Home Office Science. Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2014. 2015 Jan pp. 1-62.
Burden N, Chapman K, Sewell F, Robinson V. Pioneering better science through the 3Rs: an introduction to the national centre for the replacement, refinement, and reduction of animals in research (NC3Rs). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015 Mar; 54(2):198-208. PMID: 25836967
Graham ML, Prescott MJ. European Journal of Pharmacology. European Journal of Pharmacology. Elsevier; 2015 Jul. 15;759(C):19-29.
European Parliament. Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes [Internet]. Official Journal of the European Union Oct. 19, 2010 pp. 1-47. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri= CELEX:32010L0063
Bratcher NA, Reinhard GR. Creative implementation of 3Rs principles within industry programs: beyond regulations and guidelines. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015 Mar; 54(2):133-8. PMID: 25836958
Russell WMS, Burch RL. The principles of humane experimental technique. 1959. 1 p.
Coulter CA, Flecknell PA, Richardson CA. Reported analgesic administration to rabbits, pigs, sheep, dogs and non-human primates undergoing experimental surgical procedures. Laboratory Animals. 2009 Jul. 1;43(3):232-8. doi: 10.1258/la.2008.008021 PMID: 19116294
Stokes EL, Flecknell PA, Richardson CA. Reported analgesic and anaesthetic administration to rodents undergoing experimental surgical procedures. Laboratory Animals. SAGE Publications; 2009 Apr; 43(2):149-54. doi: 10.1258/la.2008.008020 PMID: 19116297
Bara M, Joffe AR. The ethical dimension in published animal research in critical care: the public face of science. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R15. doi: 10.1186/cc13694 PMID: 24423201
Flecknell PA. Refinement of animal use-assessment and alleviation of pain and distress. 2007 May 3;: 1-10.
Leach MC, Bailey HE, Dickinson AL, Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. A preliminary investigation into the practicality of use and duration of action of slow-release preparations of morphine and hydromorphone in laboratory rats. Laboratory Animals. 2010 Jan 1;44(1):59-65. doi: 10.1258/la.2009.007160 PMID: 19858166
Iwamoto K, Klaassen CD. First-pass effect of morphine in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1977 Jan; 200(1):236-44. PMID: 833759
Papathanasiou T, Juul RV, Gabel-Jensen C, Kreilgaard M, Lund TM. Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat. Pharm Res. Pharmaceutical Research; 2016 Jul. 5;1-14. doi: 10.1007/s11095-015-1770-7 PMID: 26334501
Flecknell P. Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia. Academic Press; 2015. 1 p.
Stoelting RK, Hillier SC. Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. 1 p.
Clark JA, Myers PH, Goelz MF, Thigpen JE, Forsythe DB. Pica behavior associated with buprenorphine administration in the rat. Lab Anim Sci. 1997 Jun; 47(3):300-3. PMID: 9241634
Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Buprenorphine: a reappraisal of its antinociceptive effects and therapeutic use in alleviating post-operative pain in animals. Laboratory Animals. SAGE Publications; 2002 Jul; 36(3):322-43. PMID: 12144743
Schaap MWH, Uilenreef JJ, Mitsogiannis MD, van't Klooster JG, Arndt SS, Hellebrekers LJ. Optimizing the dosing interval of buprenorphine in a multimodal postoperative analgesic strategy in the rat: minimizing side-effects without affecting weight gain and food intake. Laboratory Animals. SAGE Publications; 2012 Oct; 46(4):287-92. doi: 10.1258/la.2012.012058 PMID: 23097561
Ohtani M, Kotaki H, Nishitateno K, Sawada Y, Iga T. Kinetics of respiratory depression in rats induced by buprenorphine and its metabolite, norbuprenorphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Apr; 281(1):428-33. PMID: 9103526
Gueye PN, Borron SW, Risède P, Monier C, Buneaux F, Debray M, et al. Buprenorphine and midazolam act in combination to depress respiration in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2002 Jan; 65(1):107-14. PMID: 11752690
Grace PM, Strand KA, Galer EL, Urban DJ, Wang X, Baratta MV, et al. Morphine paradoxically prolongs neuropathic pain in rats by amplifying spinal NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016 Jun. 14;113(24):E3441-50. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1602070113 PMID: 27247388
Al-Hashimi M, Scott SWM, Thompson JP, Lambert DG. Opioids and immune modulation: more questions than answers. British Journal of Anaesthesia. Oxford University Press; 2013 Jul; 111(1):80-8. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet153 PMID: 23794649
Afsharimani B, Doornebal CW, Cabot PJ, Hollmann MW, Parat M-O. Comparison and analysis of the animal models used to study the effect of morphine on tumour growth and metastasis. Br J Pharmacol. 2015 Jan; 172(2):251-9. doi: 10.1111/bph.12589 PMID: 24467261
Stoelting PK, Miller RD. Basics of anesthesia. 5th. Philadelphia: Churchill Living stone; 2007.
Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, Cahalan M, Stock MC. Clinical Anesthesia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. 1 p.
Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA. Lumb and Jones' Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
Rathmell JP, Lair TR, Nauman B. The role of intrathecal drugs in the treatment of acute pain. Anesthesiology. 2005 Nov; 101(5 Suppl):S30-43.
Yaksh TL, Rudy TA. Analgesia mediated by a direct spinal action of narcotics. Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science; 1976 Jun. 25;192(4246):1357-8. PMID: 1273597
Yaksh TL, Rudy TA. ANALGESIA MEDIATED BY A DIRECT SPINAL ACTION OF NARCOTICS. Survey of Anesthesiology. 1977 Apr. 1;21(2):122.
Mestre C, Pélissier T, Fialip J, Wilcox G, Eschalier A. A method to perform direct transcutaneous intrathecal injection in rats. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 1994 Dec; 32(4):197-200. PMID: 7881133
Fairbanks CA. Spinal delivery of analgesics in experimental models of pain and analgesia. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2003 Aug. 28;55(8):1007-41. PMID: 12935942
Zahn PK, Gysbers D, Brennan TJ. Effect of systemic and intrathecal morphine in a rat model of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology. The American Society of Anesthesiologists; 1997 May; 86(5):1066-77. PMID: 9158356
Martin TJ, Zhang Y, Buechler N, Conklin DR, Eisenach JC. Intrathecal morphine and ketorolac analgesia after surgery: comparison of spontaneous and elicited responses in rats. PAIN. 2005 Feb; 113(3):376-85. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2004.11.017 PMID: 15661447
Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Kari MR, Tuman KJ. A New Knee Surgery Model in Rats to Evaluate Functional Measures of Postoperative Pain. Anesthesiology. 2008 Jul; 107(1):300-8.
Mamet J, Klukinov M, Yaksh TL, Malkmus SA, Williams S, Harris S, et al. Single intrathecal administration of the transcription factor decoy AYX1 prevents acute and chronic pain after incisional, inflammatory, or neuropathic injury. PAIN. International Association for the Study of Pain; 2014 Feb. 1;155(2):322-33. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2013.10.015 PMID: 24145208
Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Evaluation of a short duration behaviour-based post-operative pain scoring system in rats. Eur J Pain. 2003;7(5):397-406. doi: 10.1016/S1090-3801 (02) 00140-4 PMID: 12935791
Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Effects of surgery and analgesic administration on spontaneous behaviour in singly housed rats. Research in Veterinary Science. 2000 Dec; 69(3):283-8. doi: 10.1053/rvsc.2000.0430 PMID: 11124101
Flecknell PA. The relief of pain in laboratory animals. Laboratory Animals. 1984 Apr; 18(2):147-60. PMID: 6146743
Williams AC de C. Facial expression of pain: an evolutionary account. Behav Brain Sci. 2002 Aug; 25(4):439-55-discussion455-88. PMID: 12879700
Sotocinal SG, Sorge RE, Zaloum A, Tuttle AH, Martin LJ, Wieskopf JS, et al. The Rat Grimace Scale: A partially automated method for quantifying pain in the laboratory rat via facial expressions. Mol Pain. BioMed Central Ltd; 2011 Jul. 29;7(1):55.
Langford DJ, Bailey AL, Chanda ML, Clarke SE, Drummond TE, Echols S, et al. Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse. Nature Publishing Group. Nature Publishing Group; 2010 May 9;7(6):447-9.
