Earthquake imprints on a lacustrine deltaic system: the Kürk Delta along the East Anatolian Fault (Turkey)

Hubert, Aurelia; El Ouahabi, Meriam; Garcia-Moreno, David; Avsar, Ulas; Altinok, Sevgi; Schmidt, Sabine; Fagel, Nathalie; Cagatay, Namik

doi:10.1111/sed.12355

Download

Article (Scientific journals)

Earthquake imprints on a lacustrine deltaic system: the Kürk Delta along the East Anatolian Fault (Turkey)

Hubert, Aurelia; El Ouahabi, Meriam; Garcia-Moreno, David et al.

2016 • In Sedimentology

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/198784

DOI
10.1111/sed.12355

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Hubert-Ferrari_HazarDeltaPaper.pdf

Author preprint (40.62 MB)

Download

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

Paleoseismicity; liquefaction and lateral spread; post-seismic remobilization

Abstract :

[en] Deltas contain sedimentary records that are not only indicative of water level changes, but also particularly sensitive to earthquake shaking typically resulting in soft-sediment-deformation structures. The Kürk lacustrine delta lies at the south-western extremity of Lake Hazar in eastern Turkey and is adjacent to the seismogenic East Anatolian Fault (EAF), which has generated earthquakes of magnitude 7. In this paper we have reevaluated water level changes and earthquake shaking that have affected the Kürk Delta combining geophysical data (seismic-reflection profiles and side-scan sonar), remote sensing images, historical data, onland outcrops and offshore coring. The history of water level changes provides a temporal framework for the depositional record. In addition to the commonly soft-sediment-deformation documented previously, onland outcrops reveal a record of deformation (fracturing, tilt and clastic dykes) linked to large earthquake-induced liquefactions and lateral spreading. The recurrent liquefaction structures can be used to obtain a paleoseismological record. Five event horizons were identified that could be linked to historical earthquakes occurring in the last 1000 years along the EAF. Sedimentary cores sampling the most recent subaqueous sedimentation revealed the occurrence of another type of earthquake indicator. Based on radionuclide dating (137Cs and 210Pb), two major sedimentary events were attributed to the 1874-1875 EAF earthquake sequence. Their sedimentological characteristics were determined by X-ray imagery, XRD, LOI, grain-size distribution and geophysical measurements. The events are interpreted to be hyperpycnal deposits linked to post-seismic sediment reworking of earthquake-triggered landslides.

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Hubert, Aurelia ; Université de Liège > Département de géographie > Géomorphologie et Géologie du Quaternaire

El Ouahabi, Meriam ; Université de Liège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires

Garcia-Moreno, David

Avsar, Ulas

Altinok, Sevgi

Schmidt, Sabine

Fagel, Nathalie

Cagatay, Namik

Language :

English

Title :

Earthquake imprints on a lacustrine deltaic system: the Kürk Delta along the East Anatolian Fault (Turkey)

Publication date :

2016

Journal title :

Sedimentology

ISSN :

0037-0746

eISSN :

1365-3091

Publisher :

Blackwell Publishing

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Name of the research project :

Understanding the irregularity of seismic cycles: A case study in Turkey (MEXT-CT-2005- 025617: Seismic Cycles)

Funders :

EU- Marie Curie Excellence Grant Project

Available on ORBi :

