Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, Molitch ME, Montori VM, Post KD & Vance ML. Pituitary incidentaloma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 894-904. (doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1048)
Molitch ME. Pituitary tumours: pituitary incidentalomas. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009 23 667-675. (doi:10.1016/j.beem.2009.05.001)
Lania A & Beck-Peccoz P. Pituitary incidentalomas. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2012 26 395-403. (doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.009)
Kastelan D & Korsic M. High prevalence rate of pituitary incidentaloma: is it associated with the age-related decline of the sex hormones levels? Medical Hypotheses 2007 69 307-309. (doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.11.044)
Char G & Persaud V. Asymptomatic microadenomas of the pituitary gland in an unselected autopsy series. West Indian Medical Journal 1986 35 275-279.
Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 2008 37 151-171. (doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.011)
Buurman H & Saeger W. Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006 154 753-758. (doi:10.1530/eje.1.02107)
Kim JH, Seo JS, Lee BW, Lee SY, Jeon SH & Lee KB. The characteristics of incidental pituitary microadenomas in 120 Korean forensic autopsy cases. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2007 22 (Supplement) S61-S65. (doi:10.3346/jkms.2007.22. S. S61)
Auer RN, Alakija P & Sutherland GR. Asymptomatic large pituitary adenomas discovered at autopsy. Surgical Neurology 1996 46 28-31. (doi:10.1016/0090-3019 (96) 00085-7)
Bancos I, Natt N, Murad MH & Montori VM. Evidence-based endocrinology: illustrating its principles in the management of patients with pituitary incidentalomas. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2012 26 9-19. (doi:10.1016/j. beem.2011.06.003)
Hodolic M, Huchet V, Balogova S, Michaud L, Kerrou K, Nataf V, Cimitan M, Fettich J & Talbot JN. Incidental uptake of (18) F-fluorocholine (FCH) in the head or in the neck of patients with prostate cancer. Radiology and Oncology 2014 48 228-234. (doi:10.2478/raon-2013-0075)
Weng JH, Lee JK, Wu MF, Shen CY & Kao PF. Pituitary FDG uptake in a patient of lung cancer with bilateral adrenal metastases causing adrenal cortical insufficiency. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 2011 36 731-732. (doi:10.1097/RLU.0b013e31821a26bf)
Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee HJ, Kang S, Seo JH, Chun KA, Cho IH, Won KS, Zeon SK, Ahn BC et al. Incidental pituitary uptake on whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT: a multicentre study. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2010 37 2334-2343. (doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1571-5)
Hyun SH, Choi JY, Lee KH, Choe YS & Kim BT. Incidental focal 18F-FDG uptake in the pituitary gland: clinical significance and differential diagnostic criteria. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2011 52 547-550. (doi:10.2967/jnumed.110.083733)
Currie GM, Trifunovic M, Kiat H, Saunders C, Chung D, Ong YY, Wilkinson M, Witte K & Magnussen J. Pituitary incidentaloma found on O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology 2014 42 218-222. (doi:10.2967/jnmt.113.136291)
Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, Patronas NJ & Oldfield EH. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994 120 817-820. (doi:10.7326/0003-4819-120-10-199405150-00001)
Chong BW, Kucharczyk W, Singer W & George S. Pituitary gland MR: a comparative study of healthy volunteers and patients with microadenomas. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1994 15 675-679.
Nammour GM, Ybarra J, Naheedy MH, Romeo JH & Aron DC. Incidental pituitary macroadenoma: a population-based study. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1997 314 287-291.
