (from TNT, IDEAL, and SPARCL). Am J Cardiol 2014;113:1378-1382
Milin AC, Vorobiof G, Aksoy O, Ardehali R. Insights into aortic sclerosis and its relationship with coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3:E001111
Antonini-Canterin F, Moura LM, Enache R, Leiballi E, Pavan D, Piazza R, Popescu BA, Ginghina C, Nicolosi GL, Rajamannan NM. Effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors on the long-Term progression of rheumatic mitral valve disease. Circulation 2010;121:2130-2136
Antonini-Canterin F, Zuppiroli A, Popescu BA, Granata G, Cervesato E, Piazza R, Pavan D, Nicolosi GL. Effect of statins on the progression of bioprosthetic aortic valve degeneration. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1479-1482
Goldberg RJ, Urowitz MB, Ibañez D, Nikpour M, Gladman DD. Risk factors for development of coronary artery disease in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2009;36:2454-2461
Ogdie A, Yu Y, Haynes K, Love TJ, Maliha S, Jiang Y, Troxel AB, Hennessy S, Kimmel SE, Margolis DJ, Choi H, Mehta NN, Gelfand JM. Risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis:A population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:326-332
Peters MJ, Symmons DP, McCarey D, Dijkmans BA, Nicola P, Kvien TK, McInnes IB, Haentzschel H, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Provan S, Semb A, Sidiropoulos P, Kitas G, Smulders YM, Soubrier M, Szekanecz Z, Sattar N, Nurmohamed MT. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:325-331
De Vera MA, Choi H, Abrahamowicz M, Kopec J, Goycochea-Robles MV, Lacaille D. Statin discontinuation and risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis:A population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1020-1024
Barry R, James MT. Guidelines for classification of acute kidney diseases and disorders. Nephron 2015;131:221-226
Olechnowicz-Tietz S, Gluba A, Paradowska A, Banach M, Rysz J. The risk of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2013;45:1605-1612
Franczyk-Skóra B, Gluba A, Banach M, Rozentryt P, Poloński L, Rysz J. Acute coronary syndromes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2013;11:758-767
Gansevoort RT, Correa-Rotter R, Hemmelgarn BR, Jafar TH, Heerspink HJ, Mann JF, Matsushita K, Wen CP. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk:Epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. Lancet 2013;382:339-352
Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium, Matsushita K, van der Velde M, Astor BC, Woodward M, Levey AS, de Jong PE, Coresh J, Gansevoort RT. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts:A collaborative meta-Analysis. Lancet 2010;375:2073-2081
Loncar G, Barthelemy O, Berman E, Kerneis M, Petroni T, Payot L, Choussat R, Silvain J, Collet JP, Helft G, Montalescot G, Le Feuvre C. Impact of renal failure on all-cause mortality and other outcomes in patients treated by percutaneous coronary intervention. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2015;108:554-562
Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, Johnson DW, Perkovic V, Hegbrant J, Strippoli GF. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;5:CD007784
Barylski M, Nikfar S, Mikhailidis DP, Toth PP, Salari P, Ray KK, Pencina MJ, Rizzo M, Rysz J, Abdollahi M, Nicholls SJ, Banach M. Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy-A meta-Analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21, 295 participants. Pharmacol Res 2013;72:35-44
Wanner C, Krane V, März W, Olschewski M, Mann JF, Ruf G, Ritz E. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:238-248
Fellström BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, Holdaas H, Bannister K, Beutler J, Chae DW, Chevaile A, Cobbe SM, Grönhagen-Riska C, De Lima JJ, Lins R, Mayer G, McMahon AW, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Samuelsson O, Sonkodi S, Sci D, Süleymanlar G, Tsakiris D, Tesar V, Todorov V, Wiecek A, Wüthrich RP, Gottlow M, Johnsson E, Zannad F. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1395-1407
Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, Emberson J, Wheeler DC, Tomson C, Wanner C, Krane V, Cass A, Craig J, Neal B, Jiang L, Hooi LS, Levin A, Agodoa L, Gaziano M, Kasiske B, Walker R, Massy ZA, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Krairittichai U, Ophascharoensuk V, Fellström B, Holdaas H, Tesar V, Wiecek A, Grobbee D, de Zeeuw D, Grönhagen-Riska C, Dasgupta T, Lewis D, Herrington W, Mafham M, Majoni W, Wallendszus K, Grimm R, Pedersen T, Tobert J, Armitage J, Baxter A, Bray C, Chen Y, Chen Z, Hill M, Knott C, Parish S, Simpson D, Sleight P, Young A, Collins R. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection):A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:2181-2192