since 21 June 2016

Statistics

Number of views

124 (6 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

34 (2 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Agnon, A., Migowski, C. and Marco, S. (2006) Intraclast breccia layers in laminated sequences: recorders of paleo-earthquakes. In: New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research (Eds Y. Enzel, A. Agnon and M. Stein), Geological Society of America Special Paper, 401, 195–214.
Allen, J.R.L. (1982) Sedimentary Structures, vol. II. Developments in Sedimentology. 30B. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 663 pp.
Ambraseys, N.N. (1989) Temporary seismic quiescence: SE Turkey. Geophys. J, 96, 311–331.
Ambraseys, N.N. (2009) Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East - A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, NY, 968 pp.
Ambraseys, N. and Finkel, C. (1995) The Seismicity of Turkey and Adjacent Areas 1500–1800. Eren, Istanbul.
Ambraseys, N.N. and Jackson, J.A. (1998) Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean region. Geophys. J. Int., 133, 390–406.
Ambraseys, N.N. and Melville, C.P. (1995) Historical evidence of faulting in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria. Ann. di Geofisica, 38, 337–343.
Anketell, J.M., Cegla, J. and Dzulynski, S. (1970) On the deformational structures in systems with reversed density gradients. Ann. Geol. Soc. Pol., XL, 3–30.
Audemard, A. and De Santis, F. (1991) Survey of liquefaction structures induced by recent moderate earthquakes. Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 44, 5–16.
Aygün, Ç.Ö. (2006) Hazar Lake Sunken Settlement Elazıg, Turkey 2005 Survey Report, FeRA (Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde) www.fera-journal.eu,-31-35.
Aygün, Ç.Ö. (2008) The Sunken Byzantine Settlement, 2005-2006 Underwater Survey at Hazar Lake Eastern Anatolia. 29. Uluslararası Kazı, Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu, 25. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 3. Cilt, 159-170.
Baas, J.H., Best, J.L. and Peakall, J. (2011) Depositional processes, bedform development and hybrid bed formation in rapidly decelerated cohesive (mud-sand) sediment flows. Sedimentology, 58, 1953–1987.
Bachrach, R., Nur, A. and Agnon, A. (2001) Liquefaction and dynamic poroelasticity in soft sediments. J. Geophys. Res., 106, doi:10.1029/2000JB900474.
Bastin, S.H., Quigley, M.C. and Bassett, K. (2016) Paleoliquefaction in Christchurch, New Zealand. GSA Bull., 106, 1747–1771. doi: 10.1130/B31174.1.
Bezerraa, F.H.R., da Fonsecaa, V.P., Vita-Finzi, C., Lima-Filhoa, F.P. and Saadic, A. (2005) Liquefaction-induced structures in Quaternary alluvial gravels and gravelly sediments, NE Brazil. Eng. Geol., 76, 191–208.
Bowman, D., Korjenkov, A. and Porat, N. (2004) Late-Pleistocene seismites from Lake Issyk-Kul, the Tien Shan range, Kyrghyzstan. Sed. Geol., 163, 211–228.
Bulut, F., Bohnhoff, M., Eken, T., Janssen, C., Kilic, T. and Dresen, G. (2012) The East Anatolian Fault Zone: seismotectonic setting and spatiotemporal characteristics of seismicity based on precise earthquake locations. J. Geophys. Res., 117, B07304.
Çetin, H., Guneyli, H. and Mayer, L. (2003) Paleoseismology of the Palu-Lake Hazar segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 374, 163–197.
Chapron, E., Juvigné, E., Mulsow, S., Ariztegui, D., Magand, O., Bertrand, S., Pino, M. and Chapron, O. (2007) Recent clastic sedimentation processes in Lake Puyehue (Chilean Lake District, 40.5 S). Sed. Geol., 201, 365–385.
Dadson, S.J., Hovius, N., Chen, H., Dade, W.B., Lin, J.-C., Hsu, H.-L., Lin, C.-W., Horng, M.-J., Chen, T.-C., Milliman, J. and Stark, C.P. (2004) Earthquake-triggered increase in sediment delivery from an active mountain belt. Geology, 32, 733–736.
Duman, T.Y. and Emre, O. (2013) The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics. In: Geological Development of Anatolia and the Easternmost Mediterranean Region (Eds A.H.F. Robertson, O. Parlak and U.C. Unlugencs) Special Publication - Geological Society of London, 372, 495–529.
Dunne, L.A. and Hempton, M.R. (1984) Deltaic sedimentation in the Lake Hazar pull-apart basin, south-eastern Turkey. Sedimentology, 31, 401–412.
El-Isa, Z.H. and Mustafa, H. (1986) Earthquake deformations in the Lisan deposits and seismotectonic implications. Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc., 86, 413–424.
Enzel, Y., Kadan, G. and Eyal, Y. (2000) Holocene earthquakes inferred from a fan-delta sequence in the Dead Sea graben. Quat. Res., 53, 34–48.
