HESS Opinions: From response units to functional units: a thermodynamic reinterpretation of the HRU concept to link spatial organization and functioning of intermediate scale catchments
Zehe, Erwin; Ehret, Uwe; Pfister, Laurentet al.
2014 • In Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18 (11), p. 4635-4655
Zehe2014 HESS HESS Opinions - From response units to functional units - a thermodynamic reinterpretation of the HRU concept to link spatial organization and functioning of intermediate scale catchments.pdf
HESS Opinions: From response units to functional units: a thermodynamic reinterpretation of the HRU concept to link spatial organization and functioning of intermediate scale catchments
Bárdossy, A.: Calibration of hydrological model parameters for ungauged catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 703-710, doi:10.5194/hess-11-703-2007, 2007.
Behrens, T., Schmidt, K., Zhu, A. X., and Scholten, T.: The ConMap approach for terrain-based digital soil mapping, Eur. J. Soil Sci. 61, 133-143, 2010.
Bejan, A., Lorente, S., and Lee, J.: Unifying constructal theory of tree roots, canopies and forests, J. Theor. Biol., 254, 529-540, doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.06.026, 2008.
Berne, A., Uijlenhoet R., and Troch, P. A.: Similarity analysis of subsurface flow response of hillslopes with complex geometry, Water Resour. Res., 41, W09410, doi:10.1029/2004wr003629, 2005.
Beven, K. J. and Germann, P.: Macropores and water flow in soils revisited, Water Resour. Res., 49, 3071-3092, 2013.
Beven, K. J. and Kirkby, M. J.: A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology/un modle base physique de zone d'appel variable de l'hydrologie du bassin versant, Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 24, 43-69, doi:10.1080/02626667909491834, 1979.
Beven, K.: Searching for the Holy Grail of scientific hydrology: Qt D(S, R, 1t)A as closure, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 609-618, doi:10.5194/hess-10-609-2006, 2006.
Beven, K. and Freer, J.: Equifinality, data assimilation, and uncertainty estimation in mechanistic modelling of complex environmental systems using the glue methodology, J. Hydrol., 249, 11-29, 2001a.
Beven, K.: Changing ideas in hydrology-the case of physicallybased models, J. Hydrol., 105, 157-172, 1989.
Beven, K. and Freer, J.: A dynamic topmodel, Hydrol. Process., 15, 1993-2011, doi:10.1002/hyp.252, 2001b.
Beven, K. and Germann, P.: Macropores and water flow in soils, Water Resour. Res., 18, 1311-1325, 1982.
Beven, K. J. and Kirkby, M. J.: A physically-based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology, Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 24, 43-69, 1979.
Binley, A. and Beven, K. J.: Vadose zone model uncertainty as conditioned on geophysical data, Ground Water, 41, 119-127, 2003.
Binley, A., Cassiani, G., Middleton, R., and Winship, P.: Vadose zone flow model parameterisation using cross-borehole radar and resistivity imaging, J. Hydrol., 267, 147-159, 2002.
Blume, T., Zehe, E., and Bronstert, A.: Use of soil moisture dynamics and patterns at different spatio-temporal scales for the investigation of subsurface flow processes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1215-1233, doi:10.5194/hess-13-1215-2009, 2009.
Bonell, M., Pearce, A. J., and Stewart, M. K.: The identification of runoff-production mechanisms using environmental isotopes in a tussock grassland catchment, Eastern Otago, New-Zealand, Hydrol. Process., 4, 15-34, 1990.
Brocca, L., Morbidelli, R., Melone, F., and Moramarco, T.: Soil moisture spatial variability in experimental areas of central Italy, J. Hydrol., 333 356-373, 2007.
Bull, L. J. and Kirkby, M. J.: Gully processes and modelling, Progr. Phys. Geogr., 21, 354-374, 1997.
