Âgisme et surestimation des difficultés cognitives des personnes âgées: une revue de la question

Marquet, Manon; Missotten, Pierre; Adam, Stéphane

doi:10.1684/pnv.2016.0609

Request a copy

Article (Scientific journals)

Âgisme et surestimation des difficultés cognitives des personnes âgées: une revue de la question

Marquet, Manon; Missotten, Pierre; Adam, Stéphane

2016 • In Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 14 (2), p. 177-186

Peer reviewed

Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/2268/197448

DOI
10.1684/pnv.2016.0609

PubMed
27277150

Files (1)Send to Details Statistics Bibliography Similar publications

Files

Full Text

Marquet et al - 2016 - Agisme et surestimation des difficultés cognitives des personnes âgées.pdf

Publisher postprint (840.83 kB)

Request a copy

All documents in ORBi are protected by a user license.

Send to

RIS BibTex APA Chicago Permalink X Linkedin

Details

Keywords :

stereotype; aging; memory; cognition; tests; stéréotypes; vieillissement; mémoire; troubles cognitifs; tests neuropsychologiques

Abstract :

[en] Stigmatization related to age (i.e., ageism) is a widespread phenomenon in the modern industrial societies where older people are perceived as cognitively incompetent. Therefore negative stereotypes about age-related cognitive decline may have a detrimental influence on older adults on their cognitive performance. The aim of the present review is to understand how stereotypes can influence the performance of the elderly on cognitive tests. We first describe the stereotype threat phenomenon by providing an overview of situations likely to produce stereotype threat, as well as contextual and personal characteristics that moderate its effects. Possible mechanisms underlying these influences on cognitive performance are also presented. Secondly, we address self-stereotyping, which explains long-term negative effects of stereotypes and their unconscious influence on older adults’ cognitive performance. However, some age stereotypes have also positive effects on aged people, as shown by some studies describing such beneficial effects of positive stereotypes on cognitive performance. Finally we try to understand why negative age stereotyping has a much stronger influence on important behavioral outcomes among older adults than does positive age stereotyping. Given all these results, we examine how negative age stereotypes may impact older adults’ cognitive performance in real-world settings such as during a cognitive assessment.
[fr] La stigmatisation liée à l’âge (âgisme) est un phénomène répandu dans les sociétés industrielles contemporaines dans lesquelles les personnes âgées sont spécialement perçues comme incompétentes. Or, ces stéréotypes peuvent conduire à surestimer les effets de l’âge sur les capacités cognitives des personnes âgées et l’objectif de cet article est de comprendre, via la description de la théorie de la menace du stéréotype et de celle de l’auto-stéréotypisation, comment les stéréotypes peuvent diminuer les performances des personnes âgées dans des tests cognitifs. La menace du stéréotype apparaît lorsqu’une personne âgée, en situation de test, court le risque de confirmer un stéréotype négatif vis-à-vis de son groupe d’âge. Différentes variables situationnelles et personnelles modérant ce phénomène sont présentées, ainsi que les mécanismes le sous-tendant. L’auto-stéréotypisation est proposée comme explication des effets à long terme des stéréotypes et de leur influence inconsciente sur les performances cognitives des personnes âgées. Des effets bénéfiques des stéréotypes liés à l’âge sur les performances cognitives sont également décrits. Des exemples de situations réelles dans le cadre de l’évaluation cognitive qui peuvent véhiculer des stéréotypes négatifs et conduire à sous-estimer les performances cognitives des personnes âgées sont finalement présentés.

Disciplines :

Social & behavioral sciences, psychology: Multidisciplinary, general & others

Author, co-author :

Marquet, Manon ; Université de Liège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie de la sénescence et du vieillissement

Missotten, Pierre ; Université de Liège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie de la sénescence et du vieillissement

Adam, Stéphane ; Université de Liège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie de la sénescence et du vieillissement

Language :

French

Title :

Âgisme et surestimation des difficultés cognitives des personnes âgées: une revue de la question

Alternative titles :

[en] Ageism and overestimation of cognitive difficulties in older people: a review

Publication date :

2016

Journal title :

Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement

ISSN :

2115-8789

eISSN :

2115-7863

Publisher :

John Libbey Eurotext, Montrouge, France

Volume :

Issue :

Pages :

177-186

Peer reviewed :

Peer reviewed

Funders :

F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [BE]

Available on ORBi :

