Hundahl S.A., Fleming I.D., Fremgen A.M., Menck H.R. Two hundred eighty-six cases of parathyroid carcinoma treated in the US between 1985-1995. Cancer 1999, 86:538-544.
Obara T., Okamoto T., Kanbe M., Iihara M. Functioning parathyroid carcinoma: clinicopathologic features and rational treatment. Semin Surg Oncol 1997, 13(2):134-141.
Lee P.K., Jarosek S.L., Virnig B.A., Evasovich M., Tuttle T.M. Trends in the incidence and treatment of parathyroid cancer in the United States. Cancer 2007, 109:1736-1741.
De Quervain F. Parastruma maligna aberrata. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1909, 100:334-353.
Shane E. Parathyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:485-493.
Ruda J.M., Hollenbeak C.S., Stack B.C. A systematic review of the diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism from 1995 to 2003. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005, 132:359-372.
Talat N., Schulte K.M. Clinical presentation, staging and long-term evolution of parathyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010, 17:2156-2174.
Schulte K.M., Talat N., Galata G., Gilbert J., Miell J., Hofbauer L.C., et al. Oncologic resection achieving r0 margins improves disease-free survival in parathyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014, 21:1891-1897.
Harari A., Waring A., Fernandez-Ranvier G., Hwang J., Suh I., Mitmaker E., et al. Parathyroid carcinoma: a 43-year outcome and survival analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:3679-3686.
Wynne A.G., van Heerden J., Carney J.A., Fitzpatrick L.A. Parathyroid carcinoma: clinical and pathologic features in 43 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1992, 71:197-205.
Allen M.E., Semrad A., Yang A.D., Martinez S.R. Parathyroid carcinoma survival: improvements in the era of intact parathyroid hormone monitoring?. Rare Tumor 2013, 5:e12.
Schneider A.B., Gierlowski T.C., Shore-Freedman E., Stovall M., Ron E., Lubin J. Dose-response relationships for radiation-induced hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80:254-257.
Holmberg E., Wallgren A., Holm L.E., Lundell M., Karlsson P. Dose-response relationship for parathyroid adenoma after exposure to ionizing radiation in infancy. Radiat Res 2002, 158:418-423.
Ireland J.P., Fleming S.J., Levison D.A., Cattell W.R., Baker L.R. Parathyroid carcinoma associated with chronic renal failure and previous radiotherapy to the neck. J Clin Pathol 1985, 38:1114-1118.
Cohen J., Gierlowski T.C., Schneider A.B. A prospective study of hyperparathyroidism in individuals exposed to radiation in childhood. JAMA 1990, 264:581-584.
Rasmuson T., Damber L., Johansson L., Johansson R., Larsson L.G. Increased incidence of parathyroid adenomas following X-ray treatment of benign diseases in the cervical spine in adult patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002, 57:731-734.
Dinnen J.S., Greenwoood R.H., Jones J.H., Walker D.A., Williams E.D. Parathyroid carcinoma in familial hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Pathol 1977, 30:966-975.
Wassif W.S., Moniz C.F., Friedman E., Wong S., Weber G., Nordenskjold M., et al. Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism: a distinct genetic entity with an increased risk of parathyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993, 77:1485-1489.
Simonds W.F., James-Newton L.A., Agarwal S.K., Yang B., Skarulis M.C., Hendy G.N., et al. Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism: clinical and genetic characteristics of 36 kindreds. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002, 81:1-26.
Dionisi S., Minisola S., Pepe J., De Geronimo S., Paglia F., Memeo L., et al. Concurrent parathyroid adenomas and carcinoma in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: presentation as hypercalcemic crisis. Mayo Clin Proc 2002, 77:866-869.
Agha A., Carpenter R., Bhattacharya S., Edmonson S.J., Carlsen E., Monson J.P. Parathyroid carcinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome: two case reports of an unrecognised entity. J Endocrinol Investig 2007, 30:145-149.
Haven C.J., van Puijenbroek M., Tan M.H., Teh B.T., Fleuren G.J., van Wezel T., et al. Identification of MEN1 and HRPT2 somatic mutations in paraffin-embedded (sporadic) parathyroid carcinomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007, 67:370-376.
Jenkins P.J., Satta M.A., Simmgen M., Drake W.M., Williamson C., Lowe D.G., et al. Metastatic parathyroid carcinoma in the MEN2A syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997, 47:747-751.
Carpten J.D., Robbins C.M., Villablanca A., Forsberg L., Presciuttini S., Bailey-Wilson J., et al. HRPT2, encoding parafibromin, is mutated in hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome. Nat Genet 2002, 32:676-680.