Buttle, J. M. and McDonald, D. J.: Coupled vertical and lateral preferential flow on a forested slope, Water Resour. Res., 38, doi:10.1029/2001WR000773, 2002.
Christiaens, K. and Feyen, J.: Analysis of uncertainties associated with different methods to determine soil hydraulic properties and their propagation in the distributed hydrological MIKE SHE model, J. Hydrol., 246, 63-81, 2001.
Christiaens, K. and Feyen, J.: Constraining soil hydraulic parameter and output uncertainty of the distributed hydrological MIKE SHE model using the GLUE framework, Hydrol. Process., 16, 373-391, 2002.
Davies, J. and Beven, K.: Comparison of a multiple interacting pathways model with a classical kinematic wave subsurface flow solution, Hydrol. Sci. J.-J. Sci. Hydrol., 57, 203-216, doi:10.1080/02626667.2011.645476, 2012.
Dewalle, D. R., Edwards, P. J., Swistock, B. R., Aravena, R., and Drimmie, R.: Seasonal isotope hydrology of three Appalachian forest catchments, Hydrol. Proc., 11, 1895-1906, 1997.
Dooge, J. C. I.: Looking for hydrological laws, Water Resour. Res., 22, 46-58, doi:10.1029/WR022i09Sp0046S, 1986.
Ehret, U., Götzinger, J., Bárdossy, A., and Pegram, G. G. S.: Radarbased flood forecasting in small catchments, exemplified by the Goldersbach catchment, Germany, Int. J. River Basin Manage., 6, 323-329, 2008.
Flügel, W.-A.: Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) as modeling entities for hydrological river basin simulation and their methodological potential for modeling complex environmental process systems, Die Erde, 127, 42-62, 1996.
Fujimoto, M., Ohte, N., and Tani, M.: Effects of hillslope topography on runoff response in a small catchment in the Fudoji Experimental Watershed, central Japan, Hydrol. Process., 25, 1874-1886, 2011.
Gassmann, M., Stamm, C., Olsson, O., Lange, J., Kümmerer, K., and Weiler, M.: Model-based estimation of pesticides and transformation products and their export pathways in a headwater catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 5213-5228, doi:10.5194/hess-17-5213-2013, 2013.
Gerke, H. H.: Preferential flow descriptions for structured soils, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 169, 382-400, 2006.
Gerrits, A. M. J., Savenije, H. H. G., Hoffmann, L., and Pfister, L.: New technique to measure forest floor interception-an application in a beech forest in Luxembourg, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 695-701, doi:10.5194/hess-11-695-2007, 2007.
Graeff, T., Zehe, E., Reusser, D., Luck, E., Schroder, B., Wenk, G., John, H., and Bronstert, A.: Process identification through rejection of model structures in a mid-mountainous rural catchment: observations of rainfall-runoff response, geophysical conditions and model inter-comparison, Hydrol. Process., 23, 702-718, doi:10.1002/hyp.7171, 2009.
Güntner, A.: Large-scale hydrological modelling in the semi-arid north-east of brazil, Dissertation Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 2002.
Haarder, E. B., Looms, M. C., Jensen, K. H., and Nielsen, L.: Visualizing Unsaturated Flow Phenomena Using High-Resolution Reflection Ground Penetrating Radar, Vadose Zone J., 10, 84-97, doi:10.2136/vzj2009.0188, 2011.
Haberlandt, U., Klocking, B., Krysanova, V., and Becker, A.: Regionalisation of the base flow index from dynamically simulated flow components-a case study in the Elbe River Basin, J. Hydrol., 248, 35-53, 2001.
Heidbüchel, I., Troch, P. A., and Lyon, S. W.: Separating physical and meteorological controls of variable transit times in zeroorder catchments, Water Resour. Res., 49, 7644-7657, 2013.
Hopp, L. and McDonnell, J. J.: Examining the role of throughfall patterns on subsurface stormflow generation, J. Hydrol., 409, 460-471, 2011.
