Ryden L., Grant P.J., Anker S.D., Berne C., Cosentino F., Danchin N., et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2013, 34:3035-3087.
Gaede P., Vedel P., Larsen N., Jensen G.V., Parving H.H., Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:383-393.
Gaede P., Lund-Andersen H., Parving H.H., Pedersen O. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:580-591.
Scheen A.J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014, 53:213-225.
Zinman B., Wanner C., Lachin J.M., Fitchett D., Bluhmki E., Hantel S., et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015, 373:2117-2128.
Inzucchi S.E., Zinman B., Wanner C., Ferrari R., Fitchett D., Hantel S., et al. SGLT-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk: proposed pathways and review of ongoing outcome trials. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015, 12:90-100.
Scheen A.J. Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2015, 75:33-59.
Lambers Heerspink H.J., de Zeeuw D., Wie L., Leslie B., List J. Dapagliflozin a glucose-regulating drug with diuretic properties in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013, 15:853-862.
Scheen A.J., Charbonnel B. Effects of glucose-lowering agents on vascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a critical reappraisal. Diabetes Metab 2014, 40:176-185.
Group UKPDS Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998, 352:837-853.
Group UKPDS Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998, 352:854-865.
Scheen A.J., Paquot N. Metformin revisited: a critical review of the benefit-risk balance in at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2013, 39:179-190.
Dormandy J.A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D.J., Erdmann E., Massi-Benedetti M., Moules I.K., et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366:1279-1289.
Scirica B.M., Bhatt D.L., Braunwald E., Steg P.G., Davidson J., Hirshberg B., et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:1317-1326.
White W.B., Cannon C.P., Heller S.R., Nissen S.E., Bergenstal R.M., Bakris G.L., et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013, 369:1327-1335.
Green J.B., Bethel M.A., Armstrong P.W., Buse J.B., Engel S.S., Garg J., et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015, 373:232-242.
Pfeffer M.A., Claggett B., Diaz R., Dickstein K., Gerstein H.C., Kober L.V., et al. Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2015, 373:2247-2257.
Gerstein H.C., Bosch J., Dagenais G.R., Diaz R., Jung H., Maggioni A.P., et al. Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med 2012, 367:319-328.
Tikkanen I., Narko K., Zeller C., Green A., Salsali A., Broedl U.C., et al. Empagliflozin reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Diabetes Care 2015, 38:420-428.
Emdin C.A., Rahimi K., Neal B., Callender T., Perkovic V., Patel A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2015, 313:603-615.
Dziuba J., Alperin P., Racketa J., Iloeje U., Goswami D., Hardy E., et al. Modeling effects of SGLT-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin treatment versus standard diabetes therapy on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014, 16:628-635.
Kearney P.M., Blackwell L., Collins R., Keech A., Simes J., Peto R., et al. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008, 371:117-125.
de Vries F.M., Kolthof J., Postma M.J., Denig P., Hak E. Efficacy of standard and intensive statin treatment for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in diabetes patients: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014, 9:e111247.
Collins R., Armitage J., Parish S., Sleigh P., Peto R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361:2005-2016.
Colhoun H.M., Betteridge D.J., Durrington P.N., Hitman G.A., Neil H.A., Livingstone S.J., et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004, 364:685-696.
Butalia S., Leung A.A., Ghali W.A., Rabi D.M. Aspirin effect on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011, 10:25.
Simpson S.H., Gamble J.M., Mereu L., Chambers T. Effect of aspirin dose on mortality and cardiovascular events in people with diabetes: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 2011, 26:1336-1344.
Lievre M., Gueyffier F., Ekbom T., Fagard R., Cutler J., Schron E., et al. Efficacy of diuretics and beta-blockers in diabetic hypertensive patients. Results from a meta-analysis. The INDANA Steering Committee. Diabetes Care 2000, 23(Suppl. 2):B65-B71.
Curb J.D., Pressel S.L., Cutler J.A., Savage P.J., Applegate W.B., Black H., et al. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 1996, 276:1886-1892.
Kostis J.B., Wilson A.C., Freudenberger R.S., Cosgrove N.M., Pressel S.L., Davis B.R., et al. Long-term effect of diuretic-based therapy on fatal outcomes in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension with and without diabetes. Am J Cardiol 2005, 95:29-35.
Patel A., MacMahon S., Chalmers J., Neal B., Woodward M., Billot L., et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 370:829-840.
Grossman E., Verdecchia P., Shamiss A., Angeli F., Reboldi G. Diuretic treatment of hypertension. Diabetes Care 2011, 34(Suppl. 2):S313-S319.
Zhao G., Huang L., Song M., Song Y. Baseline serum uric acid level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease related mortality and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis 2013, 231:61-68.
Garg R., Rao A.D., Baimas-George M., Hurwitz S., Foster C., Shah R.V., et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade improves coronary microvascular function in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2015, 64:236-242.
Joffe H.V., Kwong R.Y., Gerhard-Herman M.D., Rice C., Feldman K., Adler G.K. Beneficial effects of eplerenone versus hydrochlorothiazide on coronary circulatory function in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:2552-2558.
O'Keefe J.H., Abuissa H., Pitt B. Eplerenone improves prognosis in postmyocardial infarction diabetic patients with heart failure: results from EPHESUS. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008, 10:492-497.
Chilton R., Tikkanen I., Cannon C.P., Crowe S., Woerle H.J., Broedl U.C., et al. Effects of empagliflozin on blood pressure and markers of arterial stiffness and vascular resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015, 17:1180-1193.
Ferrannini E., Muscelli E., Frascerra S., Baldi S., Mari A., Heise T., et al. Metabolic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Invest 2014, 124:499-508.
Scheen A.J., Paquot N. Metabolic effects SGLT2 inhibitors beyond increased glucosuria: a review of clinical evidence. Diabetes Metab 2014, 40(Suppl.):S4-S11.
Lefebvre P.J., Paquot N., Scheen A.J. Inhibiting or antagonizing glucagon: making progress in diabetes care. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015, 17:720-725.
Bourassa M.G., Eibar J., Campeau L. Effects of glucagon on myocardial metabolism in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Circulation 1970, 42:53-60.
Jones B.J., Tan T., Bloom S.R., Minireview: Glucagon in stress and energy homeostasis. Endocrinology 2012, 153:1049-1054.
Harney J.A., Rodgers R.L. Insulin-like stimulation of cardiac fuel metabolism by physiological levels of glucagon: involvement of PI3K but not cAMP. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008, 295:E155-E161.
Ceriello A., Genovese S., Mannucci E., Gronda E. Understanding EMPA-REG OUTCOME. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015, 3:929-930.