Oliver V, De Rantere D, Ritchie R, Chisholm J, Hecker KG, Pang DSJ. Psychometric Assessment of the Rat Grimace Scale and Development of an Analgesic Intervention Score. McCormick C, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014 May 16;9(5):e97882-7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097882 PMID: 24838111
Liao LA, Long HA, Zhang LB, Chen HB, Zhou YA, Ye NA, et al. Evaluation of pain in rats through facial expression following experimental tooth movement. European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2014;122(2):121-4. doi: 10.1111/eos.12110 PMID: 24428464
Lilley EA, Armstrong RB, Clark NC, Gray PD, Hawkins PA, Mason KD, et al. Refinement of animal models of sepsis and septic shock. Shock. 2015;43(4):304-16. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000318 PMID: 25565638
Waite ME, Tomkovich A, Quinn TL. Efficacy of Common Analgesics for Postsurgical Pain in Rats. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2015;54:420-5. PMID: 26224443
Roughan JV, Bertrand HGMJ, Isles HM. Meloxicam prevents COX-2-mediated post-surgical inflammation but not pain following laparotomy in mice. European Journal of Pain (United Kingdom). 2016;20(2):231-40.
Thomas AA, Flecknell PA. Comparative Anesthesia and Analgesia of Laboratory Animals. In: Lumb Jones Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 2015. pp. 1-10.
Flecknell P, Lofgren JLS, Dyson MC, Marini RR, Swindle MM, Wilson RP. Chapter 24. Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia. Third Edition. Laboratory Animal Medicine. Elsevier Inc; 2015. 66 p.
Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Behavioural effects of laparotomy and analgesic effects of ketoprofen and carprofen in rats. PAIN. 2001 Feb. 1;90(1-2):65-74. PMID: 11166971
Hänninen L, Pastell M. CowLog: Open-source software for coding behaviors from digital video. Behavior Research Methods. Springer-Verlag; 2009;41(2):472-6. doi: 10.3758/BRM.41.2.472 PMID: 19363187
Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Behaviour-based assessment of the duration of laparotomy-induced abdominal pain and the analgesic effects of carprofen and buprenorphine in rats. Behav Pharmacol. 2004 Nov; 15(7):461-72. PMID: 15472568
Hawkins P, Playle L, Golledge H, Leach M. Newcastle concensus meeting on carbon dioxide euthanasia of laboratory animals. Animal Technology and. 2006.
Babbini M, Davis WM. Time-dose relationships for locomotor activity effects of morphine after acute or repeated treatment. Br J Pharmacol. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 1972 Oct. 1;46(2):213-24. PMID: 4651770
Craig MM, Bajic D. Long-term behavioral effects in a rat model of prolonged postnatal morphine exposure. Behavioral Neuroscience. 2015;129(5):643-55. doi: 10.1037/bne0000081 PMID: 26214209
Veloso AWN, Filgueiras GB, Lorenzo P, Estanislau C. Modulation of Grooming Behavior in Rats by Different Test Situations. Psychology & Neuroscience. 2016;1-15.
Massa H, Lacoh CM, Vutskits L. Effects of Morphine on the Differentiation and Survival of Developing Pyramidal Neurons During the Brain Growth Spurt. Toxicol Sci. 2012 Oct. 17;130(1):168-79. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs234 PMID: 22843570
Emery MJ, Groves CC, Kruse TN, Shi C, Terman GW. Ventilation and the Response to Hypercapnia after Morphine in Opioid-naive and Opioid-tolerant Rats. Anesthesiology. 2016 Jan 6;1.
Miller A, Kitson G, Skalkoyannis B, Leach M. The effect of isoflurane anaesthesia and buprenorphine on the mouse grimace scale and behaviour in CBA and DBA/2 mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. Elsevier B. V; 2015 Nov. 1;172(C):58-62.
Wallenstein MC. Role of sympathetic system in morphine-induced mydriasis in rat. Am J Physiol. 1981 Sep; 241(3):R130-5. PMID: 6269441
Wallenstein MC. Effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on non-analgesic actions of morphine. European Journal of Pharmacology. 1983 May 20;90(1):65-73. PMID: 6409656
Suzuki T, Futakata A, Shimada M, Yoshii T, Yanaura S. [Comparison of three methods of inducing physical dependence to morphine in rats using short-term medication]. Yakubutsu Seishin Kodo. 1984 Sep; 4(2):149-56. PMID: 6543077
Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Behavioural effects of laparotomy and analgesic effects of ketoprofen and carprofen in rats. PAIN. 2001 Feb. 1;90(1-2):65-74. PMID: 11166971
Abaza R, Keck RW, Selman SH. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the prevention of transitional cell carcinoma implantation. J Urol. Elsevier; 2006 Jun; 175(6):2317-22. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347 (06) 00257-6 PMID: 16697866
Dornelas CA, Almeida PRC de, Nascimento GLD, Lima EB, Moraes MO de. [Experimental model of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats bladder]. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. 2006 Jan; 21(1):38-42. PMID: 16491221
Martin TJ, Buechler NL, Kahn W, Crews JC, Eisenach JC. Effects of laparotomy on spontaneous exploratory activity and conditioned operant responding in the rat: a model for postoperative pain. Anesthesiology. 2004 Jul; 101(1):191-203. PMID: 15220791
Papathanasiou T, Juul RV, Heegaard A-M, Kreilgaard M, Lund TM. Co-administration of morphine and gabapentin leads to dose dependent synergistic effects in a rat model of postoperative pain. PHASCI. Elsevier B. V; 2016 Jan 20;82(C):97-105.
