[en] The ability to imagine the future is a complex mental faculty that depends on an ensemble of cognitive processes supported by an extended set of brain regions. Our aim here was to shed light on one key component of future thinking—personal goal processing—and to determine its neural correlates during both directed and spontaneous forms of thoughts. To address this question, we performed separate ALE meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies of episodic future thinking, mind-wandering, and personal goal processing, and then investigated the commonalities and differences in brain activity between these three domains. The results showed that the three domains activated a common set of brain regions within the default network and, most notably, the medial prefrontal cortex. This finding suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex mediates the processing of personal goals during both episodic future thinking and mind-wandering. Differences in activation were also observed, and notably regions supporting cognitive control processes (the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) were recruited to a lesser extent during mind-wandering than experimentally directed future thinking, suggesting that different kinds of self-generated thoughts may recruit varying levels of attentional control abilities.
Research Center/Unit :
GIGA CRC (Cyclotron Research Center) In vivo Imaging-Aging & Memory - ULiège
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Abraham A, Schubotz RI, von Cramon DY (2008): Thinking about the future versus the past in personal and non-personal contexts. Brain Res 1233:106–119.
Addis DR, Schacter DL (2011): The hippocampus and imagining the future: Where do we stand? Front Human Neurosci 5:173.
Addis DR, Cheng T, Roberts RP, Schacter DL (2011a): Hippocampal contributions to the episodic simulation of specific and general future events. Hippocampus 21:1045–1052.
Addis DR, Pan L, Vu MA, Laiser N, Schacter DL (2009): Constructive episodic simulation of the future and the past: Distinct subsystems of a core brain network mediate imagining and remembering. Neuropsychologia 47:2222–2238.
Addis DR, Roberts RP, Schacter DL (2011b): Age-related neural changes in autobiographical remembering and imagining. Neuropsychologia 49:3656–3669.
Addis DR, Wong AT, Schacter DL (2007): Remembering the past and imagining the future: Common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. Neuropsychologia 45:1363–1377.
Ally BA, Simons JS, McKeever JD, Peers PV, Budson AE (2008): Parietal contributions to recollection: Electrophysiological evidence from aging and patients with parietal lesions. Neuropsychologia 46:1800–1812.
Andrews-Hanna JR (2012): The brain's default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation. Neuroscientist 18:251–270.
Andrews-Hanna JR, Reidler JS, Sepulcre J, Poulin R, Buckner RL (2010): Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network. Neuron 65:550–562.
Andrews-Hanna JR, Saxe R, Yarkoni T (2014a): Contributions of episodic retrieval and mentalizing to autobiographical thought: Evidence from functional neuroimaging, resting-state connectivity, and fMRI meta-analyses. Neuroimage 91:324–335.
Andrews-Hanna JR, Smallwood J, Spreng RN (2014b): The default network and self-generated thought: Component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1316:29–52.
Antrobus JS, Singer JL, Greenberg S (1966): Studies in the stream of consciousness: Experimental enhancement and suppression of spontaneous cognitive processes. Percept Mot Skills 23:399–417.
Austin JT, Vancouver JB (1996): Goal constructs in psychology: Structure, process, and content. Psychol Bull 120:338–375.
Axelrod V, Rees G, Lavidor M, Bar M (2015): Increasing propensity to mind-wander with transcranial direct current stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:3314–3319.
Baird B, Smallwood J, Schooler JW (2011): Back to the future: Autobiographical planning and the functionality of mind-wandering. Conscious Cogn 20:1604–1611.
Bar M, Aminoff E, Mason MF, Fenske M (2007): The units of thought. Hippocampus 17:420–428.
Bechara A, Damasio AR (2005): The somatic marker hypothesis: A neural theory of economic decision. Games Econ Behav 52:336–372.
Benoit RG, Gilbert SJ, Burgess PW (2011): A neural mechanism mediating the impact of episodic prospection on farsighted decisions. J Neurosci 31:6771–6779.
Bernhardt BC, Smallwood J, Tusche A, Ruby FJ, Engen HG, Steinbeis N, Singer T (2014): Medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortical thickness predicts shared individual differences in self-generated thought and temporal discounting. Neuroimage 90:290–297.
Binder JR, Desai RH (2011): The neurobiology of semantic memory. Trend Cogn Sci 15:527–536.
