Development of the interfacial air layer in the non-aerated region of high-velocity spillway flows. Instabilities growth, entrapped air and influence on the self-aeration onset
Valero Huerta, Daniel; Bung, Daniel B
2016 • In International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 84, p. 66-74
2016 Valero Development of the interfacial air layer in the non-aerated region of high-velocity spillway flows. Instabilities growth, entrapped air and influence on the self-aeration onset.pdf
Air superlayer; Inception point; Kelvin–Helmholtz instability; Turbulent boundary layer; Self-aeration
Abstract :
[en] Self-aeration is traditionally explained by the water turbulent boundary layer outer edge intersection with the free surface. This paper presents a discussion on the commonly accepted hypothesis behind the computation of the critical point of self-aeration in spillway flows and a new formulation is proposed based on the existence of a developing air flow over the free surface. Upstream of the inception point of self-aeration, some surface roughening has been often reported in previous studies which consequently implies some entrapped air transport and air–water flows coupling. Such air flow is proven in this study by presenting measured air velocities and computing the air boundary layer thickness for a 1V:2H smooth chute flow. Additionally, the growth rate of free surface waves has been analysed by means of Ultrasonic Sensors measurements, obtaining also the entrapped air concentration. High-speed camera imaging has been used for qualitative study of the flow perturbations.
Research center :
UEE - Urban and Environmental Engineering - ULiège
Bung, Daniel B; FH Aachen > Hydraulic Engineering Section
Language :
English
Title :
Development of the interfacial air layer in the non-aerated region of high-velocity spillway flows. Instabilities growth, entrapped air and influence on the self-aeration onset
Amador, A., Sánchez-Juny, M., Dolz, J., Characterization of the nonaerated flow region in a stepped spillway by piv (2006) J. Fluids Eng., 128 (6), pp. 1266-1273
Anwar, H., Discussion of "self-aerated flows on chutes and spillways" by H. Chanson (February, 1993, vol. 119, no. 2) (1994) J. Hydraul. Eng., 120 (6), pp. 778-779
Bauer, W.J., Turbulent boundary layer on steep slopes (1954) Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., 119 (1), pp. 1212-1233
Bung, D.B., Developing flow in skimming flow regime on embankment stepped spillways (2011) J. Hydraul. Res., 49 (5), pp. 639-648
Bung, D.B., Non-intrusive detection of air-water surface roughness in self-aerated chute flows (2013) J. Hydraul. Res., 51 (3), pp. 322-329
Bung, D.B., Valero, D., Optical flow estimation in aerated flows (2016) J. Hydraul. Res.
Cain, P., (1978) Measurements within self-aerated flow on a large spillway, , University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering
Cain, P., Wood, I.R., Measurements of self-aerated flow on a spillway (1981) J. Hydraul. Div., 107 (11), pp. 1425-1444
Caponi, E., Caponi, M., Saffman, P., Yuen, H., A simple model for the effect of water shear on the generation of waves by wind (1992) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A: Math. Phys. Sci., 438 (1902), pp. 95-101
Castro-Orgaz, O., Velocity profile and flow resistance models for developing chute flow (2010) J. Hydraul. Eng., 136 (7), pp. 447-452
Castro-Orgaz, O., Hager, W.H., Drawdown curve and turbulent boundary layer development for chute flow (2010) J. Hydraul. Res., 48 (5), pp. 591-602
Chanson, H., Air entrainment on chute and tunnel spillways (1992) 11th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference-AFMC, 1, pp. 83-86
Chanson, H., Self-aerated flows on chutes and spillways (1993) J. Hydraul. Eng., 119 (2), pp. 220-243
Chanson, H., Closure to "self-aerated flows on chutes and spillways" by H. Chanson (February, 1993, vol. 119, no. 2) (1994) J. Hydraul. Eng., 120 (6), pp. 779-782
Chanson, H., (1996) Air Bubble Entrainment in Free-surface Turbulent Shear Flows, , Academic Press
Chanson, H., Air bubble entrainment in open channels: flow structure and bubble size distributions (1997) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 23 (1), pp. 193-203
Chanson, H., Turbulent air-water flows in hydraulic structures: dynamic similarity and scale effects (2009) Environ. Fluid Mech., 9 (2), pp. 125-142
Chanson, H., (2013) Advective Diffusion of Air Bubbles in Turbulent Water Flows, , Taylor & Francis, Leiden, The Netherlands
Chanson, H., Toombes, L., Air-water flows down stepped chutes: turbulence and flow structure observations (2002) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 28 (11), pp. 1737-1761