Erickson KF, Japa S, Owens DK, Chertow GM, Garber AM, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. Cost-effectiveness of statins for primary cardiovascular prevention in chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1250-1258
Tonelli M, Wanner C, Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes Lipid Guideline Development Work Group Members. Lipid management in chronic kidney disease:Synopsis of the Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes 2013 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:182
Kobashigawa JA, Katznelson S, Laks H, Johnson JA, Yeatman L, Wang XM, Chia D, Terasaki PI, Sabad A, Cogert GA. Effect of pravastatin on outcomes after cardiac transplantation. N Engl J Med 1995;333:621-627
Wenke K, Meiser B, Thiery J, Nagel D, von Scheidt W, Steinbeck G, Seidel D, Reichart B. Simvastatin reduces graft vessel disease and mortality after heart transplantation:A four-year randomized trial. Circulation 1997;96:1398-1402
Page RL 2nd, Miller GG, Lindenfeld J. Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient:Part IV:Drug-drug interactions. Circulation 2005;111:230-229
Navaneethan SD, Perkovic V, Johnson DW, Nigwekar SU, Craig JC, Strippoli GF. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;2:CD005019
Shaw SM, Chaggar P, Ritchie J, Shah MK, Baynes AC, O'Neill N, Fildes JE, Yonan N, Williams SG. The efficacy and tolerability of ezetimibe in cardiac transplant recipients taking cyclosporin. Transplantation 2009;87:771-775
European Stroke Organisation, Tendera M, Aboyans V, Bartelink ML, Baumgartner I, Clément D, Collet JP, Cremonesi A, De Carlo M, Erbel R, Fowkes FG, Heras M, Kownator S, Minar E, Ostergren J, Poldermans D, Riambau V, Roffi M, Röther J, Sievert H, van Sambeek M, Zeller T. ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases:Document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteries:The Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Artery Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011;32:2851-2906
McDermott MM, Mandapat AL, Moates A, Albay M, Chiou E, Celic L, Greenland P. Knowledge and attitudes regarding cardiovascular disease risk and prevention in patients with coronary or peripheral arterial disease. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2157-2162
Aung PP, Maxwell HG, Jepson RG, Price JF, Leng GC. Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD000123
Kumbhani DJ, Steg PG, Cannon CP, Eagle KA, Smith SC Jr, Goto S, Ohman EM, Elbez Y, Sritara P, Baumgartner I, Banerjee S, Creager MA, Bhatt DL. Statin therapy and long-Term adverse limb outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease:Insights from the REACH registry. Eur Heart J 2014;35:2864-2872
Westin GG, Armstrong EJ, Bang H, Yeo KK, Anderson D, Dawson DL, Pevec WC, Amsterdam EA, Laird JR. Association between statin medications and mortality, major adverse cardiovascular event, and amputation-free survival in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:682-690
Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallee P, Touboul PJ. Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis:Systematic review and up-To-date meta-Analysis. Stroke 2004;35:2902-2909
Huang Y, Li W, Dong L, Li R, Wu Y. Effect of statin therapy on the progression of common carotid artery intima-media thickness:An updated systematic review and meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013;20:108-121
Tedeschi-Reiner E, Strozzi M, Skoric B, Reiner Z. Relation of atherosclerotic changes in retinal arteries to the extent of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:1107-1109
Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, O'Day J, Davis TM, Moffitt MS, Taskinen MR, Simes RJ, Tse D, Williamson E, Merrifield A, Laatikainen LT, d'Emden MC, Crimet DC, O'Connell RL, Colman PG. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study):A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:1687-1697
ACCORD Study Group;ACCORD Eye Study Group, Chew EY, Ambrosius WT, Davis MD, Danis RP, Gangaputra S, Greven CM, Hubbard L, Esser BA, Lovato JF, Perdue LH, Goff DC Jr, Cushman WC, Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Genuth S, Gerstein HC, Schubart U, Fine LJ. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2010;363:233-244
Golledge J, Muller J, Daugherty A, Norman P. Abdominal aortic aneurysm:Pathogenesis and implications for management. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:2605-2613
Paraskevas KI, Liapis CD, Hamilton G, Mikhailidis DP. Can statins reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac vascular surgery? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006;32:286-293
