Biogeochemistry; Iron-microbes; Fe oncoids; Condensed series; Jurassic
Abstract :
[en] The Oolithe ferrugineuse de Bayeux Formation is located at the historical Bajocian stratotype of Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes, north of Bayeux, Normandy. The condensed formation ranges from the base of the Humphriesianum Zone to the Parkinsoni Zone and is divided into four beds of decimetric scale. Three main microfacies are present: (1) oncoid rudstones, (2) ooid bioclastic packstones and (3) silty burrowed wackestones/ packstones. Sedimentation took place in a very quiet environment, below the photic zone and below or near the storm wave base. The general setting is a distal carbonate ramp, its lower part characterized by hemipelagic sedimentation indicated by the presence of planktonic foraminifers. The inferred depth is around 100 m. Free oxygen concentration was low. Dysaerobic conditions are indicated by a scarcity of benthic macrofauna. Ferruginous structures are numerous in the first two microfacies, and absent in the last. Hematite staining is not uniform and follows many sedimentary patterns. Among the more widespread Fe structures are perforation infillings with endolithic microorganisms, microstromatolites, oncoids, ooids, blisters, coatings and hardgrounds. These structures can be associated and none are mutually exclusive. Hematite-coated filaments of different sizes and shapes are observed in the micrite matrix: the walls of various organisms; the calcite crystals associated with the Fe cortical laminations; the perforations and burrow; the hardgrounds; and microstromatolites. Petrographical and SEM examinations suggest that the laminated crusts (oncoids and hardgrounds) are formed by microbial iron mats dominated by filamentous bacteria and fungi. Seven types of microbes are recognized: filaments (five morphotypes), spheroidal bodies and stalked bodies. Filamentous microfossils of type 1 to 4 resemble the present-day filamentous bacteria (Beggiatoales and Cytophagaceae). Because of their large diameter and their branching nature, filaments of type 5 are possibly filamentous fungi. Another argument in favor of fungi is the presence of stalked and spheroidal bodies that resemble zoosporangia and oogonia of some Oomycota. In deep, calm and dysaerobic waters, many interfaces (e.g. between aerobic and dysaerobic waters) are present in the sediments. The stability of the soluble reduced state of iron (Fe2+) is higher at such interfaces, and many ferric iron-encrusted microbial fossils are observed. Iron could thus serve as an electron donor for microbial iron-oxidation processes. Other microbial iron deposition pathways are also possible. It appears that, regardless of geological age (Paleozoic, Mesozoic) and geographical location, the same microbiological mechanisms are probably responsible for the red color in calcareous stratified or unstratified bodies. The presence of fossilized iron-encrusted bacteria and fungi at interfaces may therefore serve as an indicator of anoxic to dysaerobic conditions in various paleo(micro)environments.
Disciplines :
Microbiology Earth sciences & physical geography
Author, co-author :
Préat
Mamet, B.
De Ridder, C.
Boulvain, Frédéric ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Pétrologie sédimentaire
Gillan, D.
Language :
English
Title :
Iron bacterial and fungal mats, Bajocian stratotype (Mid-Jurassic, northern Normandy, France)
Boulvain F. (1989) Origine microbienne du pigment ferrugineux des monticules micritiques du Frasnien de l'Ardenne. Ann. Soc. Géol. Belgique 112(1):79-85.
Boulvain F. (1993) Sedimentologie et diagenese des monticules micritiques "F2j" du Frasnien de l'Ardenne. Prof. Paper Serv. Géol, Belgique 2 fasc. 260 Bruxelles; .
Bourque P.A., Boulvain F. (1993) A model for the origin and petrogenesis of the red Stromatactis timestone of Paleozoic carbonate mounds. J. Sediment, Petrol 163(4):574-588.
Bromley R. (1990) Trace Fossils. Biology and Taphonomy, Unwin Hyman. London. 280 pp; .
Burkhalter R.M. (1995) Ooidat ironstone and ferruginous microbialites: Origin and relation to sequence stratigraphy (Aalenian and Bajocian. Swiss Jura mountains). Sedimentology 42:57-74.