Binder JR, Frost JA, Hammeke TA, Bellgowan PS, Rao SM, Cox RW (1999): Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state. A functional MRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 11:80–95.
Binder JR, Desai RH, Graves WW, Conant LL (2009): Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cereb Cortex 19:2767–2796.
Botzung A, Denkova E, Manning L (2008): Experiencing past and future personal events: Functional neuroimaging evidence on the neural bases of mental time travel. Brain Cogn 66:202–212.
Boyer P (2008): Evolutionary economics of mental time travel? Trends Cogn Sci 12:219–224.
Brewer JA, Worhunsky PD, Gray JR, Tang Y-Y, Weber J, Kober H (2011): Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:20254–20259.
Brod G, Werkle-Bergner M, Shing YL (2013): The influence of prior knowledge on memory: A developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective. Front Behav Neurosci 7:139.
Buckner RL, Carroll DC (2007): Self-projection and the brain. Trends Cogn Sci 11:49–57.
Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL (2008): The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. In: Kingstone A, Miller MB, editors. The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. p 1–38.
Burianova H, McIntosh AR, Grady CL (2010): A common functional brain network for autobiographical, episodic, and semantic memory retrieval. Neuroimage 49:865–874.
Cabeza R, Ciaramelli E, Moscovitch M (2012): Cognitive contributions of the ventral parietal cortex: An integrative theoretical account. Trends Cogn Sci 16:338–352.
Cauda F, Geminiani G, D'Agata F, Sacco K, Duca S, Bagshaw AP, Cavanna AE (2010): Functional connectivity of the posteromedial cortex. PLoS One 5:
Christian BM, Miles LK, Fung FH, Best S, Macrae CN (2013): The shape of things to come: Exploring goal-directed prospection. Conscious Cogn 22:471–478.
Christoff K (2012): Undirected thought: Neural determinants and correlates. Brain Res 1428:51–59.
Christoff K, Ream JM, Gabrieli JDE (2004): Cognitive and neural basis of spontaneous thought processes. Cortex 40:623–630.
Christoff K, Gordon AM, Smallwood J, Schooler JW, Smith R (2009): Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:8719–8724.
Ciaramelli E, Grady CL, Moscovitch M (2008): Top-down and bottom-up attention to memory: A hypothesis (AtoM) on the role of the posterior parietal cortex in memory retrieval. Neuropsychologia 46:1828–1851.
Conway MA (2005): Memory and the self. J Mem Lang 53:594–628.
Conway MA (2009): Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia 47:2305–2313.
D'Argembeau A (2012): Autobiographical memory and future thinking. In: Berntsen D, Rubin DC, editors. Understanding autobiographical memory: Theories and approaches. Cambridge University Press. p 311–330.
D'Argembeau A (2013): On the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in self-processing: The valuation hypothesis. Front Hum Neurosci 7:372.
D'Argembeau A (2015): Knolwedge structures involved in episodic future thinking. In: Feeney A, Thompson VA, editors. Reasoning as memory. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. p 128–145.
D'Argembeau A, Mathy A (2011): Tracking the construction of episodic future thoughts. J Exp Psychol Gen 140:258–271.
D'Argembeau A, Demblon J (2012): On the representational systems underlying prospection: Evidence from the event-cueing paradigm. Cognition 125:160–167.
D'Argembeau A, Van der Linden M (2012): Predicting the phenomenology of episodic future thoughts. Conscious Cogn 21:1198–1206.
D'Argembeau A, Collette F, Van der Linden M, Laureys S, Del Fiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, Salmon E (2005): Self-referential reflective activity and its relationship with rest: A PET study. Neuroimage 25:616–624.
D'Argembeau A, Feyers D, Majerus S, Collette F, Van der Linden M, Maquet P, Salmon E (2008): Self-reflection across time: Cortical midline structures differentiate between present and past selves. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 3:244–252.
D'Argembeau A, Ortoleva C, Jumentier S, Van der Linden M (2010a): Component processes underlying future thinking. Mem Cognit 38:809–819.
D'Argembeau A, Stawarczyk D, Majerus S, Collette F, Van der Linden M, Feyers D, Maquet P, Salmon E (2010b): The neural basis of personal goal processing when envisioning future events. J Cogn Neurosci 22:1701–1713.