Durazzo AE, Machado FS, Ikeoka DT, De Bernoche C, Monachini MC, Puech-Leão P, Caramelli B. Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin:A randomized trial. J Vasc Surg 2004;39:967-975;discussion 975-976
Schouten O, Boersma E, Hoeks SE, Benner R, van Urk H, van Sambeek MR, Verhagen HJ, Khan NA, Dunkelgrun M, Bax JJ, Poldermans D. Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular surgery. N Engl J Med 2009;361:980-989
Takagi H, Yamamoto H, Iwata K, Goto S, Umemoto T, Group A. Effects of statin therapy on abdominal aortic aneurysm growth:A meta-Analysis and meta-regression of observational comparative studies. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012;44:287-292
Hackam DG, Wu F, Li P, Austin PC, Tobe SW, Mamdani MM, Garg AX. Statins and renovascular disease in the elderly:A population-based cohort study. Eur Heart J 2011;32:598-610
Subherwal S, Patel MR, Kober L, Peterson ED, Bhatt DL, Gislason GH, Olsen AM, Jones WS, Torp-Pedersen C, Fosbol EL. Peripheral artery disease is a coronary heart disease risk equivalent among both men and women:Results from a nationwide study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015;22:317-325
Amarenco P, Labreuche J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke:Review and updated meta-Analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:453-463
McKinney JS, Kostis WJ. Statin therapy and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage:A meta-Analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2012;43:2149-2156
Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, Wedel H, Beevers G, Caulfield M, Collins R, Kjeldsen SE, Kristinsson A, McInnes GT, Mehlsen J, Nieminen M, O'Brien E, Ostergren J. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-Than-Average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA):A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149-1158
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto AM Jr, Kastelein JJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, MacFadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG, Shepherd J, Willerson JT, Glynn RJ. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2195-2207
Byington RP, Davis BR, Plehn JF, White HD, Baker J, Cobbe SM, Shepherd J. Reduction of stroke events with pravastatin:The Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project. Circulation 2001;103:387-392
Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group, Bulbulia R, Bowman L, Wallendszus K, Parish S, Armitage J, Peto R, Collins R. Effects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20, 536 high-risk individuals:A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011;378:2013-2020
Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, Goldstein LB, Hennerici M, Rudolph AE, Sillesen H, Simunovic L, Szarek M, Welch KM, Zivin JA. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006;355:549-559
Merwick Á, Albers GW, Arsava EM, Ay H, Calvet D, Coutts SB, Cucchiara BL, Demchuk AM, Giles MF, Mas JL, Olivot JM, Purroy F, Rothwell PM, Saver JL, Sharma VK, Tsivgoulis G, Kelly PJ. Reduction in early stroke risk in carotid stenosis with transient ischemic attack associated with statin treatment. Stroke 2013;44:2814-2820
Riddler SA, Smit E, Cole SR, Li R, Chmiel JS, Dobs A, Palella F, Visscher B, Evans R, Kingsley LA. Impact of HIV infection and HAART on serum lipids in men. JAMA 2003;289:2978-2982
Hemkens LG, Bucher HC. HIV infection and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2014;35:1373-1381
Islam FM, Wu J, Jansson J, Wilson DP. Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. HIV Med 2012;13:453-468
Bavinger C, Bendavid E, Niehaus K, Olshen RA, Olkin I, Sundaram V, Wein N, Holodniy M, Hou N, Owens DK, Desai M. Risk of cardiovascular disease from antiretroviral therapy for HIV:A systematic review. PLoS One 2013;8:E59551
Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2506-2512
Wohl DA, Waters D, Simpson RJ Jr, Richard S, Schnell A, Napravnik S, Keys J, Eron JJ Jr, Hsue P. Ezetimibe alone reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:1105-1108
Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Statins and fibrates for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. AIDS 2003;17:851-859
Correll CU, Robinson DG, Schooler NR, Brunette MF, Mueser KT, Rosenheck RA, Marcy P, Addington J, Estroff SE, Robinson J, Penn DL, Azrin S, Goldstein A, Severe J, Heinssen R, Kane JM. Cardiometabolic risk in patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders:Baseline results from the RAISE-ETP study. JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71:1350-1363
