Physostigmine reverses propofol-induced unconsciousness and attenuation of the auditory steady state response and bispectral index in human volunteers.
[en] BACKGROUND: It is postulated that alteration of central cholinergic transmission plays an important role in the mechanism by which anesthetics produce unconsciousness. The authors investigated the effect of altering central cholinergic transmission, by physostigmine and scopolamine, on unconsciousness produced by propofol. METHODS: Propofol was administered to American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 (n = 17) volunteers with use of a computer-controlled infusion pump at increasing concentrations until unconsciousness resulted (inability to respond to verbal commands, abolition of spontaneous movement). Central nervous system function was assessed by use of the Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR) and Bispectral Index (BIS) analysis of electrooculogram. During continuous administration of propofol, reversal of unconsciousness produced by physostigmine (28 microgram/kg) and block of this reversal by scopolamine (8.6 microgram/kg) were evaluated. RESULTS: Propofol produced unconsciousness at a plasma concentration of 3.2 +/- 0.8 (+/- SD) microgram/ml (n = 17). Unconsciousness was associated with reductions in ASSR (0.10 +/- 0.08 microV [awake baseline 0.32 +/- 0.18 microV], P < 0.001) and BIS (55.7 +/- 8.8 [awake baseline 92.4 +/- 3.9], P < 0.001). Physostigmine restored consciousness in 9 of 11 subjects, with concomitant increases in ASSR (0.38 +/- 0.17 microV, P < 0.01) and BIS (75.3 +/- 8.3, P < 0.001). In all subjects (n = 6) scopolamine blocked the physostigmine-induced reversal of unconsciousness and the increase of the ASSR and BIS (ASSR and BIS during propofol-induced unconsciousness: 0.09 +/- 0.09 microV and 58.2 +/- 7.5, respectively; ASSR and BIS after physostigmine administration: 0.08 +/- 0.06 microV and 56.8 +/- 6.7, respectively, NS). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the unconsciousness produced by propofol is mediated at least in part via interruption of central cholinergic muscarinic transmission.
Disciplines :
Anesthesia & intensive care
Author, co-author :
Meuret, Pascal; McGill University - McGill > Anaesthesia
Backman, Steven; McGill University - McGill > Anaesthesia
Bonhomme, Vincent ; Université de Liège > Département des sciences cliniques > Département des sciences cliniques
Plourde, Gilles; McGill University - McGill > Anaesthesia
Fiset, Pierre; McGill University - McGill > Anaesthesia
Language :
English
Title :
Physostigmine reverses propofol-induced unconsciousness and attenuation of the auditory steady state response and bispectral index in human volunteers.
Publication date :
2000
Journal title :
Anesthesiology
ISSN :
0003-3022
eISSN :
1528-1175
Publisher :
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, United States - Pennsylvania
Durieux M.E. (1996) Muscarinic signalling in the central nervous system: Recent developments and anesthetic implications. Anesthesiology 84:173-189.
Lydic R., Baghdoyan H.A., Cholinergic contributions to the control of consciousness, Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations. Edited by Yaksh TL, Lynch III C, Zapole WM, Maze M, Biebuyck JF, Saidman LJ. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven; 1997, 433-450.
Sagales T., Erill S., Domino E.F. (1969) Differential effects of scopolamine and chlorpromazine on REM and NREM sleep in normal male subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10:522-529.
Gillin J.C., Sitaram N., Mendelson W.B. (1982) Acetylcholine, sleep, and depression. Human Neurobiology 1:211-219.
Lydic R., Baghdoyan H.A., Lorinc Z. (1991) Microdialysis of cat pons reveals enhanced acetylcholine release during state-dependent respiratory depression. Am J Physiol 261.
Baghdoyan H.A., Spotts J.L., Snyder S.G. (1993) Simultaneous pontine and basal forebrain microinjections of carbachol suppress REM sleep. J Neurosci 13:229-242.
Ngai S.H., Cheney D.L., Finck A.D. (1978) Acetylcholine concentrations and turnover in rat brain structures during anesthesia with halothane, enflurane, and ketamine. Anesthesiology 48:4-10.
Keifer J.C., Baghdoyan H.A., Lydic R. (1996) Pontine cholinergic mechanisms modulate the cortical EEG spindles of halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 84:945-954.
Kikuchi T., Wang Y., Sato K., Okumura F. (1998) In vivo effects of propofol on acetylcholine release from the frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum studied by intracerebral microdialysis in freely moving rats. Br J Anaesthesia 80:644-648.
Mortazavi S., Thompson J., Baghdoyan H.A., Lydic R. (1999) Fentanyl and morphine, but not remifentanil, inhibit acetylcholine release in pontine regions modulating arousal. Anesthesiology 90:1070-1077.
Anthony B.L., Dennison R.L., Aronstam R.S. (1989) Disruption of muscarinic receptor-G protein coupling is a general property of liquid volatile anesthetics. Neurosci Lett 99:191-196.
Dilger J.P., Vidal A.M., Mody H.I., Liu L. (1994) Evidence for direct actions of general anesthetics on an ion channel protein. A new look at a unified mechanism of action. Anesthesiology 81:431-442.
Wachtel R.E. (1995) Relative potencies of volatile anesthetics in altering the kinetics of ion channels in BC3H1 cells. J Pharm Exp Ther 274:1355-1361.