D'Argembeau A, Renaud O, Van der Linden M (2011): Frequency, characteristics, and functions of future-oriented thoughts in daily life. Appl Cogn Psychol 25:96–103.
D'Argembeau A, Jedidi H, Balteau E, Bahri M, Phillips C, Salmon E (2012): Valuing one's self: medial prefrontal involvement in epistemic and emotive investments in self-views. Cereb Cortex 22:659–667.
Demblon J, D'Argembeau A (2014): The organization of prospective thinking: Evidence of event clusters in freely generated future thoughts. Conscious Cogn 24:75–83.
Denny BT, Kober H, Wager TD, Ochsner KN (2012): A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self- and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 24:1742–1752.
Dixon ML, Fox KC, Christoff K (2014): A framework for understanding the relationship between externally and internally directed cognition. Neuropsychologia 62:321–330.
Dumontheil I, Gilbert SJ, Frith CD, Burgess PW (2010): Recruitment of lateral rostral prefrontal cortex in spontaneous and task-related thoughts. Q J Exp Psychol 63:1740–1756.
Eddington KM, Dolcos F, Cabeza R, Krishnan KR, Strauman TJ (2007): Neural correlates of promotion and prevention goal activation: An fMRI study using an idiographic approach. J Cogn Neurosci 19:1152–1162.
Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Grefkes C, Wang LE, Zilles K, Fox PT (2009): Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: A random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum Brain Mapp 30:2907–2926.
Eickhoff SB, Bzdok D, Laird AR, Roski C, Caspers S, Zilles K, Fox PT (2011): Co-activation patterns distinguish cortical modules, their connectivity and functional differentiation. Neuroimage 57:938–949.
Fishbach A, Ferguson MJ (2007): The goal construct in social psychology. In: Kruglanski AW, Higgins ET, editors. Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press. p 490–515.
Fox KC, Spreng RN, Ellamil M, Andrews-Hanna JR, Christoff K (2015): The wandering brain: Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of mind-wandering and related spontaneous thought processes. Neuroimage 111:611–621.
Friston KJ, Buechel C, Fink GR, Morris J, Rolls E, Dolan RJ (1997): Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 6:218–229.
Gaesser B, Spreng RN, McLelland VC, Addis DR, Schacter DL (2013): Imagining the future: Evidence for a hippocampal contribution to constructive processing. Hippocampus 23:1150–1161.
Gerlach KD, Spreng RN, Madore KP, Schacter DL (2014): Future planning: Default network activity couples with frontoparietal control network and reward-processing regions during process and outcome simulations. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9:1942–1951.
Greenberg DL, Verfaellie M (2010): Interdependence of episodic and semantic memory: Evidence from neuropsychology. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 16:748–753.
Grysman A, Prabhakar J, Anglin SM, Hudson JA (2013): The time travelling self: Comparing self and other in narratives of past and future events. Conscious Cogn 22:742–755.
Hall NM, Gjedde A, Kupers R (2008): Neural mechanisms of voluntary and involuntary recall: A PET study. Behav Brain Res 186:261–272.
Hall SA, Rubin DC, Miles A, Davis SW, Wing EA, Cabeza R, Berntsen D (2014): The neural basis of involuntary episodic memories. J Cogn Neurosci 26:2385–2399.
Hasenkamp W, Wilson-Mendenhall CD, Duncan E, Barsalou LW (2012): Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: A fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. Neuroimage 59:750–760.
Hassabis D, Maguire EA (2009): The construction system of the brain. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 364:1263–1271.
Hassabis D, Kumaran D, Maguire EA (2007): Using imagination to understand the neural basis of episodic memory. J Neurosci 27:14365–14374.
Hassabis D, Spreng RN, Rusu AA, Robbins CA, Mar RA, Schacter DL (2014): Imagine all the people: How the brain creates and uses personality models to predict behavior. Cereb Cortex 24:1979–1987.
Henseler I, Kruger S, Dechent P, Gruber O (2011): A gateway system in rostral PFC? Evidence from biasing attention to perceptual information and internal representations. Neuroimage 56:1666–1676.
Huijbers W, Vannini P, Sperling RA, C MP, Cabeza R, Daselaar SM (2012): Explaining the encoding/retrieval flip: Memory-related deactivations and activations in the posteromedial cortex. Neuropsychologia 50:3764–3774.