Burnett B.R., Nealson K.H. (1981) Organic films and microorganisms associated with manganese nodules. Deep-Sea Res 28:637-645.
Burnett B.R., Nealson K.H. (1983) Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the surface of a deep-sea ferromanganese nodule. Mar. Geol 53:313-329.
Chafetz H.S., Akdim B., Julia R., Reid A. (1998) Mn-and Fe-rich black travertine shrubs: Bacterially (and nanobacterially) induced precipitates. J. Sediment. Res 68(3):404-412.
Cooksey K.E., Wigglesworth-Cooksey B. (1995) Adhesion of bacteria and diatoms to surfaces in the sea: Review. Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol 9:87-96.
Dahanayake K., Krumbein W.E. (1986) Microbial structures in oolitic iron formations. Min. Deposita 21:85-94.
Dangeard L. (1930) Recif et galet d'algues dans l'Oolithe ferrugineuse de Normandie. C.R. Acad. Sci , Paris; 190:66-68.
Ehrlich H.L. (1990) Geomicrobiology of iron. Geomicrobiology , Ehrlich H.L. (Ed.), 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, New York; 283-346.
Eren M., Kadir S. (1999) Colour origin of upper Cretaceous pelagic red sediments within the Eastern Pontides, Northeast Turkey. Geol. Rundschau 88:593-595.
Fernandez Lopez S. (1991) Taphonomic concepts for a theoretical biochronology. Rev. Espan. Paleontol 6:37-49.
Fortin D., Ferris F.G., Beveridge T.J. (1997) Surface-mediated mineral development by bacteria. Geomicrobiology: Interactions Between Microbes and Minerals, Review in Mineralogy , Banfield J.F., Nealson K.H. (Eds.); 35:171-178.
Fürsich F. (1971) Hartgründe und Kondensation im Dogger von Calvados. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh 138(3):313-342.
Fürsich F. (1998) Environmental distribution of trace fossils in the Jurassic of Kachchh (Western India). Facies 39:46-53.
Gatrall M., Jenkyns H.C., Parsons C.F. (1972) Limonitic concretions from the European Jurassic with particular reference to the 'Snuff-Boxes' of southern England. Sedimentology 18:79-103.
Gauthier H., Rioult M., Trévian M. (1995) Enregistrement biostratigraphique exceptionnel dans "l'Oolithe ferrugineuse de Bayeux" au Sud de Caen (Normandie, France): Complément au stratotype du Bajocien. C.R. Acad. Sci , Paris; 321 A(2):317-323.
Ghiorse W.C. (1984) Biology of iron- and manganese-depositing bacteria. Ann. Rev. Microbiol 38:515-550.
Ghiorse W.C., Hirsch P. (1982) Isolation and properties of ferromanganese-depositing budding bacteria from Baltic Sea ferromanganese concretions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 43:1464-1472.
Gillan D.C., De Ridder C. (1995) The microbial community associated with Montacuta ferruginosa, a commensal bivalve of the echinoid Echinocardium cordatum. Echinoderm Research Balkema , Emson. R.H. Smith, A.B. Campbell, A.C. (Eds.), Rotterdam; 71-76.
Gillan D.C., De Ridder C. (1997) Morphology of a ferric ironencrusted biofilm forming on the shell of a burrowing bivalve (Mollusca). Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol 12:1-10.
(2000) Iron oxidation and deposition in the biofilm covering Montacuta ferruginosa (Mollusca. Bivalvia). Geomicrobiol. J 17(2):141-150.
Juniper S.K., Tebo B.M. (1995) Microbe-metal interactions and mineral deposition at hydrothermal vents. The Microbiology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents , Karl D.M. (Ed.), CRC Press, USA; 219-253.
Kimberley M.M. (1978) Paleoenvironmental classification of iron formations. Econ. Geol 73:215-229.
Konhauser K.O. (1998) Diversity of bacterial iron mineralization. Earth Sci. Rev 43:91-121.