Enzel, Y., Ken-Tor, R., Sharon, D., Stein, M., Gvirtzman, H. and Dayan, U. (2003) Dead Sea lake level variations and Holocene climates in the Near East: implications to historical responses and modern water resources. Quatern. Res., 60, 263–273.
Eriş, K.K. (2013) Late Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentary records of climate and lake-level changes in Lake Hazar, eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Quatern. Int., 302, 123–134.
Ettensohn, F.R., Rast, N. and Brett, C.E. (Eds) (2002) Ancient Seismites. Geological Society of America Special Paper 359, Boulder, CO, 200 p.
Garcia Moreno, D., Hubert-Ferrari, A., Moernaut, J., Fraser, J., Boes, X., Van Daele, M., De Batist, M., Damci, E. and Cagatay, N. (2010) Structure and evolution of Lake Hazar pull-apart Basin along the East Anatolian Fault. Basin Res., 23, 191–207.
Goldberg, E.D. (1963). Geochronology with 210Pb. In: Radioactive Dating, In: Symposium on Radioactive Dating, Athens, 1962 : Proceedings of the Vienna International Atomic Energy Contribution 1510, 121–131.
Guidoboni, E., Comastri, A. and Traina, G. (1994) Catalogue of Ancient Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Area up to the 10th Century. Istituto Naz. di Geofisica, Rome, 504 pp.
Günek, H. and Yiğit, A. (1995) Hazar Gölü Havzasının Hidrografik Özellikleri. 1.Hazar Gölü ve Çevresi Sempozyumu, 91–103, Sivrice-Elazığ.
Heifetz, E., Agnon, A. and Marco, S. (2005) Soft sediment deformation by Kelvin Helmholtz Instability: a case from Dead Sea earthquakes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 497–504.
Hempton, M.R. and Dewey, J.F. (1983) Earthquake-induced deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments, East Anatolian Fault, southeast Turkey. Tectonophysics, 98, 7–14.
Hempton, M.R., Dunne, L.A. and Dewey, J.F. (1983) Sedimentation in an active strike-slip basin, southeastern Turkey. J. Geol., 91, 401–412.
Hovius, N., Meunier, P., Lin, C., Chen, H., Chen, Y., Dadson, S., Ming-Jame, H. and Lines, M. (2011) Prolonged seismically induced erosion and the mass balance of a large earthquake. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 304, 347–355.
Howarth, J.D., Sean, J., Fitzsimons, S.J., Richard, J., Norris, R.J. and Jacobsen, G.E. (2012) Lake sediments record cycles of sediment flux driven by large earthquakes on the Alpine fault, New Zealand. Geology, 40, 1091–1094.
Howarth, J.D., Fitzsimons, S.J., Norris, R.J. and Jacobsen, G.E. (2014) Lake Sediments record high intensity shaking that provides insight into the location and rupture length of large earthquakes on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 403, 340–351.
Hubert-Ferrari, A., Boes, X., Fraser, J., Avsar, U., Vanneste, K., Cagatay, N., Altunel, E., de Batist, M. and Fagel, N. (2007) Understanding the irregularity of Seismic cycles: a Case study in Turkey-A Marie Curie Excellence Team Project. Europ. Geosci. Union Meeting Geophys. Res. Abstract, 9, 06720.
Hubert-Ferrari, A., King, G., Van Der Woerd, J., Villa, I., Altunel, E. and Armijo, R. (2008) Long-Term Evolution of the North Anatolian Fault: New Constraints from its Eastern Termination. In: Collision and Collapse at the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia Subduction Zone (Eds D.J.J. van Hinsbergen, M. Edwards and R. Govers), Geological Society, Special publication, 311, 133–154.
Hubert-Ferrari, A., Avsar, U., El Ouahabi, M., Lepoint, G., Martinez, P. and Fagel, N. (2012) Paleoseismic record obtained by coring a sag-pond along the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey). Ann. Geophys., 55, 929–953.
Kanibir, A., Ulusay, R. and Aydan, O. (2006) Assessment of liquefaction and lateral spreading on the shore of Lake Sapanca during the Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake. Eng. Geol., 83, 307–331.
Keefer, D.K. (1994) The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions. Geomorphology, 10, 265–284.
Ken-Tor, R., Agnon, A., Enzel, Y., Marco, S., Negendank, J.F.W. and Stein, M. (2001) High-resolution geological record of historic earthquakes in the Dead Sea basin. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2221–2234.
Klein, C. (1961) On Fluctuations of the Level of the Dead Sea Since the Beginning of the 19th Century, Hydrological Paper 7. Israel Hydrological Service, Jerusalem.
Klein, C. (1986). Fluctuations of the Level of the Dead Sea and Climatic Fluctuations during Historical Times. Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. [In Hebrew with English abstract].
