[en] A burn injury triggers traumatic reactions characteristic of a stress. Here we investigated the early responses of prolactin (PRL), corticosterone (CS), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) in male Sprague-Dawley rats after burn injury. PRL and CS levels were determined in blood serum. Stat5 and phospho-Stat5 levels were determined in jejunum total protein extracts. The results confirmed an expected increase of CS between 4 and 6 hours following the burn injury. Unexpectedly, PRL secretion was suppressed during the same time frame. These hormone levels returned to normal 6 to 8 hours after burn injury. Stat5 was increased in the jejunum after burn injury, and its phosphorylation was increased between 8 and 11 hours after burn injury. These changes in Stat5 were not temporally correlated with either the hormone changes that we observed, or with previously documented changes of the gut function following burns.
Centre/Unité de recherche :
Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
Deitch EA: Intestinal permeability is increased in burn patients shortly after injury. Surgery 107:411-416, 1990.
Sparkes BG: Mechanisms of immune failure in burn injury. Vaccine 11:504-510, 1993.
Ikeda H, Kobayashi K: Pathophysiologic changes in patients with severe burns: role of hormones and chemical mediators. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 99:2-7, 1998.
Heiderman M, Bengtsson A: The immunologic response to thermal injury. World J Surg 16:53-56, 1992.
Barlow Y: T lymphocytes and immunosuppression in the burned patient: a review. Burns 20:487-490, 1994.
Nguyen TT, Gilpin DA, Meyer NA, Herndon DN: Curent treatment of severely burned patients. Ann Surg 223:14-25, 1996.
Alzeer A, Al Arifi A, El-Hazmi M, Warsy AS, Nylen ES: Thermal regulatory dysfunction of growth hormone in classical heat stroke. Eur J Endocrinol 134:727-730, 1996.
Brizio-Molteni L, Molteni A, Warpeha RL, Angelats J, Lewis N, Fors EM: Prolactin, corticotropin, and gonadotrophin concentrations following thermal injury in adults. J Trauma 24:1-7, 1984.
Velkeniers B, Dogusan Z, Naessens F, Hooghe R, Hooghe-Peters EL: Prolactin, growth hormone and the immune system in humans. Cell Mol Life Sci 54:1102-1108, 1998.
Ogle CK, Mao JX, Hasselgren PO, Ogle JD, Alexander JW: Production of cytokines and prostaglandin E2 by subpopulations of guinea pig entorecytes: effect of endotoxin and thermal injury. J Trauma 41:298-305, 1996.
Gouilleux F, Wakao H, Mundt M, Groner B: Prolactin induces phosphorylation of Tyr694 of STAT5 (MGF), a prerequisite for DNA binding and induction of transcription. EMBO J 13:4361-4369, 1994.
Dorshkind K, Horseman ND: The roles of prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroid hormones in lymphocyte development and function: insights from genetic models of hormone and hormone receptor deficiency. Endocr Rev 21:292-312, 2000.
Stocklin E, Wissler M, Gouilleux F, Groner B: Functional interactions between Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor. Nature 383:726-728, 1996.
Maejima K, Deitch E, Berg R: Promotion by burn stress of the translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of mice. Arch Surg 119:166-172, 1984.
Dusanter-Fourt I, Belair L, Gespach C, Djiane J: Expression of prolactin (PRL) receptor gene and PRL-binding sites in rabbit intestinal epithelial cells. Endocrinology 130:2877-2882, 1992.
Shulman DI: Gastrointestinal effects of growth hormone. Endocrine 12:147-152, 2000.
Singh KP, Prasad R, Chari PS, Dash RJ: Effect of growth hormone therapy in burn patients on conservative treatment. Burns 24:733-738, 1998.
Knox J, Demling R, Wilmore D, Sarraf P, Santos A: Increased survival after major thermal injury: the effect of growth hormone therapy in adults. J Trauma 39:526-532, 1995.
Takagi K, Suzuki F, Barrow RE, Wolf SE, Kobayashi M, Herndon DN: Growth hormone improves the resistance of thermally injured mice infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J Trauma 44:517-522, 1998.
Jakkar D, Wolf SE, Jeschke MG: Growth hormone attenuates the acute phase response to thermal injury. Arch Surg 132:1171-1175, 1997.