Yue NC, Longstreth WT Jr, Elster AD, Jungreis CA, O'Leary DH & Poirier VC. Clinically serious abnormalities found incidentally at MR imaging of the brain: data from the Cardiovascular Health Study. Radiology 1997 202 41-46. (doi:10.1148/radiology.202.1.8988190)
Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Tanghe HL, Vincent AJ, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Niessen WJ, Breteler MM & van der Lugt A. Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population. New England Journal of Medicine 2007 357 1821-1828. (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa070972)
Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, Dempegioti A, Tichomirowa MA & Beckers A. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a crosssectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 4769-4775. (doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1668)
Fernandez A, Karavitaki N & Wass JA. Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clinical Endocrinology 2010 72 377-382. (doi:10.1111/cen. 2010.72.issue-3)
Feldkamp J, Santen R, Harms E, Aulich A, Modder U & Scherbaum WA. Incidentally discovered pituitary lesions: high frequency of macroadenomas and hormone-secreting adenomas - results of a prospective study. Clinical Endocrinology 1999 51 109-113. (doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00748.x)
Arita K, Tominaga A, Sugiyama K, Eguchi K, Iida K, Sumida M, Migita K & Kurisu K. Natural course of incidentally found nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, with special reference to pituitary apoplexy during follow-up examination. Journal of Neurosurgery 2006 104 884-891. (doi:10.3171/jns.2006.104.6.884)
Sanno N, Oyama K, Tahara S, Teramoto A & Kato Y. A survey of pituitary incidentaloma in Japan. European Journal of Endocrinology 2003 149 123-127. (doi:10.1530/eje.0.1490123)
Fainstein Day P, Guitelman M, Artese R, Fiszledjer L, Chervin A, Vitale NM, Stalldecker G, De Miguel V, Cornalo D, Alfieri A et al. Retrospective multicentric study of pituitary incidentalomas. Pituitary 2004 7 145-148. (doi:10.1007/s11102-005-1757-1)
Famini P, Maya MM & Melmed S. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging for sellar and parasellar masses: ten-year experience in 2598 patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 1633-1641. (doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0168)
Anagnostis P, Adamidou F, Polyzos SA, Efstathiadou Z, Panagiotou A & Kita M. Pituitary incidentalomas: a single-centre experience. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2011 65 172-177. (doi:10.1111/ijcp. 2011.65.issue-2)
Orija IB, Weil RJ & Hamrahian AH. Pituitary incidentaloma. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2012 26 47-68. (doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.07.003)
Bonneville JF, Bonneville F & Cattin F. Magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary adenomas. European Radiology 2005 15 543-548. (doi:10.1007/s00330-004-2531-x)
Cattin F & Bonneville JF. [MRI study of the hypophysis]. Journal of Neuroradiology 1996 23 133-138.
Chanson P, Daujat F, Young J, Bellucci A, Kujas M, Doyon D & Schaison G. Normal pituitary hypertrophy as a frequent cause of pituitary incidentaloma: a follow-up study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 3009-3015. (doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7649)
Tsunoda A, Okuda O & Sato K. MR height of the pituitary gland as a function of age and sex: especially physiological hypertrophy in adolescence and in climacterium. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1997 18 551-554.
Suzuki M, Takashima T, Kadoya M, Konishi H, Kameyama T, Yoshikawa J, Gabata T, Arai K, Tamura S, Yamamoto T et al. Height of normal pituitary gland on MR imaging: age and sex differentiation. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 1990 14 36-39. (doi:10.1097/00004728-199001000-00006)
Elster AD, Chen MY, Williams DW 3rd & Key LL. Pituitary gland: MR imaging of physiologic hypertrophy in adolescence. Radiology 1990 174 681-685. (doi:10.1148/radiology.174.3.2305049)
Doraiswamy PM, Potts JM, Axelson DA, Husain MM, Lurie SN, Na C, Escalona PR, McDonald WM, Figiel GS, Ellinwood EH Jr et al. MR assessment of pituitary gland morphology in healthy volunteers: age- and gender-related differences. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1992 13 1295-1299.
Korenman SG, Morley JE, Mooradian AD, Davis SS, Kaiser FE, Silver AJ, Viosca SP & Garza D. Secondary hypogonadism in older men: its relation to impotence. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1990 71 963-969. (doi:10.1210/jcem-71-4-963)
Bjornerem A, Straume B, Midtby M, Fonnebo V, Sundsfjord J, Svartberg J, Acharya G, Oian P & Berntsen GK. Endogenous sex hormones in relation to age, sex, lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases in a general population: the Tromso Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 6039-6047. (doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0735)
Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L, Mannavola D & Campi I. Pituitary tumours: TSH-secreting adenomas. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2009 23 597-606. (doi:10.1016/j. beem.2009.05.006)
Ezzat S, Asa SL, Stefaneanu L, Whittom R, Smyth HS, Horvath E, Kovacs K & Frohman LA. Somatotroph hyperplasia without pituitary adenoma associated with a long standing growth hormonereleasing hormone-producing bronchial carcinoid. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994 78 555-560. (doi:10.1210/jcem.78.3.8126126)