Irish M, Addis DR, Hodges JR, Piguet O (2012): Considering the role of semantic memory in episodic future thinking: Evidence from semantic dementia. Brain 135(Pt 7):2178–2191.
Johnson MK, Sherman SJ (1990): Constructing and reconstructing the past and the future in the present. In: Higgins ET, Sorrentino RM, editors. Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Vol 2. New York, NY: Guilford Press; US. p 482–526.
Johnson MK, Raye CL, Mitchell KJ, Touryan SR, Greene EJ, Nolen-Hoeksema S (2006): Dissociating medial frontal and posterior cingulate activity during self-reflection. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 1:56–64.
Johnson MK, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Mitchell KJ, Levin Y (2009): Medial cortex activity, self-reflection and depression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 4:313–327.
Kam JW, Dao E, Stanciulescu M, Tildesley H, Handy TC (2013): Mind wandering and the adaptive control of attentional resources. J Cogn Neurosci 25:952–960.
Kim H (2012): A dual-subsystem model of the brain's default network: Self-referential processing, memory retrieval processes, and autobiographical memory retrieval. Neuroimage 61:966–977.
Kiviniemi V, Kantola JH, Jauhiainen J, Hyvarinen A, Tervonen O (2003): Independent component analysis of nondeterministic fMRI signal sources. Neuroimage 19(2 Pt 1):253–260.
Klein SB (2012): The self and science: Is it time for a new approach to the study of human experience? Curr Dir Psychol Sci 21:253–257.
Klein SB (2013): The complex act of projecting oneself into the future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 4:63–79.
Klein SB, Gangi CE (2010): The multiplicity of self: Neuropsychological evidence and its implications for the self as a construct in psychological research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1191:1–15.
Klinger E (1978): Modes of normal conscious flow. In: Pope KS, Singer JL, editors. The stream of consciousness. New York: Plenum. p 225–258.
Klinger E (2009): Daydreaming and fantasizing: Thought flow and motivation. In: Markman KD, Klein WMP, Suhr JA, editors. Handbook of imagination and mental simulation. New York: Psychology Press. p 225–239.
Klinger E (2013): Goal commitments and the content of thoughts and dreams: Basic principles. Front Psychol 4:415
Kompus K, Eichele T, Hugdahl K, Nyberg L (2011): Multimodal imaging of incidental retrieval: The low route to memory. J Cogn Neurosci 23:947–960.
Kroes MC, Fernandez G (2012): Dynamic neural systems enable adaptive, flexible memories. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:1646–1666.
Kucyi A, Salomons TV, Davis KD (2013): Mind wandering away from pain dynamically engages antinociceptive and default mode brain networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:18692–18697.
Laird AR, Fox PM, Price CJ, Glahn DC, Uecker AM, Lancaster JL, Turkeltaub PE, Kochunov P, Fox PT (2005): ALE meta-analysis: Controlling the false discovery rate and performing statistical contrasts. Hum Brain Mapp 25:155–164.
Lancaster JL, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Martinez M, Salinas F, Evans A, Zilles K, Mazziotta JC, Fox PT (2007): Bias between MNI and talairach coordinates analyzed using the ICBM-152 brain template. Hum Brain Mapp 28:1194–1205.
Leech R, Sharp DJ. (2014): The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease. Brain 137(Pt 1):12–32.
Leech R, Braga R, Sharp DJ (2012): Echoes of the brain within the posterior cingulate cortex. J Neurosci 32:215–222.
Lin H, Epstein LH (2014): Living in the moment: Effects of time perspective and emotional valence of episodic thinking on delay discounting. Behav Neurosci 128:12–19.
Maillet D, Rajah MN (2014): Dissociable roles of default-mode regions during episodic encoding. Neuroimage 89:244–255.
Martin VC, Schacter DL, Corballis MC, Addis DR (2011): A role for the hippocampus in encoding simulations of future events. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:13858–13863.
Martinelli P, Sperduti M, Piolino P (2013): Neural substrates of the self-memory system: New insights from a meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 34:1515–1529.
Masicampo EJ, Baumeister RF (2011): Consider it done! Plan making can eliminate the cognitive effects of unfulfilled goals. J Personal Soc Psychol 101:667–683.
Mason MF, Norton MI, Van Horn JD, Wegner DM, Grafton ST, Macrae CN (2007): Wandering minds: The default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science 315:393–395.