Andrade C. Primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with major mental illness:A possible role for statins. Bipolar Disord 2013;15:813-823
Tiihonen J, Lönnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Niskanen L, Tanskanen A, Haukka J. 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia:A population-based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 2009;374:620-627
Laursen TM. Life expectancy among persons with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder. Schizophr Res 2011;131:101-104
Godin O, Etain B, Henry C, Bougerol T, Courtet P, Mayliss L, Passerieux C, Azorin JM, Kahn JP, Gard S, Costagliola D, Leboyer M. Metabolic syndrome in a French cohort of patients with bipolar disorder:Results from the FACE-BD cohort. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:1078-1085;quiz 1085
Lawrence D, Kisely S, Pais J. The epidemiology of excess mortality in people with mental illness. Can J Psychiatry 2010;55:752-760
Goldstein BI, Fagiolini A, Houck P, Kupfer DJ. Cardiovascular disease and hypertension among adults with bipolar I disorder in the United States. Bipolar Disord 2009;11:657-662
De Hert M, Dekker JM, Wood D, Kahl KG, Holt RI, Möller HJ. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Psychiatry 2009;24:412-424
Ojala K, Repo-Tiihonen E, Tiihonen J, Niskanen L. Statins are effective in treating dyslipidemia among psychiatric patients using second-generation antipsychotic agents. J Psychopharmacol 2008;22:33-38
Mitchell AJ, Lord O. Do deficits in cardiac care influence high mortality rates in schizophrenia? A systematic review and pooled analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2010;24(4 Suppl):69-80
Wood D, Kotseva K, Connolly S, Jennings C, Mead A, Jones J, Holden A, De Bacquer D, Collier T, De Backer G, Faergeman O. Nurse-coordinated multidisciplinary, family-based cardiovascular disease prevention programme (EUROACTION) for patients with coronary heart disease and asymptomatic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease:A paired, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:1999-2012
Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, Eccles MP, Cane J, Wood CE. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques:Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behav Med 2013;46:81-95
Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions:The new Medical Research Council guidance. Int J Nurs Stud 2013;50:587-592
Benner JS, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Neumann PJ, Weinstein MC, Avorn J. Long-Term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients. JAMA 2002;288:455-461
Chodick G, Shalev V, Gerber Y, Heymann AD, Silber H, Simah V, Kokia E. Longterm persistence with statin treatment in a not-for-profit health maintenance organization:A population-based retrospective cohort study in Israel. Clin Ther 2008;30:2167-2179
Jackevicius CA, Mamdani M, Tu JV. Adherence with statin therapy in elderly patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2002;288:462-467
McGinnis BD, Olson KL, Delate TM, Stolcpart RS. Statin adherence and mortality in patients enrolled in a secondary prevention program. Am J Manag Care 2009;15:689-695
Huser MA, Evans TS, Berger V. Medication adherence trends with statins. Adv Ther 2005;22:163-171
Bosworth HB, Granger BB, Mendys P, Brindis R, Burkholder R, Czajkowski SM, Daniel JG, Ekman I, Ho M, Johnson M, Kimmel SE, Liu LZ, Musaus J, Shrank WH, Whalley Buono E, Weiss K, Granger CB. Medication adherence:A call for action. Am Heart J 2011;162:412-424
Hinchcliffe A. Patient Adherence to Treatment with Statins for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiff:Public Health Wales NHS Trust, 2011
Blackburn DF, Dobson RT, Blackburn JL, Wilson TW, Stang MR, Semchuk WM. Adherence to statins, beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors following a first cardiovascular event:A retrospective cohort study. Can J Cardiol 2005;21:485-488
Wei L, Wang J, Thompson P, Wong S, Struthers AD, MacDonald TM. Adherence to statin treatment and readmission of patients after myocardial infarction:A six year follow up study. Heart 2002;88:229-233
Corrao G, Conti V, Merlino L, Catapano AL, Mancia G. Results of a retrospective database analysis of adherence to statin therapy and risk of nonfatal ischemic heart disease in daily clinical practice in Italy. Clin Ther 2010;32:300-310
Aubert RE, Yao J, Xia F, Garavaglia SB. Is there a relationship between early statin compliance and a reduction in healthcare utilization? Am J Manag Care 2010;16:459-466