Cetani F., Pardi E., Borsari S., Viacava P., Dipollina G., Cianferotti L., et al. Genetic analyses of the HRPT2 gene in primary hyperparathyroidism: germline and somatic mutations in familial and sporadic parathyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:5583-5591.
Krebs L.J., Shattuck T.M., Arnold A. HRPT2 mutational analysis of typical sporadic parathyroid adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:5015-5017.
Shattuck T.M., Valimaki S., Obara T., Gaz R.D., Clark O.H., Shoback D., et al. Somatic and germ-line mutations of the HRPT2 gene in sporadic parathyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1722-1729.
Cetani F., Ambrogini E., Viacava P., Pardi E., Fanelli G., Naccarato A.G., et al. Should parafibromin staining replace HRTP2 gene analysis as an additional tool for histologic diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma?. Eur J Endocrinol 2007, 156:547-554.
Busaidy N.L., Jimenez C., Habra M.A., Schultz P.N., El-Naggar A.K., Clayman G.L., et al. Parathyroid carcinoma: a 22-year experience. Head Neck 2004, 26:716-726.
Hakaim A.G., Esselstyn C.B. Parathyroid carcinoma: 50-year experience at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Cleve Clin J Med 1993, 60:331-335.
Levin K.E., Galante M., Clark O.H. Parathyroid carcinoma versus parathyroid adenoma in patients with profound hypercalcemia. Surgery 1987, 101:649-660.
Rubin M.R., Silverberg S.J., D'Amour P., Brossard J.H., Rousseau L., Sliney J., et al. An N-terminal molecular form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) distinct from hPTH(1 84) is overproduced in parathyroid carcinoma. Clin Chem 2007, 53:1470-1476.
Caron P., Maiza J.C., Renaud C., Cormier C., Barres B.H., Souberbielle J.C. High third generation/second generation PTH ratio in a patient with parathyroid carcinoma: clinical utility of third generation/second generation PTH ratio in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009, 70:533-538.
Cavalier E., Daly A.F., Betea D., Pruteanu-Apetrii P.N., Delanaye P., Stubbs P., et al. The ratio of parathyroid hormone as measured by third- and second-generation assays as a marker for parathyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:3745-3749.
Cavalier E., Betea D., Schleck M.L., Gadisseur R., Vroonen L., Delanaye P., et al. The third/second generation PTH assay ratio as a marker for parathyroid carcinoma: evaluation using an automated platform. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014, 99:E453-E457.
Lepage R., Roy L., Brossard J.H., Rousseau L., Dorais C., Lazure C., et al. A non-(1-84) circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment interferes significantly with intact PTH commercial assay measurements in uremic samples. Clin Chem 1998, 44:805-809.
Quarles L.D., Lobaugh B., Murphy G. Intact parathyroid hormone overestimates the presence and severity of parathyroid-mediated osseous abnormalities in uremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 75:145-150.
John M.R., Goodman W.G., Gao P., Cantor T.L., Salusky I.B., Juppner H. A novel immunoradiometric assay detects full-length human PTH but not amino-terminally truncated fragments: implications for PTH measurements in renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:4287-4290.
Blachowicz A., Chudzinski W., Nawrot I., Kryszalowicz B., Spiechowicz U., Szmidt J., et al. Serum 1-84 and 7-84 parathyroid hormone concentrations and bone in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2008, 393:709-713.
Caron P., Simonds W.F., Maiza J.C., Rubin M., Cantor T., Rousseau L., et al. Nontruncated amino-terminal parathyroid hormone overproduction in two patients with parathyroid carcinoma: a possible link to HRPT2 gene inactivation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011, 74:694-698.
Thompson S.D., Prichard A.J. The management of parathyroid carcinoma. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004, 12:93-97.
Kebebew E., Arici C., Duh Q.Y., Clark O.H. Localization and reoperation results for persistent and recurrent parathyroid carcinoma. Arch Surg 2001, 136:878-885.
Lee L., Steward D.L. Techniques for parathyroid localization with ultrasound. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2010, 43. 1229-39, vi.
Sidhu P.S., Talat N., Patel P., Mulholland N.J., Schulte K.M. Ultrasound features of malignancy in the preoperative diagnosis of parathyroid cancer: a retrospective analysis of parathyroid tumours larger than 15mm. Eur Radiol 2011, 21:1865-1873.
Cheung K., Wang T.S., Farrokhyar F., Roman S.A., Sosa J.A. A meta-analysis of preoperative localization techniques for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg Oncol 2012, 19:577-583.
Evangelista L., Sorgato N., Torresan F., Boschin I.M., Pennelli G., Saladini G., et al. FDG-PET/CT and parathyroid carcinoma: review of literature and illustrative case series. World J Clin Oncol 2011, 2:348-354.