since 27 May 2016

Statistics

Number of views

401 (59 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

26 (20 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Cuddy AJ, Fiske ST, Kwan VS, Glick P, Demoulin S, Leyens JP, et al. Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences. Br J Soc Psychol 2009; 48: 1-33.
Cuddy AJ, Norton MI, Fiske ST. This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype. J Soc Issues 2005; 61: 267-85.
Boudjemadi V, Gana K. L'âgisme: Adaptation française d'une mesure et test d'un modèle structural des effets de l'empathie, l'orientation à la dominance sociale et le dogmatisme sur l'âgisme. Can J Aging 2009; 12: 371-89.
Hedden T, Gabrieli JD. Insights into the ageing mind: A view from cognitive neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004; 5: 87-96.
Steele CM, Aronson J. Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. J Pers Soc Psychol 1995; 69: 797-811.
Abrams D, Eller A, Bryant J. An age apart: The effects of intergenerational contact and stereotype threat on performance and intergroup bias. Psychol Aging 2006; 21: 691-702.
Nguyen H-HD, Ryan AM. Does stereotype threat affect test performance of minorities and women A meta-Analysis of experimental evidence. J Appl Psychol 2008; 93: 1314-34.
Hess TM, Auman C, Colcombe SJ, Rahhal TA. The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2003; 58: 3-11.
Hess TM, Hinson JT, Hodges EA. Moderators of and mechanisms underlying stereotype threat effects on older adults' memory performance. Exp Aging Res 2009; 35: 153-77.
Kang SK, Chasteen AL. The moderating role of age-group identification and perceived threat on stereotype threat among older adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2009; 69: 201-20.
Rahhal TA, Hasher L, Colcombe SJ. Instructional manipulations and age differences in memory: Now you see them, now you don't. Psychol Aging 2001; 16: 697-706.
Hughes ML, Geraci L, De Forrest RL. Aging 5 years in 5 minutes: The effect of taking a memory test on older adults' subjective age. Psychol Sci 2013; 24: 2481-8.
Hayes A. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press, 2013.
Lamont RA, Swift HJ, Abrams D. A review and meta-Analysis of age-based stereotype threat: Negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage. Psychol Aging 2015; 30: 180-93.
Desrichard O, Köpetz C. A threat in the elder: The impact of taskinstructions, self-efficacy and performance expectations on memory performance in the elderly. Eur J Soc Psychol 2005; 35: 537-52.
Hess TM, Emery L, Queen TL. Task demands moderate stereotype threat effects on memory performance. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2009; 64: 482-6.
Hess TM, Hinson JT. Age-related variation in the influences of aging stereotypes on memory in adulthood. Psychol Aging 2006; 21: 621-5.
Abrams D, Crisp RJ, Marques S, Fagg E, Bedford L, Provias D. Threat inoculation: Experienced and imagined intergenerational contact prevents stereotype threat effects on older people's math performance. Psychol Aging 2008; 23: 934-9.
Fernández-Ballesteros R, Bustillos A, Huici C. Positive perception of and performance in a memory task: Compensating for stereotype threat Exp Aging Res 2015; 41: 410-25.
Sindi S, Fiocco AJ, Juster R-P, Pruessner J, Lupien SJ. When we test, do we stress Impact of the testing environment on cortisol secretion and memory performance in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38: 1388-96.
Swift HJ, Abrams D, Marques S. Threat or boost Social comparison affects older people's performance differently depending on task domain. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2013; 68: 23-30.
Mazerolle M, Regner I, Morisset P, Rigalleau F, Huguet P. Stereotype threat strengthens automatic recall and undermines controlled processes in older adults. Psychol Sci 2012; 23: 723-7.
Popham LM, Hess TM. Age differences in the underlying mechanisms of stereotype threat effects. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2015; 70: 225-34.
Barber SJ, Mather M. Stereotype threat can both enhance and impair older adults' memory. Psychol Sci 2013; 24: 2522-9.
Grimm LR, Markman AB, Maddox WT, Baldwin GC. Stereotype threat reinterpreted as a regulatory mismatch. J Pers Soc Psychol 2009; 96: 288-304.
Higgins ET. Beyond pleasure and pain. AmPsychol 1997; 52: 1280-300.
Barber SJ, Mather M. Stereotype threat can reduce older adults' memory errors. Q J Exp Psychol A 2013; 66: 1888-95.
Levy BR. Stereotype embodiment: A psychosocial approach to aging. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2009; 18: 332-6.
Levy BR, Zonderman AB, Slade D, Ferrucci L. Memory shaped by age stereotypes over time. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2012; 67: 432-6.
Levy BR. Improving memory in old age through implicit selfstereotyping. J Pers Soc Psychol 1996; 71: 1092-107.
Meisner BA. A meta-Analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2012; 67: 13-7.
Levy BR, Leifheit-Limson E. The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychol Aging 2009; 24: 230-3.
Geraci L, Miller TM. Improving older adults' memory performance using prior task success. Psychol Aging 2013; 28: 340-5.
Kogan JN, Edelstein BA. Modification and psychometric examination of a self-report measure of fear in older adults. J Anxiety Disord 2004; 18: 397-409.
Kessler E-M, Bowen CE, Baer M, Froelich L, Wahl H-W. Dementia worry: A psychological examination of an unexplored phenomenon. Eur J Ageing 2012; 9: 275-84.
Haslam C, Morton TA, Haslam SA, Varnes L, Graham R, Gamaz L. "When the age is in, the wit is out": Age-related self-categorization and deficit expectations reduce performance on clinical tests used in dementia assessment. Psychol Aging 2012; 27: 778-84.
Eibach RP, Mock SE, Courtney EA. Having a "senior moment": Induced aging phenomenology, subjective age, and susceptibility to ageist stereotypes. J Exp Soc Psychol 2010; 46: 643-9.
Chasteen AL, Bhattacharyya S, Horhota M, Tam R, Hasher L. How feelings of stereotype threat influence older adults' memory performance. Exp Aging Res 2005; 31: 235-60.
Lupien S, Sindi S, Wan N. Quand on teste, est-ce qu'on stresse Guide pour les professionnels de la santé et les chercheurs travaillant auprès des personnes âgées. Montréal: Centre d'études sur le stress humain, 2012, http://www.stresshumain.ca/documents/pdf/KT/KTdocumentFR.pdf.