Kumar, D., Reddy, D.V. and Pandey, A.K. (2016) Paleoseismic investigations in the Kopili Fault Zone of North East India: evidences from liquefaction chronology. Tectonophysics, 674, 65–75.
Lemcke, G. and Sturm, M. (1997). δ18O and trace element measurements as proxy for the reconstruction of climate changes at Lake Van (Turkey): preliminary results. In: Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse (H.N. Dalfes, G. Kukla and H. Weiss), NATO ASI Series I, Global Environmental Change 49, 653–678. Springer, Berlin.
Lin, G.-W., Chen, H., Hovius, N., Horng, M.J., Dadson, S., Meunier, P. and Lines, M. (2008) Effects of earthquake and cyclone sequencing on landsliding and fluvial sediment transfer in a mountain catchment. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 33, 1354–1373. doi:10.1002/esp.1716.
Lunina, O.V. and Gladkov, A.S. (2015) Seismically induced clastic dikes as a potential approach for the estimation of the lower-bound magnitude/intensity of paleoearthquakes. Eng. Geol., 195, 206–213.
Machlus, M., Enzel, Y., Goldstein, S.L., Marco, S. and Stein, M. (2000) Reconstructing low levels of Lake Lisan by correlating fan-delta and lacustrine deposits. Quatern. Int., 73/74, 137–144.
Malamud, B.D., Turcotte, D.L., Guzzetti, F. and Reichenbach, P. (2004) Landslide inventories and their statistical properties. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 29, 687–711.
Minos-Minopoulos, D., Pavlopoulos, K., Apostolopoulos, G., Lekkas, E. and Dominey-Howes, D. (2015) Liquefaction features at an archaeological site: investigations of past earthquake events at the Early Christian Basilica. Ancient Lechaion Harbour Corinth Greece Tectonophysics, 658, 74–90.
Moernaut, J., De Batist, M., Charlet, F., Heirman, K., Chapron, E., Pino, M., Brümmer, R. and Urrutia, R. (2007) Giant earthquakes in South-Central Chile revealed by Holocene mass-wasting events in Lake Puyehue. Sed. Geol., 195, 239–256.
Moernaut, J., De Batist, M., Heirman, K., Van Daele, M., Pino, M., Brümmer, R. and Urrutia, R. (2009) Fluidization of buried mass-wasting deposits in lake sediments and its relevance for paleoseismology: results from a reflection seismic study of lakes Villarrica and Calafquén (South-Central Chile). Sed. Geol., 213, 121–135.
Moernaut, J., Daele, M.V., Heirman, K., Fontijn, K., Strasser, M., Pino, M., Urrutia, R. and De Batist, M. (2014) Lacustrine turbidites as a tool for quantitative earthquake reconstruction: new evidence for a variable rupture mode in south central Chile. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, 1607–1633.
Moernaut, J., Daele, M. V., Clare, M.A., Heirman, K., Viel, M., Cardenas, J.Kilian, R., de Ladrón Guevara, B., Pino, M., Urrutia, R. and De Batist, M. (2015) Lacustrine turbidites produced by surficial slope sediment remobilization: A mechanism for continuous and sensitive turbidite paleoseismic records, Marine Geology, accepted.
Montenat, C., Barrier, P., Ott d'Evestou, P. and Hibsch, C. (2007) Seismites: an attempt at critical analysis and classification. Sed. Geol., 196, 5–30.
Obermeier, S.F. (1996) Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis - An overview of how seismic liquefaction features can be distinguished from other features and how their regional distribution and properties of source sediment can be used to infer the location and strength of Holocene paleo-earthquakes, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA. Int. Geophys., 62, 331–396.
Obermeier, S.F. (2009) Using Liquefaction-induced and other soft-sediment features for paleoseismic analysis. In: Paleoseismology (Ed. J. McCaplin), International Geophysics 95. doi:10.1016/S0074-6142(09)95007-0.
Obermeier, S.F., Martin, J.R., Frankel, A.D., Youd, T.L., Munson, P.J., Munson, C.A. and Pond, E.C. (1993) Liquefaction Evidence for One or More Strong Holocene Earthquakes in the Wabash Valley of Southern Indiana and Illinois, Which a Preliminary Estimate of Magnitude. United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper. 1536.
Parker, R.N., Densmore, A.L., Nicholas, J.R., de Michele, M., Li, Y., Huang, R., Whadcoat, S. and Petley, D.N. (2011) Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth. Nat. Geosci., 4, 449–452.
Rajendran, C.P., John, B., Rajendran, K. and Sanwal, J. (2016) Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. J. Seismol., 20, 579–594.
Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., Ozener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M., Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., ArRajehi, A., Paradissis, D., Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., Evren, E., Dmitrotsa, A., Filikov, S.V., Gomez, F., Al-Ghazzi, R. and Karam, G. (2006) GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05411. doi:10.1029/2005JB004051.