Lockair R.E., Savrda C.E. (1998) Ichnofossil tiering analysis of a rhythmically bedded chalk-marl sequence in the Upper Cretaceous of Alabama. Lethaia (Oslo) 311-322.
Mamet B., Boulvain F. (1988) Remplissages bactériens de cavités biohermales frasniennes. Bull. Soc. Belge Géol 97(1):63-76.
Mamet B., Boulvain F. (1991) Constructions hématitiques des Griottes carboniferes (Asturies, Espagne). Bull. Soc. Belge Geol 99(2):229-239.
Mamet B., Perret C. (1995) Bioconstructions hématitiques de Griottes dévoniennes (Pyrénées centrales). Géobios 28(6):655-661.
Mamet B., Préat A., De Ridder C. (1997) Bacterial Origin of the Red Pigmentation in the Devonian Slivenec Limestone. Facies , Czech Republic; 36:173-188.
Nealson K.H. (1983) The microbial iron cycle. Microbial Geochemistry , Krumbein, W.E. (Ed.), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford; 159-190.
d'Orbigny A. (1849) Cours élémentaire de Paléoécologie et de Géologie Stratigraphique. Masson 2:846.
Palmer T.J., Wilson M. (1990) Growth of ferruginous oncoliths in the bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Europe. Terra Nova 2:142-147.
Pavia G. (1994) Taphonomic remarks on d'Orbigny's type Bajocian (Bayeux, west France). Miscellanea Del Servizi Geologico Nazionale 5:93-111.
Préat A., Mamet B., Devleeschouwer X. (1998) Sédimentologie du stratotype de la limite Frasnien-Famennien (Coumiac, Montagne Noire, France). Bull. Soc. Géol , France; 169(3):331-342.
Préat A., Mamet B., Bernard B., Gillan D.C. (1999) Rôle des organismes microbiens et des constructions hématitiques dans la formation des matrices rougeâtres de différentes séries paléozoïques d'Europe: l'exemple du Dévonien de la Montagne Noire. Rev. Micropal 42(2):161-182.
Préat A., Mamet B., Bernard A., Gillan D.C. (1999) Bacterial mediation, red matrices diagenesis, Dévonian de la Montagne Noire (Southern France). Geol. Sediment 126(1-4):223-243.
Raghukumar C., Rao V.P.C., Iyer S.D. (1989) Precipitation of iron in windowpane oyster shells by marine shell-boring cyano-bacteria. Geomicrobiol. J 7:235-244.
Rheinheimer G. (Ed.). Aquatic Microbiology , Wiley, New York; 1980, 235.
Rioult M. (1964) Le stratotype du Bajocien coll. Jurassique, Luxembourg 1962. Sci. Nat. Phys. Math , Publ. Inst. Grand Ducal Luxembourg; 239-258.
Rioult M., Dugué O., Jan du Chêne R., Ponsot C., Fily G., Moron J.M., Vail P.R. (1991) Outcrop sequence stratigraphy of the Anglo-Paris Basin, Middle to Upper Jurassic (Normandy, Maine, Dorset). Bull. Centres Rech. Explor.-Prod. Elf Aquitaine 15(1):101-194.
Tazaki K. (1998) A new world in the science of biomineralization. The Science Reports of Kanazawa University , Tazaki K. (Ed.) Japan; 42(1-2).
Temara A., De Ridder C., Kuenen J.G., Robertson L.A. (1993) Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in the burrowing echinoid Echinocardium cordatum (Echinodermata). Mar. Biol 115:179-185.
Von Stackelberg U. Growth History and Variability of Manganese Nodules of the Equatorial North Pacific Marine Minirals , Teleki P.G., Dobson M.R., Moore J.R. Von Stackelberg U. (Eds.), Advance in Research and Resource Assesment, 194. NATO ASI Series, C; 1987, 194:198-204.
Young T.P. (1989) Phanerozoic ironstones: An introduction and review. Phanerozoic Ironstones , Young T.P., Taylor W.E.G. (Eds.), Spec. Publ. Geol.London, London.; 46:9-25.