Hara H., Igarashi A., Yano Y., Yashiro T., Ueno E., Aiyoshi Y., et al. Ultrasonographic features of parathyroid carcinoma. Endocr J 2001, 48:213-217.
Tamler R., Lewis M.S., LiVolsi V.A., Genden E.M. Parathyroid carcinoma: ultrasonographic and histologic features. Thyroid 2005, 15:744-745.
Mohebati A., Shaha A., Shah J. Parathyroid carcinoma: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012, 26:1221-1238.
Kassahun W.T., Jonas S. Focus on parathyroid carcinoma. Int J Surg 2011, 9:13-19.
Spinelli C., Bonadio A.G., Berti P., Materazzi G., Miccoli P. Cutaneous spreading of parathyroid carcinoma after fine needle aspiration cytology. J Endocrinol Investig 2000, 23:255-257.
Al-Sobhi S., Ashari L.H., Ingemansson S. Detection of metastatic parathyroid carcinoma with Tc-99m sestamibi imaging. Clin Nucl Med 1999, 24:21-23.
Patel C.N., Salahudeen H.M., Lansdown M., Scarsbrook A.F. Clinical utility of ultrasound and 99mTc sestamibi SPECT/CT for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenoma in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Radiol 2010, 65:278-287.
Iacobone M., Ruffolo C., Lumachi F., Favia G. Results of iterative surgery for persistent and recurrent parathyroid carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2005, 390:385-390.
Delellis R.A. Challenging lesions in the differential diagnosis of endocrine tumors: parathyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2008, 19:221-225.
Smith J.F., Coombs R.R. Histological diagnosis of carcinoma of the parathyroid gland. J Clin Pathol 1984, 37:1370-1378.
Schantz A., Castleman B. Parathyroid carcinoma. A study of 70 cases. Cancer 1973, 31:600-605.
Bondeson L., Sandelin K., Grimelius L. Histopathological variables and DNA cytometry in parathyroid carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1993, 17:820-829.
McKeown P.P., McGarity W.C., Sewell C.W. Carcinoma of the parathyroid gland: is it overdiagnosed? A report of three cases. Am J Surg 1984, 147:292-298.
Bondeson L., Grimelius L., DeLellis R., Lloyd R., Akerstrom G., Larsson C., et al. Parathyroid carcinoma. Tumours of endocrine organs 2004, 128-132. IARC Press, Lyon.
Schulte K.M., Gill A.J., Barczynski M., Karakas E., Miyauchi A., Knoefel W.T., et al. Classification of parathyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012, 19:2620-2628.
Clayman G.L., Gonzalez H.E., El-Naggar A., Vassilopoulou-Sellin R. Parathyroid carcinoma: evaluation and interdisciplinary management. Cancer 2004, 100:900-905.
Tan M.H., Morrison C., Wang P., Yang X., Haven C.J., Zhang C., et al. Loss of parafibromin immunoreactivity is a distinguishing feature of parathyroid carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004, 10:6629-6637.
Fernandez-Ranvier G.G., Khanafshar E., Tacha D., Wong M., Kebebew E., Duh Q.Y., et al. Defining a molecular phenotype for benign and malignant parathyroid tumors. Cancer 2009, 115:334-344.
Iihara M., Okamoto T., Suzuki R., Kawamata A., Nishikawa T., Kobayashi M., et al. Functional parathyroid carcinoma: long-term treatment outcome and risk factor analysis. Surgery 2007, 142:936-943. [discussion 943 e931].
Cetani F., Banti C., Pardi E., Borsari S., Viacava P., Miccoli P., et al. CDC73 mutational status and loss of parafibromin in the outcome of parathyroid cancer. Endocr Connect 2013, 2:186-195.
Sarquis M.S., Silveira L.G., Pimenta F.J., Dias E.P., Teh B.T., Friedman E., et al. Familial hyperparathyroidism: surgical outcome after 30 years of follow-up in three families with germline HRPT2 mutations. Surgery 2008, 143:630-640.
Shaha A.R., Shah J.P. Parathyroid carcinoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Cancer 1999, 86:378-380.
Schulte K.M., Talat N. Diagnosis and management of parathyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012, 8:612-622.
Givi B., Shah J.P. Parathyroid carcinoma. Clin Oncol 2010, 22:498-507.
Owen R.P., Silver C.E., Pellitteri P.K., Shaha A.R., Devaney K.O., Werner J.A., et al. Parathyroid carcinoma: a review. Head Neck 2011, 33:429-436.
Kebebew E. Parathyroid carcinoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2001, 2:347-354.
Holmes E.C., Morton D.L., Ketcham A.S. Parathyroid carcinoma: a collective review. Ann Surg 1969, 169:631-640.
