[en] In this paper a study of the heat generation during UV Laser Induced Contamination (LIC) and potentially
resulting subsequent thermal damage is presented. This becomes increasingly interesting when
optics with delicate coatings are involved. During LIC radiation can interact with outgassing molecules
both in the gas phase and at the surface, triggering chemical and photo-fixation reactions. This is a major
hazard, in particular for laser units operating under vacuum conditions such as for space applications.
The intense photon flux not only affects the contaminant deposition rate but also alters their chemical
structure that can increase their absorption coefficient. Over cumulative irradiation shots these molecules
formed deposits that increasingly absorb photons and produce heat as a by-product of de-excitation eventually
leading to thermal damage. One could better asses the risk of the latter with the knowledge of
temperature during the contamination process. For this purpose thermoreflectance technique is used here
to estimate the temperature variation from pulse to pulse during contamination deposition through the
analysis of a temperature-dependent surface reflectance signal.
O. Lecrenier, F. Fabre, D. Thibault, D. Morançais, A. Culoma, and D. Wernham, "Aeolus Aladin instrument: Technical challenges," in OPTRO (2012), paper 2012-028.
A. Lefebvre, A. Hélière, A. P. Albiñana, K. Wallace, D. Maeusli, J. Lemanczyk, C. Lusteau, H. Nakatsuka, and E. Tomita, "EarthCARE mission, overview, implementation approach, and development status," Proc. SPIE 9264, 926403 (2014).
A. Pereira, J.-F. Roussel, M. Van Eesbeek, J. M. Guyt, O. Schmeitzky, and D. Faye, "Study of the UV-enhancement of contamination," in Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Materials in a Space Environment (2003), Vol. 540, pp. 231-238.
H. Schröder, P. Wagner, D. Kokkinos, W. Riede, and A. Tighe, "Laserinduced contamination and its impact on laser damage threshold," in XLV Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers (2013).
T. Favaloro, J.-H. Bahk, and A. Shakouri, "Characterization of the temperature dependence of the thermoreflectance coefficient for conductive thin films," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 024903 (2015).
P. Gailly, J. Hastanin, C. Duterte, Y. Hernandez, J.-B. Lecourt, A. Kupisiewicz, P.-E. Martin, and K. Fleury-Frenette, "Laser thermoreflectance for semiconductor thin films metrology," Proc. SPIE 8438, 84381F (2012).
Y. Wang, J. Y. Park, Y. K. Koh, and D. G. Cahill, "Thermoreflectance of metal transducers for time domain thermoreflectance," J. Appl. Phys. 108, 043507 (2010).
R. Rampini, E. Ftaka, and M. van Eesbeek, "Dynamic outgassing testing: A revised mathematical approach," in 11th International Symposium on Materials in the Space Environment Proceedings, France, 2009.
K. Hatanaka, M. Kawao, Y. Tsuboi, H. Fukumura, and H. Masuhara, "Switching from photochemical to photothermal mechanism in laser ablation of benzene solutions," J. Appl. Phys. 82, 5799-5806 (1997).
Y. Tsuboi, K. Hatanaka, H. Fukumura, and H. Masuhara, "The 248 nm excimer laser ablation of liquid benzene derivatives-A relation between ablation threshold and molecular photo-chemical reactivity," J. Phys. Chem. 98, 11237-11241 (1994).
J. F. Ready, Effects of High Power Laser Radiation (Academic, 1971).
H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids (Oxford Science, 1986).
C. B. Scruby and L. E. Drain, Laser Ultrasonics (CRC Press, 1990), p. 231.
D. G. Cahill, "Analysis of heat flow in layered structures for timedomain thermoreflectance," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 5119-5122 (2004).
Z. L. Wu, M. Reichling, H. Groenbeck, Z. X. Fan, D. Schaefer, and E. Matthias, "Photothermal measurement of thermal conductivity of optical coatings," Proc. SPIE 1624, 331-345 (1991).
K. M. McPeak, S. V. Jayanti, S. J. P. Kress, S. Meyer, S. Iotti, A. Rossinelli, and D. J. Norris, "Plasmonic films can easily be better: Rules and recipes," ACS Photonics 2, 326-333 (2015).
M. G. Burzo, P. L. Komarov, and P. E. Raad, "Thermo-reflectance thermography for submicron temperature measurements," Electron. Cool. Mag. 14 (2008).
P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, "Optical constants of transition metals: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Pd," Phys. Rev. B 9, 5056-5070 (1974).
I. H. Malitson, "Interspecimen comparison of the refractive index of fused silica," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1205-1208 (1965).
T. Tondu, J. F. Roussel, and D. Faye, "New mechanism for VUV fixation of contamination," in Proceeding of 12th International Symposium on Materials in the Space Environment (2013).
J. S. Canham, "Investigation of contamination effects on laser induced optical damage in space flight lasers," in ESTEC Conference (2004).
J. Alves, F. Pettazzi, A. Tighe, and D. Wernham, "Laser-induced contamination of high-power lasers in space-based LIDAR missions," in International Conference Space Optics, Greece, 2010.
H. Hong, Q. Liu, L. Huang, and M. Gong, "Improvement and formation of UV-induced damage on LBO crystal surface during long-term highpower third-harmonic generation," Opt. Express 21, 7285-7293 (2013).
M. Mansuripur, G. A. Neville Connell, and J. W. Goodman, "Laserinduced local heating of multilayers," Appl. Opt. 21, 1106-1114 (1982).
G. Liessmann, W. Schmidt, and S. Reiffarth, Data Compilation of the Saechsische Olefinwerke Boehlen, Germany, 1995.
X. Ling, G. Wang, Y. Zhao, X. Liu, and J. Shao, "Laser-induced damage of the optical coatings due to organic contamination in vacuum," Appl. Surf. Sci. 270, 346-351 (2013).