Cheng, X., Gulliver, J.S., Zhu, D., Application of displacement height and surface roughness length to determination boundary layer development length over stepped spillway (2014) Water, 6 (12), pp. 3888-3912
Ehrenberger, R., (1926) Wasserbewegung in steilen Rinnen (Schußrinnen) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Selbstbelüftung, , Hydrographisches Zentralbüro im Bundesministerium für Land- u. Forstwirtschaft
Ervine, D., Falvey, H., Behaviour of turbulent water jets in the atmosphere and in plunge pools (1987) Proceedings - Institution of Civil Engineers , Part 2, 83, pp. 295-314. , Telford Services
Falvey, H.T., (1980) Air-water flow in hydraulic structures, , Water and Power Resources Service, Engineering Monograph No. 41
Funada, T., Joseph, D., Viscous potential flow analysis of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a channel (2001) J. Fluid Mech., 445, pp. 263-283
Funada, T., Joseph, D.D., Viscous potential flow analysis of capillary instability (2002) Int. J. Multiph. flow, 28 (9), pp. 1459-1478
Funada, T., Saitoh, M., Wang, J., Joseph, D., Stability of a liquid jet into incompressible gases and liquids: Part 2. effects of the irrotational viscous pressure (2005) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 31 (10-11), pp. 1134-1154
Halbronn, G., Etude de la mise en régime des écoulements sur les ouvrages à forte pente (1952) La Houille Blanche, (3), pp. 347-371
Handler, R., Swearingen, J., Swean, T., Jr., Leighton, R., Length scales of turbulence near a free surface (1991) Technical Report, , DTIC Document
Helmholtz, H., Über diskontinuierliche Flüssigkeitsbewegungen (1868) Berliner Montatsberichte
Hristov, T., Miller, S., Friehe, C., Dynamical coupling of wind and ocean waves through wave-induced air flow (2003) Nature, 422 (6927), pp. 55-58
Ishii, M., Hibiki, T., (2010) Thermo-Fluid Dynamics of Two-phase Flow, , Springer Science & Business Media
Janssen, P., (2004) The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind, , Cambridge University Press
Joseph, D.D., Potential flow of viscous fluids: historical notes (2006) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 32 (3), pp. 285-310
Kármán, T., Über laminare und turbulente Reibung (1921) ZAMM-J. Appl. Math. Mech./Z. Angew. Math. Mech., 1 (4), pp. 233-252
Keller, R.J., Rastogi, A.K., Prediction of flow development on spillways (1975) J. Hydraul. Div., 101 (9), pp. 1171-1184
Kelvin, L., Hydrokinetic solutions and observations (1871) Philosophical Magazine, 42, pp. 362-377
Killen, J.M., (1968) The surface characteristics of self-aerated flow in steep channels, , Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
Klebanoff, P.S., (1955) Characteristics of Turbulence in a Boundary Layer with Zero Pressure Gradient, , National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
Kovasznay, L.S., Kibens, V., Blackwelder, R.F., Large-scale motion in the intermittent region of a turbulent boundary layer (1970) J. Fluid Mech., 41 (2), pp. 283-325
Kramer, K., Hager, W.H., Air transport in chute flows (2005) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 31 (10), pp. 1181-1197
Kuznetsov, E., Lushnikov, P., Nonlinear theory of the excitation of waves by a wind due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (1995) Zh. Eksp. Tekh. Fiz, 108 (2), pp. 614-630
Landau, L., Lifshitz, E., Fluid mechanics (1987) Course of Theoretical Physics, 6, pp. 227-229. , Pergamon Press
Lane, E., Entrainment of air in swiftly flowing water (1939) Civil Eng., 9 (2), pp. 88-91
Lock, R., The velocity distribution in the laminar boundary layer between parallel streams (1951) Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math., 4 (1), pp. 42-63
Longo, S., Losada, M.A., Turbulent structure of air flow over wind-induced gravity waves (2012) Exp. Fluids, 53 (2), pp. 369-390
Meireles, I., Matos, J., Skimming flow in the nonaerated region of stepped spillways over embankment dams (2009) J. Hydraul. Eng., 135 (8), pp. 685-689
Meireles, I., Renna, F., Matos, J., Bombardelli, F., Skimming, nonaerated flow on stepped spillways over roller compacted concrete dams (2012) J. Hydraul. Eng., 138 (10), pp. 870-877
Meireles, I.C., Bombardelli, F.A., Matos, J., Air entrainment onset in skimming flows on steep stepped spillways: an analysis (2014) J. Hydraul. Res., 52 (3), pp. 375-385
Miles, J.W., On the generation of surface waves by shear flows (1957) J. Fluid Mech., 3 (2), pp. 185-204
Miles, J.W., On the generation of surface waves by shear flows part 3. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (1959) J. Fluid Mech., 6 (4), pp. 583-598