Mazoyer B, Zago L, Mellet E, Bricogne S, Etard O, Houde O, Crivello F, Joliot M, Petit L, Tzourio-Mazoyer N (2001): Cortical networks for working memory and executive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man. Brain Res Bull 54:287–298.
McAdams DP (2013): The psychological self as actor, agent, and author. Perspect Psychol Sci 8:272–295.
McGuire PK, Paulesu E, Frackowiak RS, Frith CD (1996): Brain activity during stimulus independent thought. Neuroreport 7:2095–2099.
McVay JC, Kane MJ (2010): Does mind wandering reflect executive function or executive failure? Comment on Smallwood and Schooler (2006) and watkins (2008). Psychol Bull 136:188–197.
McVay JC, Kane MJ (2013): Dispatching the wandering mind? Toward a laboratory method for cuing "spontaneous" off-task thought. Front Psychol 4:570.
Metzinger T (2013): The myth of cognitive agency: Subpersonal thinking as a cyclically recurring loss of mental autonomy. Front Psychol 4:931.
Mitchell KJ, Raye CL, Ebner NC, Tubridy SM, Frankel H, Johnson MK (2009): Age-group differences in medial cortex activity associated with thinking about self-relevant agendas. Psychol Aging 24:438–449.
Mullally SL, Maguire EA (2013): Memory, imagination, and predicting the future: A common brain mechanism? Neuroscientist 20:2020–2034.
Niendam TA, Laird AR, Ray KL, Dean YM, Glahn DC, Carter CS (2012): Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 12:241–268.
Northoff G, Hayes DJ (2011): Is our self nothing but reward? Biol Psychiatry 69:1019–1025.
Northoff G, Heinzel A, de Greck M, Bermpohl F, Dobrowolny H, Panksepp J (2006): Self-referential processing in our brain–a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. Neuroimage 31:440–457.
Okuda J, Fujii T, Ohtake H, Tsukiura T, Tanji K, Suzuki K, Kawashima R, Fukuda H, Itoh M, Yamadori A (2003): Thinking of the future and past: The roles of the frontal pole and the medial temporal lobes. Neuroimage 19:1369–1380.
Olson IR, Berryhill M (2009): Some surprising findings on the involvement of the parietal lobe in human memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 91:155–165.
Packer DJ, Cunningham WA (2009): Neural correlates of reflection on goal states: The role of regulatory focus and temporal distance. Soc Neurosci 4:412–425.
Pearson JM, Heilbronner SR, Barack DL, Hayden BY, Platt ML (2011): Posterior cingulate cortex: Adapting behavior to a changing world. Trends Cogn Sci 15:143–151.
Peters J, Buchel C (2010): Episodic future thinking reduces reward delay discounting through an enhancement of prefrontal-mediotemporal interactions. Neuron 66:138–148.
Preminger S, Harmelech T, Malach R (2011): Stimulus-free thoughts induce differential activation in the human default network. Neuroimage 54:1692–1702.
Preston AR, Eichenbaum H (2013): Interplay of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in memory. Curr Biol 23:R764–773.
Qin P, Northoff G (2011): How is our self related to midline regions and the default-mode network? Neuroimage 57:1221–1233.
Raichle ME (2011): The restless brain. Brain Connect 1:3–12.
Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL (2001): A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:676–682.
Renoult L, Davidson PS, Palombo DJ, Moscovitch M, Levine B (2012): Personal semantics: At the crossroads of semantic and episodic memory. Trends Cogn Sci 16:550–558.
Roy M, Shohamy D, Wager TD (2012): Ventromedial prefrontal-subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning. Trends Cogn Sci 16:147–156.
Schacter DL (2012): Adaptive constructive processes and the future of memory. Am Psychol 67:603–613.
Schacter DL, Addis DR (2007): The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: Remembering the past and imagining the future. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 362:773–786.
Schacter DL, Addis DR, Buckner RL (2007): Remembering the past to imagine the future: The prospective brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:657–661.
Schacter DL, Addis DR, Buckner RL (2008): Episodic simulation of future events: Concepts, data, and applications. In: Kingstone A, Miller MB, editors. The year in cognitive neuroscience 2008. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. p 39–60.
Schacter DL, Addis DR, Hassabis D, Martin VC, Spreng RN, Szpunar KK (2012): The future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain. Neuron 76:677–694.