Andoh T., Furuya R., Oka K., Hattori S., Watanabe I., Kamiya Y., Okumura F. (1997) Differential effects of thiopental on neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and P2X purinergic receptors in PC12 cells. Anesthesiology 87:1199-1209.
Flood P., Ramirez-Latorre J., Role L. (1997) α4β2 Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system are inhibited by isoflurane and propofol, but α7-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are unaffected. Anesthesiology 86:859-865.
Minami K., Vanderah T.W., Minami M., Harris R.A. (1997) Inhibitory effects of anesthetics and ethanol on muscarinic receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 339:237-244.
Violet J.M., Downie D.L., Nakisa R.C., Lieb W.R., Franks N.P. (1997) Differential sensitivities of mammalian neuronal and muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to general anesthetics. Anesthesiology 86:866-874.
Rumack B.H. (1973) Anticholinergic poisoning: Treatment with physostigmine. Pediatrics 52:449-451.
Granacher R.P., Baldessarini R.J. (1975) Physostigmine: Its use in acute anticholinergic syndrome with antidepressant and antiparkinson drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32:375-380.
Hill G.E., Stanley T.H., Sentker C.R. (1977) Physostigmine reversal of postoperative somnolence. Can Anaesth Soc J 24:707-711.
Toro-Matos A., Rendon-Platas A.M., Avila-Valdez E., Villarreal-Guzman R.A. (1980) Physostigmine antagonizes ketamine. Anesth Analg 59:764-767.
Artru A.A., Hui G.S. (1986) Physostigmine reversal of general anesthesia for intraoperative neurological testing: Associated EEG changes. Anesth Analg 65:1059-1062.
Smith D.B., Clark R.B., Stephens S.R., Sherman R.L., Hyde M.L. (1976) Physostigmine reversal of sedation in parturients. Anesth Analg 55:478-480.
Fassoulaki A., Sarantopoulos C., Derveniotis Ch. (1997) Physostigmine increases the dose of propofol required to induce anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 44:1148-1151.
Plummer G.F. (1987) Improved method for the determination of propofol in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatography 421:171-176.
Schinder T.W., Minto C.F., Shafer S.L., Gambus P.L., Andresen C., Goodale D.B., Youngs E.J. (1999) The influence of age on propofol pharmacodynamics. Anesthesiology 90:1502-1516.
Holford N.H.G., Physiological alternatives to the effect compartment model, Advanced Methods of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Systems Analysis. Edited by D'Argenio DZ. New York, Plenum Press; 1991, 55-59.
Vitiello B., Martin A., Hill J., Mack C., Molchan S., Martinez R., Murphy D.L., Sunderland T. (1997) Cognitive and behavioural effects of cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic blockade in humans. Neuropsychopharmacol 16:15-24.
Prohovnik I., Arnold S.E., Smith G., Lucas L.R. (1997) Physostigmine reversal of scopolamine-induced hypofrontality. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17:220-228.
Rosier A., Cornette L., Orban G.A. (1998) Scopolamine-induced impairment of delayed recognition of abstract visual shapes. Neuropsychobiology 37:98-103.
Smith W.D., Dutton R.C., Smith N.T. (1996) A measure of association for assessing prediction accuracy that is a generalization of non-parametric ROC area. Star Med 15:1199-1215.
Leslie K., Sessler D.I., Smith W.D., Larson M.D., Ozaki M., Blanchard D., Crankshaw D.P. (1996) Prediction of movements during propofol/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesthesiology 84:52-63.
Plourde G., Villemure C., Fiset P., Bonhomme V., Backman S.B. (1998) Effect of isoflurane on the auditory steady-state response and on consciousness in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 89:844-851.
Munglani R., Andrade J., Sapsford D.J., Baddeley A., Jones J.G. (1993) A measure of consciousness and memory during isoflurane administration: The coherent frequency. Br J Anaesth 71:633-641.
Stein R.D., Backman S.B., Collier B., Polosa C. (1997) Bradycardia produced by pyridostigmine and physostigmine. Can J Anaesth 44:1286-1292.
Jones B.E., Basic mechanisms of sleep-wake states, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd edition. Edited by Kryger MH, Roth T. Philadelphia, WB Saunders; 1994, 145-162.
Fiset P., Paus T., Daloze T., Plourde G., Meuret P., Bonhomme V., Hajj-Ali N., Backman S.B., Evans A.C. (1999) Brain mechanisms of propofol-induced loss of consciousness in humans: A positron emission tomographic study. J Neurosci 19:5506-5513.
Orser B.A., McAdam L.C., Roder S., MacDonald J.F. (1998) General anaesthetics and their effects on GABA(A) receptor desensitization. Toxicology Letters 100-101:217-224.
Metherate R., Cox C.L., Ashe J.H. (1992) Cellular basis of neocortical activation: Modulation of neural oscillations by the nucleus basalis and endogenous acetylcholine. J Neurosci 12:4701-4711.
Steriade M., Dossi R.C., Pare D., Oakson G. (1991) Fast oscillations (20-40Hz) in thalamocortical systems and their potentiation by mesopontine cholinergic nuclei in the cat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:4396-4400.
Steriade M. (1993) Central core modulation of spontaneous oscillations and sensory transmission in the thalamocortical systems. Curr Opin Neurobiol 3:619-625.
Steriade M., McCormick D.A., Sejnowski T.J. (1993) Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain. Science 262:697-685.
Franowicz M.N., Barth D.S. (1995) Comparison of evoked potentials and high-frequency (gamma-band) oscillating potentials in rat auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 74:96-112.