Nezu, I., Rodi, W., Open-channel flow measurements with a laser doppler anemometer (1986) J. Hydraul. Eng., 112 (5), pp. 335-355
Pegram, G.G., Officer, A.K., Mottram, S.R., Hydraulics of skimming flow on modeled stepped spillways (1999) J. Hydraul. Eng., 125 (5), pp. 500-510
Pfister, M., Hager, W.H., Self-entrainment of air on stepped spillways (2011) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 37 (2), pp. 99-107
Pfister, M., Hager, W.H., Minor, H.-E., Stepped chutes: pre-aeration and spray reduction (2006) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 32 (2), pp. 269-284
Pope, S.B., (2000) Turbulent Flows, , Cambridge university press
Prosperetti, A., Tryggvason, G., (2007) Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow, , Cambridge university press
Rao, N.S., Kobus, H.E., Characteristics of self-aerated free-surface flows (1975) Water and Waste Water/Current Research and Practice, 10. , Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin
Rayleigh, L., On the instability of jets (1878) Proceedings of the London mathematical society, 10, pp. 4-13
Rayleigh, L., On the stability, or instability, of certain fluid motions (1879) Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., 1 (1), pp. 57-72
Reynolds, O., An experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of water shall be direct or sinuous, and of the law of resistance in parallel channels. (1883) Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 35 (224-226), pp. 84-99
Rzehak, R., Krepper, E., CFD modeling of bubble-induced turbulence (2013) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 55, pp. 138-155
Sallam, K., Faeth, G., Surface properties during primary breakup of turbulent liquid jets in still air (2003) AIAA J., 41 (8), pp. 1514-1524
Schlichting, H., Gersten, (2000) Boundary-Layer Theory, , Springer Science & Business Media
Shin, J.H., Song, S.J., Pressure gradient effects on smooth and rough surface turbulent boundary layers. part i: favorable pressure gradient (2015) J. Fluids Eng., 137 (1)
Straub, L.G., Anderson, A.G., Experiments on self-aerated flow in open channels (1958) J. Hydraul. Div., 84 (7), pp. 1-35
Straub, L.G., Lamb, O.P., Experimental Studies of Air Entrainment in Open Channel Flow (1953) Technical Report
Talley, J.D., Worosz, T., Kim, S., Buchanan, J.R., Characterization of horizontal air-water two-phase flow in a round pipe. part i: flow visualization (2015) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 76, pp. 212-222
Toombes, L., Chanson, H., Surface waves and roughness in self-aerated supercritical flow (2007) Environ. Fluid Mech., 7 (3), pp. 259-270
Valero, D., Bung, D.B., Hybrid investigations of air transport processes in moderately sloped stepped spillway flows. (2015)
Wei, W., Deng, J., Zhang, F., Development of self-aeration process for supercritical chute flows (2016) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 79, pp. 172-180
White, F.M., (2006) Viscous Fluid Flow, , McGraw-Hill New York
Wilhelms, S.C., Gulliver, J.S., Bubbles and waves description of self-aerated spillway flow (2005) J. Hydraul. Res., 43 (5), pp. 522-531
Wood, I.R., (1991) Air Entrainment in Free-surface Flows, , Balkema
Wood, I.R., Ackers, P., Loveless, J., General method for critical point on spillways (1983) J. Hydraul. Eng., 109 (2), pp. 308-312
Yih, C.-S., Stability of liquid flow down an inclined plane (1963) Phys. Fluids
Young, W.R., Wolfe, C.L., Generation of surface waves by shear-flow instability (2014) J. Fluid Mech., 739, pp. 276-307
Zhang, G., Chanson, H., (2015) Hydraulics of the developing flow region of stepped cascades: an experimental investigation, , The University of Queensland, REPORT CH97/15
Zhang, G., Chanson, H., Self-aeration in the rapidly-and gradually-varying flow regions of steep smooth and stepped spillways (2015) Environmental Fluid Mechanics, pp. 1-20
Zhang, G., Chanson, H., Gabion stepped spillway: interactions between free-surface, cavity, and seepage flows (2016) J. Hydraul. Eng., 142 (5). , http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29HY.1943-7900.0001120
Zhang, G., Chanson, H., Hydraulics of the developing flow region of stepped spillways. i: physical modeling and boundary layer development (2016) J. Hydraul. Eng.
Zhang, G., Chanson, H., Interaction between free-surface aeration and total pressure on a stepped chute (2016) Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 74, pp. 368-381
Zhang, W., Zhu, D.Z., Far-field properties of aerated water jets in air (2015) Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 76, pp. 158-167
