[en] The strategy for the management ot type 2 diabetes, summarized by a group of European and American experts, has been updated early 2015. A patient-centered approach is recommended and the first drug choice is metformin combined with lifestyle improvement. After failure of metformin monotherapy, the selection of a second drug should be based on the efficacy, safety and cost of each pharmacological class. When compared to the position statement of 2012, the most important changes are the possible addition of a gliptin to a dual oral therapy or even to insulin, the commercialization of sodium-glucose cotransporters type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (gliflozins, to be used in dual or triple therapy, even in combination with insulin) and the possible combination of a glucagon-like peptide-I receptor agonist together with a basal insulin.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A patientcentered approach: Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012; 35:1364-79.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: A patientcentered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 2012; 55:1577-96.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: A patient-centered approach: Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:140-9.
Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: A patient-centred approach. Update to a Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:429-42.
Scheen AJ. Pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2015; 75:33-59.
Scheen AJ. A review of gliptins for 2014. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:43-62.
Scheen AJ. Safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for treating type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:505-24.
Trujillo JM, Nuffer W, Ellis SL. GLP-1 receptor agonists: A review of head-to-head clinical studies. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2015; 6:19-28.
Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Actualisation 2015 des recommandations américaines et européennes pour le traitement du diabète de type 2. Rev Med Liège 2015; 70:122-8.
Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Metformin revisited: A critical review of the benefit-risk balance in at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2013; 39:179-90.
Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Utilisation de la metformine chez le patient diabétique cardiaque: balance bénéficesrisques. Rev Med Suisse 2013; 9:1527-33.
Boussageon R, Supper I, Bejan-Angoulvant T, et al. Reappraisal of metformin efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS Med 2012; 9:e1001204.
Group UKPDS. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352:854-65.
Monami M, Genovese S, Mannucci E. Cardiovascular safety of sulfonylureas: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metabol 2013; 15:938-53.
Phung OJ, Schwartzman E, Allen RW, et al. Sulphonylureas and risk of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2013; 30:1160-71.
Scheen AJ. Comment je traite? Le choix entre un sulfamide hypoglycémiant et une gliptine pour traiter le diabète de type 2. Rev Med Liège 2014; 69:476-84.
Simpson SH, Lee J, Choi S, et al. Mortality risk among sulfonylureas: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:43-51.
Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Update regarding the thiazolidinediones. Diabetologia 2008; 51:8-11.
Levin D, Bell S, Sund R, et al. Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: A multipopulation pooled, cumulative exposure analysis. Diabetologia 2015; 58:493-504.
Scheen AJ. Outcomes and lessons from the PROactive study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 98:175-86.
Gu S, Shi J, Tang Z, et al. Comparison of glucose lowering effect of metformin and acarbose in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0126704.
Scheen AJ. A review of gliptins in 2011. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13:81-99.
Egan AG, Blind E, Dunder K, et al. Pancreatic safety of incretin-based drugs - FDA and EMA assessment. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:794-7.
Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1317-26.
White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1327-35.
Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:232-42.
Scheen AJ. Gliptines, sécurité cardiovasculaire et insuffisance cardiaque: le point après l'étude TECOS. Rev Med Suisse 2015; 11:1526-31.
Scheen AJ, Radermecker RP, Ernest P, et al. Inhibiteurs du cotransporteur du glucose SGLT2 rénal pour traiter le diabète de type 2. Rev Med Suisse 2011; 7: 1621-9.
Nauck MA. Update on developments with SGLT2 inhibitors in the management of type 2 diabetes. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:1335-80.
Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Metabolic effects SGLT2 inhibitors beyond increased glucosuria: A review of clinical evidence. Diabetes Metab 2014; 40:S4-S11.
Buse JB, Peters A, Russell-Jones D, et al. Is insulin the most effective injectable antihyperglycaemic therapy ? Diabetes Obesity Metab 2015; 17:145-51.
Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Intér?t d'une combinaison agoniste des récepteurs du GLP-1 et insuline basale dans le traitement du diabète de type 2. Rev Med Suisse 2014; 10:1549-54.
Holman RR, Sourij H, Califf RM. Cardiovascular outcome trials of glucose-lowering drugs or strategies in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2014; 383:2008-17.
Scheen AJ, Paquot N. Rationnel en faveur d'une combinaison insuline basale-incrétine pour traiter le diabète de type 2. Rev Med Liège 2013; 68:562-8.
Hirsch IB, Buse JB, Leahy J, et al. Options for prandial glucose management in type 2 diabetes patients using basal insulin: Addition of a short-acting GLP-1 analogue versus progression to basal-bolus therapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:206-14.
Raccah D, Lin J, Wang E, et al. Once-daily prandial lixisenatide versus once-daily rapid-acting insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus insufficiently controlled with basal insulin: Analysis of data from five randomized, controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications 2014; 28:40-4.
Blonde L, Jendle J, Gross J, et al. Once-weekly dulaglutide versus bedtime insulin glargine, both in combination with prandial insulin lispro, in patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-4): A randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet 2015; 385:2057-66.
Bailey T. Options for combination therapy in type 2 diabetes: Comparison of the ADA/EASD position statement and AACE/ACE algorithm. Am J Med 2013; 126: S10-20.
Ampudia-Blasco FJ, Benhamou PY, Charpentier G, et al. A decision support tool for appropriate glucoselowering therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2015; 17:194-202.
Paquot N. De la médecine factuelle à la médecine personnalisée: l'exemple du diabète de type 2. Rev Med Liège 2015; 70:299-305.
Mearns ES, Sobieraj DM, White CM, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of antidiabetic drug regimens added to metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125879.
Scheen AJ. Controversy about the relative efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2848-9.
Scheen AJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists or DPP-4 inhibitors: How to guide the clinician ? Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2013; 74:515-22.
Cefalu WT, Buse JB, Del Prato S, et al. Beyond metformin: Safety considerations in the decision-making process for selecting a second medication for type 2 diabetes management: Reflections from a diabetes care editors' expert forum. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:2647-59.
Scheen AJ, Van Gaal LF. Combating the dual burden: Therapeutic targeting of common pathways in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:911-22.
Van Gaal L, Scheen A. Weight management in type 2 diabetes: Current and emerging approaches to treatment. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1161-72.
Sharma MD. Potential for combination of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:616-21.
Guthrie RM. Clinical use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in combination therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med 2015; 127:463-79.
Abdul-Ghani M. Where does combination therapy with an SGLT2 inhibitor plus a DPP-4 inhibitor fit in the management of type 2 diabetes ? Diabetes Care 2015; 38:373-5.