Rodriguez Pascua, M.A., Silva, P.G., Pérez-López, R., Giner-Robles, J.L., Martín-González, F. and Moral, B.D. (2000) Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrine sediments of the Prebetic Zone, SE Spain, and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the late Miocene. Sed. Geol., 135, 117–135.
Rodriguez-Pascua, M.A., Silva, P.G., Pérez-López, R., Giner-Robles, J.L., Martín-González, F. and Del Moral, B. (2015) Polygenetic sand volcanoes: on the features of liquefaction pro- cesses generated by a single event 2012 Emilia Romagna 5.9 Mw earthquake, Italy. Quatern. Int., 357, 329–335.
Şaroğlu, F., Emre, Ö. and Küçu, I. (1992) The East Anatolian Fault zone of Turkey. Ann. Tectonicae, 6(Special Issue-Supplement), 99–125.
Schnellmann, M., Anselmetti, F.S., Giardini, D., McKenzie, J.A. and Ward, S.N. (2002) Prehistoric earthquake history revealed by lacustrine slump deposits. Geology, 30, 1131–1134.
Seilacher, A. (1969) Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites. Sedimentology, 13, 155–159.
Şen, B. and Gölbaşı, S. (2008) Hazar Gölü’ne Dökülen Kürk Çayı’nın Bazı Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Ozellikleri, E.U. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 25, 353–358.
Şen, B. and Topkaya, B. (1997) Lake Hazar (Elazig) and its characteristics, in Conservation and Management of Lakes, Reservoirs and wetlands in Turkey. International Lake Environment committee, Japan, pp. 163–188.
Şen, B., Koçer, M.A.T., Canpolat, Ö., Alp, M.T., Çetin, A.K., Türkgülü, İ. and Sönmez, F. (2007) Pollution and siltation effects of the running waters on Lake Hazar and restoration practice to minimize these threats. Int. Congress River Basin Manage., 1, 308–318.
Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y. (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181–241.
Stine, S. (1990) Late Holocene fluctuations of Mono Lake, eastern California. Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol., 78, 333–381.
St-Onge, G., Chapron, E., Mulsow, S., Salas, M., Viel, M., Debret, M., Foucher, A., Mulder, T., Winiarski, T., Desmet, M., Costa, P.J.M., Ghaleb, B., Jaouen, A. and Locat, J. (2012) Comparison of earthquake-triggered turbidites from the Saguenay (Eastern Canada) and Reloncavi (Chilean margin) Fjords: implications for paleoseismicity and sedimentology. Sed. Geol., 243–244, 89–107.
Tonbul, S. and Yiğit, A. (1995) Pleyistosen'den Günümüze Hazar Gölü’ndeki Seviye Değişmeleri, Çevresel Etkileri ve Hatunköy Kapması, 1. Hazar Gölü ve Çevresi Sempozyumu 41–69, Sivrice-Elazığ.
Tuttle, M.P. and Barstow, N. (1996) Liquefaction-related ground failure: a case study in the New Madrid seismic zone, Central United States. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86, 636–645.
Wetzler, N., Marco, S. and Heifetz, E. (2010) Quantitative analysis of seismogenic shear-induced turbulence in lake sediments. Geology, 8, 303–306.
Wick, L., Lemcke, G. and Sturm, M. (2003) Evidence of Late Glacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in Eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geochemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van. Turk. Holocene, 13, 665–675.
Yasuda, S., Harada, K., Ishikawa, K. and Kanemaru, Y. (2012) Characteristics of liquefaction in Tokyo bay area by the Great East Japan earthquake. Soils Found., 52, 793–810.
Yegian, M.K., Ghahraman, V.G., Members, A.S.C.E. and Harutiunyan, R.N. (1994) Liquefaction and embankment failure case histories, 1988 Armenian Earthquake. J. Geotech. Eng., 120, 581–596.
Yiğit, A. (1995) Hazar Gölü Suları Altında Kalan Gölcük Köyü Hakkında Bir Tarihi Coğrafya Araştırması,1. Hazar Gölü ve Çevresi Sempozyumu, 185–188, Sivrice-Elazığ.
Yiğit, A. and Hayli, S. (1995) Hazar Gölü ve Behrimaz Havzalarında Kır Yerleşmelerinin Coğrafi Özellikleri,1. Hazar Gölü ve Çevresi Sempozyumu, 203–218, Sivrice-Elazığ.
Yönlü, Ö., Altunel, E., Karabacak, V. and Akyüz, H.S. (2013) Evolution of the Gölbaşı basin and its implications for the long-term offset on the East Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. J. Geodynamics, 65, 272–281.
Youd, T.L. (1984) Recurrence of liquefaction at the same site. Proceedings of the Eighth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, San Francisco, Calif., 3, 231–238.
Youd, T.L., Harp, E.L., Keefer, D.K. and Wilson, R.C. (1985) The Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake of Oct. 28, 1983—liquefaction. Earthquake Spectra, 2, 71–89.