Scheithauer BW, Moschopulos M, Kovacs K, Jhaveri BS, Percek T & Lloyd RV. The pituitary in klinefelter syndrome. Endocrine Pathology 2005 16 133-138. (doi:10.1385/EP:16:2)
Soule SG & Jacobs HS. The evaluation and management of subclinical pituitary disease. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1996 72 258-262. (doi:10.1136/pgmj.72.847.258)
Freda PU & Post KD. Differential diagnosis of sellar masses. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 1999 28 81-117. (doi:10.1016/S0889-8529 (05) 70058-X)
Rokni-Yazdi H & Sotoudeh H. Prevalence of "dural tail sign" in patients with different intracranial pathologies. European Journal of Radiology 2006 60 42-45. (doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.04.003)
Kaltsas GA, Evanson J, Chrisoulidou A & Grossman AB. The diagnosis and management of parasellar tumours of the pituitary. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2008 15 885-903. (doi:10.1677/ERC-08-0170)
Reincke M, Allolio B, Saeger W, Menzel J & Winkelmann W. The 'incidentaloma' of the pituitary gland. Is neurosurgery required? JAMA 1990 263 2772-2776. (doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440200076026)
Toini A, Dolci A, Ferrante E, Verrua E, Malchiodi E, Sala E, Lania AG, Chiodini I, Beck-Peccoz P, Arosio M et al. Screening for ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism in patients affected with pituitary incidentaloma. European Journal of Endocrinology 2015 172 363-369. (doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0599)
Galland F, Vantyghem MC, Cazabat L, Boulin A, Cotton F, Bonneville JF, Jouanneau E, Vidal-Trecan G & Chanson P. Management of nonfunctioning pituitary incidentaloma. Annales d'Endocrinologie 2015 76 191-200. (doi:10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.004)
Rumboldt Z. Pituitary adenomas. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2005 16 277-288. (doi:10.1097/01.rmr.0000224684.76006.cf)
Huang BY & Castillo M. Nonadenomatous tumors of the pituitary and sella turcica. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2005 16 289-299. (doi:10.1097/01.rmr.0000224685.83629.18)
Smith JK. Parasellar tumors: suprasellar and cavernous sinuses. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2005 16 307-315. (doi:10.1097/01.rmr.0000224687.29371.9a)
Young SC, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, Spagnoli MV, Hackney DB, Zimmerman RA & Bilaniuk LT. MR of vascular encasement in parasellar masses: comparison with angiography and CT. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1988 9 35-38.
Heye S, Maleux G, Van Loon J & Wilms G. Symptomatic stenosis of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery due to an irresectable medial sphenoid wing meningioma: treatment by endovascular stent placement. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2006 27 1532-1534.
Moshkin O, Muller P, Scheithauer BW, Juco J, Horvath E, Patterson BJ, Kamel-Reid S & Kovacs K. Primary pituitary lymphoma: a histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study with literature review. Endocrine Pathology 2009 20 46-49. (doi:10.1007/s12022-009-9062-6)
Floeth FW, Sabel M, Stoffels G, Pauleit D, Hamacher K, Steiger HJ & Langen KJ. Prognostic value of 18F-fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine PET and MRI in small nonspecific incidental brain lesions. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2008 49 730-737. (doi:10.2967/jnumed.107.050005)
Hodolic M. Role of (18) F-choline PET/CT in evaluation of patients with prostate carcinoma. Radiology and Oncology 2011 45 17-21. (doi:10.2478/v10019-010-0050-8)
Glezer A, Paraiba DB & Bronstein MD. Rare sellar lesions. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 2008 37 195-211. (doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.003)
Heinze HJ & Bercu BB. Acquired hypophysitis in adolescence. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997 10 315-321.
Gutenberg A, Hans V, Puchner MJ, Kreutzer J, Bruck W, Caturegli P & Buchfelder M. Primary hypophysitis: clinical-pathological correlations. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006 155 101-107. (doi:10.1530/eje.1.02183)
Byun WM, Kim OL & Kim D. MR imaging findings of Rathke's cleft cysts: significance of intracystic nodules. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000 21 485-488.
Spampinato MV & Castillo M. Congenital pathology of the pituitary gland and parasellar region. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2005 16 269-276. (doi:10.1097/01.rmr.0000224683.98876.51)
Tominaga JY, Higano S & Takahashi S. Characteristics of Rathke's cleft cyst in MR imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences 2003 2 1-8. (doi:10.2463/mrms.2.1)
Karavitaki N, Brufani C, Warner JT, Adams CB, Richards P, Ansorge O, Shine B, Turner HE & Wass JA. Craniopharyngiomas in children and adults: systematic analysis of 121 cases with long-term follow-up. Clinical Endocrinology 2005 62 397-409. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02231.x)
Zhang YQ, Wang CC & Ma ZY. Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: clinicomorphological study of 189 cases. Pediatric Neurosurgery 2002 36 80-84. (doi:10.1159/000048357)
Sartoretti-Schefer S, Wichmann W, Aguzzi A & Valavanis A. MR differentiation of adamantinous and squamous-papillary craniopharyngiomas. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1997 18 77-87.
