planet–disk interactions; protoplanetary disks; stars: individual: HL Tau
Abstract :
[en] Recent ALMA images of HL Tau show gaps in the dusty disk that may be caused by planetary bodies. Given the young age of this system, if confirmed, this finding would imply very short timescales for planet formation, probably in a gravitationally unstable disk. To test this scenario, we searched for young planets by means of direct imaging in the L‧ band using the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer mid-infrared camera. At the location of two prominent dips in the dust distribution at ˜70 AU (˜0.″5) from the central star, we reach a contrast level of ˜7.5 mag. We did not detect any point sources at the location of the rings. Using evolutionary models we derive upper limits of ˜10-15 M[SUB]Jup[/SUB] at ≤0.5-1 Ma for the possible planets. With these sensitivity limits we should have been able to detect companions sufficiently massive to open full gaps in the disk. The structures detected at millimeter wavelengths could be gaps in the distributions of large grains on the disk midplane caused by planets not massive enough to fully open the gaps. Future ALMA observations of the molecular gas density profile and kinematics as well as higher contrast infrared observations may be able to provide a definitive answer.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Testi, L.; ESO, Karl Schwarzschild str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei Muenchen, Germany ; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy ; Excellence Cluster “Universe”, Boltzmann str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei Muenchen, Germany
Skemer, A.; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Henning, Th; Max Planck Institute for Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
Bailey, V.; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Defrere, Denis ; Université de Liège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astroph. extragalactique et observations spatiales (AEOS)
Hinz, Ph; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Leisenring, J.; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Vaz, A.; Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Esposito, S.; INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy
Fontana, A.; INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio, Italy
Marconi, A.; Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Firenze, Italy
Skrutskie, M.; University of Virginia, 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
Veillet, C.; LBT Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA)
ALMA Partnership,Brogan C. L., Perez L. M. et al 2015 arXiv:1503.02649
Amara A. and Quanz S. P. 2012 MNRAS 427 948
Baraffe I., Chabrier G. and Barman T. 2008 A&A 482 315
Baraffe I., Chabrier G. and Barman T. 2010 RPPh 73 016901
Baraffe I., Chabrier G., Barman T. S., Allard F. and Hauschildt P. H. 2003 A&A 402 701
Baraffe I., Homeier D., Allard F. and Chabrier G. 2015 arXiv:1503.04107
Baruteau C., Crida A., Paardekooper S.-J. et al 2014 in Protostars and Planets VI ed H. Beuther et al (Tucson, AZ: Univ. Arizona Press) 667
Boss A. P. 2011 ApJ 731 74
Chabrier G., Baraffe I., Allard F. and Hauschildt P. 2000 ApJ 542 464
Close L. M., Roddier F., Northcott M. J., Roddier C. and Elon Graves J. 1997 ApJ 478 766
Crida A., Morbidelli A. and Masset F. 2006 Icar 181 587
Dipierro G., Price D., Laibe G. et al 2015 MNRAS 453 L73
Esposito S. and Riccardi A. 2001 A&A 369 L9
Esposito S., Riccardi A., Pinna E. et al 2011 Proc. SPIE 8149 814902
Greaves J. S., Richards A. M. S., Rice W. K. M. and Muxlow T. W. B. 2008 MNRAS 391 L74
Guilloteau S., Dutrey A., Piétu V. and Boehler Y. 2011 A&A 529 A105
Hayashi M., Ohashi N. and Miyama S. M. 1993 ApJL 418 L71
Helled R., Bodenheimer P., Podolak M. et al 2014 in Protostars and Planets VI ed H. Beuther et al (Tucson, AZ: Univ. Arizona Press) 643
Hinz P., Bailey V. P., Defrère D. et al 2014 Proc. SPIE 9146 91460T
Kenyon S. J., Gómez M. and Whitney B. A. 2008 in Handbook of Star Forming Regions, Volume I: The Northern sky ed B. Reipurth (ASP Monograph Publications, Vol. 4; San Francisco, CA: ASP) 405
Kenyon S. J. and Hartmann L. 1995 ApJS 101 117
Kwon W., Looney L. W. and Mundy L. G. 2011 ApJ 741 3
Leisenring J. M., Skrutskie M. F., Hinz P. M. et al 2012 Proc. SPIE 8446 84464F
Maire A.-L., Skemer A. J., Hinz P. M. et al 2015 A&A 576 A133
Malik M., Meru F., Mayer L. and Meyer M. 2015 ApJ 802 56
Marleau G.-D. and Cumming A. 2014 MNRAS 437 1378
Marley M. S., Fortney J. J., Hubickyj O., Bodenheimer P. and Lissauer J. J. 2007 ApJ 655 541
Marois C., Lafrenière D., Doyon R., Macintosh B. and Nadeau D. 2006 ApJ 641 556
Men'shchikov A. B., Henning T. and Fischer O. 1999 ApJ 519 257
Racine R., Walker G. A. H., Nadeau D., Doyon R. and Marois C. 1999 PASP 111 587
Rieke G. H. and Lebofsky M. J. 1985 ApJ 288 618
Sargent A. I. and Beckwith S. V. W. 1991 ApJL 382 L31
Skemer A. J., Hinz P., Esposito S. et al 2014 Proc. SPIE 9148 91480L
Skrutskie M. F., Jones T., Hinz P. et al 2010 Proc. SPIE 7735 77353H
Soummer R., Pueyo L. and Larkin J. 2012 ApJL 755 L28
Zhu Z., Stone J. M., Rafikov R. R. and Bai X.-n 2014 ApJ 785 122