Abdelgadir Adam M., Untch B.R., Olson J.A. Parathyroid carcinoma: current understanding and new insights into gene expression and intraoperative parathyroid hormone kinetics. Oncologist 2010, 15:61-72.
Witteveen J.E., Haak H.R., Kievit J., Morreau H., Romijn J.A., Hamdy N.A. Challenges and pitfalls in the management of parathyroid carcinoma: 17-year follow-up of a case and review of the literature. Horm Cancer 2010, 1:205-214.
Bukowski R.M., Sheeler L., Cunningham J., Esselstyn C. Successful combination chemotherapy for metastatic parathyroid carcinoma. Arch Intern Med 1984, 144:399-400.
Munson N.D., Foote R.L., Northcutt R.C., Tiegs R.D., Fitzpatrick L.A., Grant C.S., et al. Parathyroid carcinoma: is there a role for adjuvant radiation therapy?. Cancer 2003, 98:2378-2384.
Chow E., Tsang R.W., Brierley J.D., Filice S. Parathyroid carcinoma-the Princess Margaret Hospital experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998, 41:569-572.
Nemeth E.F., Steffey M.E., Hammerland L.G., Hung B.C., Van Wagenen B.C., DelMar E.G., et al. Calcimimetics with potent and selective activity on the parathyroid calcium receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95:4040-4045.
Karuppiah D., Thanabalasingham G., Shine B., Wang L.M., Sadler G.P., Karavitaki N., et al. Refractory hypercalcaemia secondary to parathyroid carcinoma: response to high-dose denosumab. Eur J Endocrinol 2014, 171:K1-K5.
Vellanki P., Lange K., Elaraj D., Kopp P.A., El Muayed M. Denosumab for management of parathyroid carcinoma-mediated hypercalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014, 99:387-390.
Warrell R.P., Issacs M., Alcock N.W., Bockman R.S. Gallium nitrate for treatment of refractory hypercalcemia from parathyroid carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 1987, 107:683-686.
Denney A.M., Watts N.B. The effect of octreotide on parathyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:1016.
Silverberg S.J., Rubin M.R., Faiman C., Peacock M., Shoback D.M., Smallridge R.C., et al. Cinacalcet hydrochloride reduces the serum calcium concentration in inoperable parathyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:3803-3808.
Collins M.T., Skarulis M.C., Bilezikian J.P., Silverberg S.J., Spiegel A.M., Marx S.J. Treatment of hypercalcemia secondary to parathyroid carcinoma with a novel calcimimetic agent. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:1083-1088.
Iguchi T., Yasui K., Hiraki T., Gobara H., Mimura H., Sato S., et al. Radiofrequency ablation of functioning lung metastases from parathyroid carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008, 19:462-464.
Tochio M., Takaki H., Yamakado K., Uraki J., Kashima M., Nakatsuka A., et al. A case report of 20 lung radiofrequency ablation sessions for 50 lung metastases from parathyroid carcinoma causing hyperparathyroidism. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol 2010, 33:657-659.
Artinyan A., Guzman E., Maghami E., Al-Sayed M., D'Apuzzo M., Wagman L., et al. Metastatic parathyroid carcinoma to the liver treated with radiofrequency ablation and transcatheter arterial embolization. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:4039-4041.
Bradwell A.R., Harvey T.C. Control of hypercalcaemia of parathyroid carcinoma by immunisation. Lancet 1999, 353:370-373.
Betea D., Bradwell A.R., Harvey T.C., Mead G.P., Schmidt-Gayk H., Ghaye B., et al. Hormonal and biochemical normalization and tumor shrinkage induced by anti-parathyroid hormone immunotherapy in a patient with metastatic parathyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:3413-3420.
Mead G., Harvey T., Epstein M., Beckers A., Bradwell A. Hypercalcaemia of parathyroid carcinoma controlled by immunotherapy. The Endocrine Society's 84th Annual Meeting 2002, 93.
Horie I., Ando T., Inokuchi N., Mihara Y., Miura S., Imaizumi M., et al. First Japanese patient treated with parathyroid hormone peptide immunization for refractory hypercalcemia caused by metastatic parathyroid carcinoma. Endocr J 2010, 57:287-292.
Schott M., Feldkamp J., Schattenberg D., Krueger T., Dotzenrath C., Seissler J., et al. Induction of cellular immunity in a parathyroid carcinoma treated with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Eur J Endocrinol 2000, 142:300-306.
Bachleitner-Hofmann T., Stift A., Friedl J., Pfragner R., Radelbauer K., Dubsky P., et al. Stimulation of autologous antitumor T-cell responses against medullary thyroid carcinoma using tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. The J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:1098-1104.
Disis M.L. Mechanism of action of immunotherapy. Semin Oncol 2014, 41(Suppl. 5):S3-S13.