Baskin DS & Wilson CB. Surgical management of craniopharyngiomas. A review of 74 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 1986 65 22-27. (doi:10.3171/jns.1986.65.1.0022)
Mukherjee JJ, Islam N, Kaltsas G, Lowe DG, Charlesworth M, Afshar F, Trainer PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM & Grossman AB. Clinical, radiological and pathological features of patients with Rathke's cleft cysts: tumors that may recur. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997 82 2357-2362. (doi:10.1210/jcem.82.7.4043)
Shin JL, Asa SL, Woodhouse LJ, Smyth HS & Ezzat S. Cystic lesions of the pituitary: clinicopathological features distinguishing craniopharyngioma, Rathke's cleft cyst, and arachnoid cyst. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 3972-3982. (doi:10.1210/jcem.84.11.6114)
Tsuchiya K, Makita K, Furui S & Nitta K. MRI appearances of calcifiec regions within intracranial tumours. Neuroradiology 1993 35 341-344 (doi:10.1007/BF00588364)
Rennert J & Doerfler A. Imaging of sellar and parasellar lesions. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2007 109 111-124. (doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2006.11.001)
Komninos J, Vlassopoulou V, Protopapa D, Korfias S, Kontogeorgos C Sakas DE & Thalassinos NC. Tumors metastatic to the pituitary gland case report and literature review. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 574-580. (doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030395)
Honegger J, Schlaffer S, Menzel C, Droste M, Werner S, Elbelt U, Strasburger C, Stormann S, Kuppers A, Streetz-van der Werf C et al. Diagnosis of Primary Hypophysitis in Germany. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2015 100 3841-3849. (doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2152)
Honegger J, Buchfelder M, Schlaffer S, Droste M, Werner S, Strasburger C, Stormann S, Schopohl J, Kacheva S, Deutschbein T et al. Treatment of Primary Hypophysitis in Germany. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2015 100 3460-3469. (doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2146)
Caturegli P, Newschaffer C, Olivi A, Pomper MG, Burger PC & Rose NR. Autoimmune hypophysitis. Endocrine Reviews 2005 26 599-614. (doi:10.1210/er.2004-0011)
Donovan LE & Corenblum B. The natural history of the pituitary incidentaloma. Archives of Internal Medicine 1995 155 181-183. (doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430020067008)
Suzuki M, Minematsu T, Oyama K, Tahara S, Miyai S, Sanno N, Osamura RY & Teramoto A. Expression of proliferation markers in human pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrine Pathology 2006 17 263-275. (doi:10.1385/EP:17:3)
Karavitaki N, Collison K, Halliday J, Byrne JV, Price P, Cudlip S & Wass JA. What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clinical Endocrinology 2007 67 938-943. (doi:10.1111/cen. 2007.67.issue-6)
Lenders N, Ikeuchi S, Russell AW, Ho KK, Prins JB & Inder WJ. Longitudinal evaluation of the natural history of conservatively managed nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Clinical Endocrinology 2016 8 4 222-228. (doi:10.1111/cen. 2016.84.issue-2)
Fernandez-Balsells MM, Murad MH, Barwise A, Gallegos-Orozco JF, Paul A, Lane MA, Lampropulos JF, Natividad I, Perestelo-Perez L, Ponce de Leon-Lovaton PG et al. Natural history of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and incidentalomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011 96 905-912. (doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1054)
Igarashi T, Saeki N & Yamaura A. Long-term magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of asymptomatic sellar tumors.-their natural history and surgical indications. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 1999 39 592-598. (doi:10.2176/nmc.39.592)
Oyama K, Sanno N, Tahara S & Teramoto A. Management of pituitary incidentalomas: according to a survey of pituitary incidentalomas in Japan. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 2005 26 47-50.
Dekkers OM, Hammer S, de Keizer RJ, Roelfsema F, Schutte PJ, Smit JW, Romijn JA & Pereira AM. The natural course of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. European Journal of Endocrinology 2007 156 217-224. (doi:10.1530/eje.1.02334)
Nishizawa S, Ohta S, Yokoyama T & Uemura K. Therapeutic strategy for incidentally found pituitary tumors ("pituitary incidentalomas"). Neurosurgery 1998 43 1344-1348.
Scangas GA & Laws ER Jr. Pituitary incidentalomas. Pituitary 2014 17 486-491. (doi:10.1007/s11102-013-0517-x)
Randall BR, Kraus KL, Simard MF & Couldwell WT. Cost of evaluation of patients with pituitary incidentaloma. Pituitary 2010 13 383-384. (doi:10.1007/s11102-010-0241-8)