Schilbach L, Eickhoff SB, Rotarska-Jagiela A, Fink GR, Vogeley K (2008): Minds at rest? Social cognition as the default mode of cognizing and its putative relationship to the "default system" of the brain. Conscious Cogn 17:457–467.
Schmitz TW, Johnson SC (2007): Relevance to self: A brief review and framework of neural systems underlying appraisal. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:585–596.
Schooler JW, Smallwood J, Christoff K, Handy TC, Reichle ED, Sayette MA (2011): Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends Cogn Sci 15:319–326.
Seghier ML (2013): The angular gyrus: Multiple functions and multiple subdivisions. Neuroscientist 19:43–61.
Seligman ME, Railton P, Baumeister RF, Sripada C (2013): Navigating into the future or driven by the past. Perspect Psychol Sci 8:119–141.
Sharot T, Riccardi AM, Raio CM, Phelps EA (2007): Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias. Nature 450:102–105.
Shulman GL, Fiez JA, Corbetta M, Buckner RL, Miezin FM, Raichle ME, Petersen SE (1997): Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II: Decreases in cerebral cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 9:648–663.
Singer JL (1993): Experimental studies of ongoing conscious experience. Ciba Found Symp 174:100–122.
Smallwood J (2013): Distinguishing how from why the mind wanders: A process-occurrence framework for self-generated mental activity. Psychol Bull 139:519–535.
Smallwood J, Brown K, Baird B, Schooler JW (2012): Cooperation between the default mode network and the frontal-parietal network in the production of an internal train of thought. Brain Res 1428:60–70.
Smallwood J, Ruby FJ, Singer T (2013): Letting go of the present: Mind-wandering is associated with reduced delay discounting. Conscious Cogn 22:1–7.
Song X, Wang X (2012): Mind wandering in Chinese daily lives - an experience sampling study. PLoS ONE 7:e44423.
Spiers HJ, Maguire EA (2006a): Spontaneous mentalizing during an interactive real world task: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 44:1674–1682.
Spiers HJ, Maguire EA (2006b): Thoughts, behaviour, and brain dynamics during navigation in the real world. Neuroimage 31:1826–1840.
Spreng RN (2012): The fallacy of a "task-negative" network. Front Psychol 3:145.
Spreng RN, Grady CL (2010): Patterns of brain activity supporting autobiographical memory, prospection, and theory of mind, and their relationship to the default mode network. J Cogn Neurosci 22:1112–1123.
Spreng RN, Schacter DL (2012): Default network modulation and large-scale network interactivity in healthy young and old adults. Cerebral Cortex 22:2610–2621.
Spreng RN, Mar RA, Kim AS (2009): The common neural basis of autobiographical memory, prospection, navigation, theory of mind, and the default mode: A quantitative meta-analysis. J Cogn Neurosci 21:489–510.
Spreng RN, Sepulcre J, Turner GR, Stevens WD, Schacter DL (2013): Intrinsic architecture underlying the relations among the default, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks of the human brain. J Cogn Neurosci 25:74–86.
Spreng RN, Stevens WD, Chamberlain JP, Gilmore AW, Schacter DL (2010): Default network activity, coupled with the frontoparietal control network, supports goal-directed cognition. Neuroimage 53:303–317.
Stawarczyk D, Cassol H, D'Argembeau A (2013): Phenomenology of future-oriented mind-wandering episodes. Front Psychol 4:225.
Stawarczyk D, Majerus S, Catale C, D'Argembeau A (2014): Relationships between mind-wandering and attentional control abilities in young adults and adolescents. Acta Psychol 148:25–36.
Stawarczyk D, Majerus S, Maj M, Van der Linden M, D'Argembeau A (2011a): Mind-wandering: phenomenology and function as assessed with a novel experience sampling method. Acta Psychol 136:370–381.
Stawarczyk D, Majerus S, Maquet P, D'Argembeau A (2011b): Neural correlates of ongoing conscious experience: Both task-unrelatedness and stimulus-independence are related to default network activity. PLoS One 6:e16997.
Strauman TJ, Detloff AM, Sestokas R, Smith DV, Goetz EL, Rivera C, Kwapil L (2012): What shall I be, what must I be: Neural correlates of personal goal activation. Front Integr Neurosci 6:123.