Whiteside GT, Harrison J, Boulet J, Mark L, Pearson M, Gottshall S, et al. Pharmacological characterisation of a rat model of incisional pain. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Jan; 141(1):85-91. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp. 0705568 PMID: 14597606
Jacobson L, Chabal C, Brody MC, Ward RJ, Wasse L. Intrathecal methadone: a dose-response study and comparison with intrathecal morphine 0.5 mg. PAIN. 1990;43(2):141-8. PMID: 2087326
Yaksh TL. Spinal opiate analgesia: Characteristics and principles of action. PAIN. 1981;11(3):293-333-336-346.
Tung AS, Yaksh TL. In vivo evidence for multiple opiate receptors mediating analgesia in the rat spinal cord. Brain Research. 1982 Sep. 9;247(1):75-83. PMID: 6127147
Saleh AS, Bonath KH. Long term pain treatment in the dog by peridural morphines. 1985.
Buerkle H, Yaksh TL. Comparison of the spinal actions of the mu-opioid remifentanil with alfentanil and morphine in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1996 Jan; 84(1):94-102. PMID: 8572360
Pettersen VLA, Zapata-Sudo G, Raimundo JM, Trachez MM, Sudo RT. The Synergistic Interaction Between Morphine and Maprotiline After Intrathecal Injection in Rats. Anesthesiology. 2009 Oct; 109(4):1312-7.
Prado WA. Antinociceptive potency of intrathecal morphine in the rat tail flick test: a comparative study using acute lumbar catheter in rats with or without a chronic atlanto-occipital catheter. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 2003 Oct; 129(1):33-9. PMID: 12951230
Brennan TJ, Umali EF, Zahn PK. Comparison of Pre-versus Post-incision Administration of Intrathecal Bupivacaine and Intrathecal Morphine in a Rat Model of Postoperative Pain. Anesthesiology. The American Society of Anesthesiologists; 1997 Dec. 1;87(6):1517-28. PMID: 9416737
Woolf CJ. Intrathecal high dose morphine produces hyperalgesia in the rat. Brain Research. 1981 Mar. 30;209(2):491-5. PMID: 6261872
Girgin NK, Gurbet A, Turker G, Aksu H, Gulhan N. Intrathecal morphine in anesthesia for cesarean delivery: dose-response relationship for combinations of low-dose intrathecal morphine and spinal bupivacaine. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. Elsevier; 2008 May; 20(3):180-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.07.010 PMID: 18502360
Ganesh A, Kim A, Casale P, Cucchiaro G. Low-dose intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia in children. Anesthesiology. 2007 Feb; 104(2):271-6.
Mager DE, Woo S, Jusko WJ. Scaling pharmacodynamics from in vitro and preclinical animal studies to humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009;24(1):16-24. PMID: 19252333
Wright-Williams SL, Courade J-P, Richardson CA, Roughan JV, Flecknell PA. Effects of vasectomy surgery and meloxicam treatment on faecal corticosterone levels and behaviour in two strains of laboratory mouse. PAIN. 2007 Jul; 130(1-2):108-18. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2006.11.003 PMID: 17196337
De Rantere DA, Schuster CJA, Reimer JNA, Pang DSJAB. The relationship between the Rat Grimace Scale and mechanical hypersensitivity testing in three experimental pain models. European Journal of Pain (United Kingdom). 2016;20(3):417-26.
Miller AL, Leach MC. The Mouse Grimace Scale: A Clinically Useful Tool? Samal SK, editor. PLoS ONE. 2015 Sep. 25;10(9):e0136000-10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136000 PMID: 26406227
Cicero TJ, Nock B, Meyer ER. Gender-related Differences in the Anticociceptive Properties of Morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jan 17;279(2):767-73.
Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. Sex differences in pain perception. Gender Medicine. 2005;2(3):137-45. PMID: 16290886