Zellweger R, Wichmann MW, Ayala A, DeMaso CM, Chaudry IH: Prolactin: a novel and safe immunomodulating hormone for the treatment of immunodepression following severe hemorrhage. J Surg Res 63:53-58, 1996.
Zellweger R, Zhu XH, Wichmann MW, Ayala A, DeMaso CM, Chaudry IH: Prolactin administration following hemorrhagic shock improves macrophage cytokine release capacity and decreases mortality from subsequent sepsis. J Immunol 157:5748-5754, 1996.
Fey GH, Gauldie J: The acute phase response of the liver in inflammation. Prog Liver Dis 9:89-116, 1990.
Ripperger JA, Fritz S, Richter K, Hocke GM, Lottspeich F, Fey GH: Transcription factors Stat3 and Stat5b are present in rat liver nuclei late in an acute phase response and bind interleukin-6 response elements. J Biol Chem 270:29998-30006, 1995.
Lechner O, Dietrich H, Oliveira dos Santos A, Wiegers GJ, Schwarz S, Harbutz M, Herold M, Wick G: Altered circadian rhythms of the stress hormone and melatonin response in lupus-prone MRL/MP-fas(Ipr) mice. J Autoimmun 14:325-333, 2000.
Sinha YN, Salocks CB, Vanderlaan WP: Prolactin and growth hormone levels in different inbred strains of mice: patterns in association with estrous cycle, time of day, and perphenazine stimulation. Endocrinology 97:1112-1122, 1975.
Shin SH, Chi HJ: Unsuppressed prolactin secretion in the male rat is pulsatile. Neuroendocrinology 28:73-81, 1979.
Van de Kar LD, Blair ML: Forebrain pathways mediating stress-induced hormone secretion. Front Neurosci 20:1-48, 1999.
Fu YK, Arkins S, Fuh G, Cunningham BC, Wells JA, Fong S, Cronin MJ, Dantzer R, Kelley KW: Growth hormone augments superoxide anion secretion of human neutrophils by binding to the prolactin receptor. J Clin Invest 89:451-457, 1992.
Miller RA, Britigan BE: Role of oxidants in microbial pathophysiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:1-18, 1997.
Asko-Seljavaara S: Granulocyte kinetics in burns. JBCR 8:492-495, 1987.
Neely AN, Hoover DL, Holder IA, Cross AS: Circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor, interleukin 6 and prolactin activity in a murine model of burn and infection. Burns 22:524-530, 1996.
Yeh FL, Lin WL, Shen HD, Fang RH: Changes in circulating levels of interleukin 6 in burned patients. Burns 25:131-136, 1999.
Telleria CM, Ou J, Sugino N, Ferguson S, Gibori G: The expression of interleukin-6 in the pregnant rat corpus luteum and its regulation by progesterone and glucocorticoid. Endocrinology 139:3597-3605, 1998.
Ogle CK, Mao JX, Wu JZ, Ogle JD, Alexander JW: The production of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2 by isolated enterocytes and gut macrophages: effect of lipopolysaccharide and thermal injury. J Burn Care Rehab 15:470-474, 1994.
Fukushima R, Saito H, Inoue T, Fukatsu K, Inaba T, Han I, Furukawa S, Lin MT, Muto T: Prophylactic treatment with growth hormone and insulin-like in a murine model of burn-induced gut-derived sepsis. Burns 25:425-430, 1999.
Jeschke MG, Chrysopoulos MT, Herndon DN, Wolf SE: Increased expression of insulin-like growth factor-I in serum and liver after recombinant human growth hormone administration in thermally injured rats. J Surg Res 85:171-177, 1999.
Fukushima R, Alexander JW, Wu JZ, Mao JX, Szczur K, Stephens AM, Ogle JD, Ogle CK: Time course of production of cytokines and prostaglandin E2 by macrophages isolated after thermal injury and bacterial translocation. Circ Shock 42:154-162, 1994.
Ogle CK, Kong F, Guo X, Wells DA, Aosasa S, Noel G, Horseman N: The effect of burn injury on suppressors of cytokine signalling. Shock 14:392-399, 2000.