Suddendorf T, Addis DR, Corballis MC (2009): Mental time travel and the shaping of the human mind. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 364:1317–1324.
Svoboda E, McKinnon MC, Levine B (2006): The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia 44:2189–2208.
Szpunar KK (2010): Episodic future thought: An emerging concept. Perspect Psychol Sci 5:142–162.
Szpunar KK, Watson JM, McDermott KB (2007): Neural substrates of envisioning the future. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:642–647.
Szpunar KK, St Jacques PL, Robbins CA, Wig GS, Schacter DL (2014): Repetition-related reductions in neural activity reveal component processes of mental simulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9:712–722.
Thomson DR, Ralph BC, Besner D DS (2015): The more your mind wanders, the smaller your attentional blink: An individual differences study. Q J Exp Psychol 68:181–191.
Tulving E (2005): Episodic memory and autonoesis: Uniquely human? In: Terrace HS, Metcalfe J, editors. The missing link in cognition: Origins of self-reflective consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press. p 3–56.
Turkeltaub PE, Eden GF, Jones KM, Zeffiro TA (2002): Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation. Neuroimage 16(3 Pt 1):765–780.
Turkeltaub PE, Eickhoff SB, Laird AR, Fox M, Wiener M, Fox P (2012): Minimizing within-experiment and within-group effects in activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 33:1–13.
Unsworth N, McMillan BD (2014): Similarities and differences between mind-wandering and external distraction: A latent variable analysis of lapses of attention and their relation to cognitive abilities. Acta Psychol 150:14–25.
Van Hoeck N, Ma N, Ampe L, Baetens K, Vandekerckhove M, Van Overwalle F (2013): Counterfactual thinking: An fMRI study on changing the past for a better future. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 8:556–564.
van Kesteren MT, Ruiter DJ, Fernandez G, Henson RN (2012): How schema and novelty augment memory formation. Trends Neurosci 35:211–219.
van Mulukom V, Schacter DL, Corballis MC, Addis DR (2013): Re-imagining the future: Repetition decreases hippocampal involvement in future simulation. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 8:e69596.
Van Overwalle F (2009): Social cognition and the brain: A meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 30:829–858.
Vanhaudenhuyse A, Demertzi A, Schabus M, Noirhomme Q, Bredart S, Boly M, Phillips C, Soddu A, Luxen A, Moonen G, Laureys S (2011): Two distinct neuronal networks mediate the awareness of environment and of self. J Cogn Neurosci 23:570–578.
Viard A, Chetelat G, Lebreton K, Desgranges B, Landeau B, de La Sayette V, Eustache F, Piolino P (2011): Mental time travel into the past and the future in healthy aged adults: An fMRI study. Brain Cogn 75:1–9.
Viard A, Desgranges B, Eustache F, Piolino P (2012): Factors affecting medial temporal lobe engagement for past and future episodic events: An ALE meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Brain Cogn 80:111–125.
Vilberg KL, Rugg MD (2008): Memory retrieval and the parietal cortex: A review of evidence from a dual-process perspective. Neuropsychologia 46:1787–1799.
Vincent JL, Kahn I, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME, Buckner RL (2008): Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 100:3328–3342.
Wagner AD, Shannon BJ, Kahn I, Buckner RL (2005): Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval. Trends Cogn Sci 9:445–453.
Wang K, Yu C, Xu L, Qin W, Li K, Jiang T (2009): Offline memory reprocessing: Involvement of the brain's default network in spontaneous thought processes. PLoS One 4:e4867
Weiler JA, Suchan B, Daum I (2010): When the future becomes the past: Differences in brain activation patterns for episodic memory and episodic future thinking. Behav Brain Res 212:196–203.
Yazar Y, Bergstrom ZM, Simons JS (2012): What is the parietal lobe contribution to long-term memory? Cortex 48:1381–1382.
Yazar Y, Bergstrom ZM, Simons JS (2014): Continuous theta burst stimulation of angular gyrus reduces subjective recollection. PLoS One [Electronic Resource] 9:e110414
Zahavi D, Roepstorff A (2011): Faces and ascriptions: Mapping measures of the self. Conscious Cogn 20:141–148.
Zhang Y, Fan L, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Yu C, Jiang T (2014): Connectivity-based parcellation of the human posteromedial cortex. Cereb Cortex 24:719–727.
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.