Sokol MC, McGuigan KA, Verbrugge RR, Epstein RS. Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost. Med Care 2005;43:521-530
Naderi SH, Bestwick JP, Wald DS. Adherence to drugs that prevent cardiovascular disease:Meta-Analysis on 376, 162 patients. Am J Med 2012;125:882-887.e1
Wise J. Open letter raises concerns about NICE guidance on statins. BMJ 2014;348:G3937
Abramson JD, Rosenberg HG, Jewell N, Wright JM. Should people at low risk of cardiovascular disease take a statin? BMJ 2013;347:F6123
Huffman M, Taylor F, Ebrahim S. Huffman and colleagues' response to Abramson and colleagues' article on statins in low risk people. BMJ 2014;348:G1520
Ajzen I. The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 1991;50:179-211
Becker MH. The Health Belief Model and personal health behaviour. Health Educ Monogr 1974;2:324-508
Rich A, Brandes K, Mullan B, Hagger MS. Theory of planned behavior and adherence in chronic illness:A meta-Analysis. J Behav Med 2015;38:673-688
Kamran A, Sadeghieh Ahari S, Biria M, Malepour A, Heydari H. Determinants of patient's adherence to hypertension medications:Application of health belief model among rural patients. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014;4:922-927
Jackson C, Eliasson L, Barber N, Weinman J. Applying COM-B to medication adherence. Eur Health Psychol 2014;16:7-17
Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel:A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci 2011;6:42
Mann DM, Woodward M, Muntner P, Falzon L, Kronish I. Predictors of nonadherence to statins:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:1410-1421
Latry P, Molimard M, Dedieu B, Couffinhal T, Bégaud B, Martin-Latry K. Adherence with statins in a real-life setting is better when associated cardiovascular risk factors increase:A cohort study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2011;11:46
Lewey J, Shrank WH, Bowry AD, Kilabuk E, Brennan TA, Choudhry NK. Gender and racial disparities in adherence to statin therapy:A meta-Analysis. Am Heart J 2013;165:665-678.e1
Harrison TN, Derose SF, Cheetham TC, Chiu V, Vansomphone SS, Green K, Tunceli K, Scott RD, Marrett E, Reynolds K. Primary nonadherence to statin therapy:Patients' perceptions. Am J Manag Care 2013;19:E133-e139
DeWalt DA, Broucksou KA, Hawk V, Brach C, Hink A, Rudd R, Callahan L. Developing and testing the health literacy universal precautions toolkit. Nurs Outlook 2011;59:85-94
Rubak S, Sandbaek A, Lauritzen T, Christensen B. Motivational interviewing:A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Br J Gen Pract 2005;55:305-312
Bandura A. Self-Efficacy:The Exercise of Control. New York:Freeman, 1997
Schedlbauer A, Davies P, Fahey T. Interventions to improve adherence to lipid lowering medication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;3:CD004371
Nieuwlaat R, Wilczynski N, Navarro T, Hobson N, Jeffery R, Keepanasseril A, Agoritsas T, Mistry N, Iorio A, Jack S, Sivaramalingam B, Iserman E, Mustafa RA, Jedraszewski D, Cotoi C, Haynes RB. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;11:CD000011
Martin SS, Sperling LS, Blaha MJ, Wilson PW, Gluckman TJ, Blumenthal RS, Stone NJ. Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention:Importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:1361-1368
Thom S, Poulter N, Field J, Patel A, Prabhakaran D, Stanton A, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, Reddy KS, Cidambi R, Bompoint S, Billot L, Rodgers A. Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD:The UMPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310:918-929
Castellano JM, Sanz G, Peñalvo JL, Bansilal S, Fernández-Ortiz A, Alvarez L, Guzmán L, Linares JC, GarciáF, D'Aniello F, Arnáiz JA, Varea S, Martínez F, Lorenzatti A, Imaz I, Sánchez-Gómez LM, Roncaglioni MC, Baviera M, Smith SC Jr, Taubert K, Pocock S, Brotons C, Farkouh ME, Fuster V. A polypill strategy to improve adherence:Results from the FOCUS project. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64:2071-2082
Ryan R, Santesso N, Lowe D, Hill S, Grimshaw J, Prictor M, Kaufman C, Cowie G, Taylor M. Interventions to improve safe and effective medicines use by consumers:An overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;4:CD007768
Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, CorràU, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FD, Løchen ML, Löllgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, van der Worp HB, van Dis I, Verschuren WM;Authors/Task Force Members. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice:The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention &Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2315-2381