Howard, A. D.: Theoretical model of optimal drainage networks, Water Resour. Re., 26, 2107-2117, doi:10.1029/WR026i009p02107, 1990.
Hilberts, A. G. J., Van Loon, E. E., Troch, P. A., and Paniconi, C.: The hillslope-storage Boussinesq model for non-constant bedrock slope, J. Hydrol., 291, 160-173, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.12.043, 2004.
Hilberts, A. G. J., Troch, P. A., and Paniconi, C.: Storage-dependent drainable porosity for complex hillslopes, Water Resour. Res., 41, W06001, doi:10.1029/2004wr003725, 2005.
Hrachowitz, M., Soulsby, C., Tetzlaff, D., Dawson, J. J. C., and Malcolm, I. A.: Regionalization of transit time estimates in montane catchments by integrating landscape controls,Water Resour. Res., 45, W05421, doi:10.1029/2008wr007496, 2009.
Jackisch, C., Zehe, E., Samaniego, S., and Singh, A., K.: An experiment to gauge an ungauged catchment: rapid data assessment and eco-hydrological modelling in a datascarce rural catchment, Hydrol. Sci. J., 59, 2103-2125, doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.870662, 2014.
Jefferson, A., Grant, G., Lewis, S., and Lancaster, S.: Coevolution of hydrology and topography on a basalt landscape in the oregon cascade range, usa, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 35, 803-816, cited By (since 1996) 4, 2010.
Jencso, K. G., McGlynn, B. L., Gooseff, M. N., Bencala, K. E., and Wondzell, S. M.: Hillslope hydrologic connectivity controls riparian groundwater turnover: Implications of catchment structure for riparian buffering and stream water sources, Water Resour. Res., 46, W10524, doi:10.1029/2009WR008818, 2010.
Keddy, P. A.: Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology, J. Veget. Sci., 3, 157-164, 1992.
Kirchner, J. W.: Getting the right answers for the right reasons: linking measurements, analyses, and models to advance the science of hydrology, Water Resour. Res., 42, W03S04, doi:10.1029/2005WR004362, 2006.
Klaus, J. and Zehe, E.: A novel explicit approach to model bromide and pesticide transport in connected soil structures, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2127-2144, doi:10.5194/hess-15-2127-2011, 2011.
Klaus, J. and Zehe, E.: Modelling rapid flow response of a tile drained field site using a 2D-physically based model: assessment of "equifinal" model setups, Hydrol. Process., 24, 1595-1609, doi:10.1002/hyp.7687, 2010.
Klaus, J. and McDonnell, J. J.: Hydrograph separation using stable isotopes: Review and evaluation, J. Hydrol., 505, 47-64, 2013.
Kleidon, A. and Renner, M.: A simple explanation for the sensitivity of the hydrologic cycle to surface temperature and solar radiation and its implications for global climate change, Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 455-465, doi:10.5194/esd-4-455-2013, 2013a.
Kleidon, A. and Renner, M.: Thermodynamic limits of hydrologic cycling within the Earth system: concepts, estimates and implications, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2873-2892, doi:10.5194/hess-17-2873-2013, 2013b.
Kleidon, A., Fraedrich, K., Kirk, E., and Lunkeit, F.: Maximum entropy production and the strength of boundary layer exchange in an atmospheric general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06706, doi:10.1029/2005gl025373, 2006.
Kleidon, A., Zehe, E., and Lin, H.: Thermodynamic limits of the critical zone and their relevance to hydropedology, Hydropedology: Synergistic Integration of Soil Science and Hydrology, edited by: Lin, H., Elsevier ISBN: 978-0-12-386941-8, 858 pp., p. 243, 2012.
Kleidon, A., Zehe, E., Ehret, U., and Scherer, U.: Thermodynamics, maximum power, and the dynamics of preferential river flow structures at the continental scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 225-251, doi:10.5194/hess-17-225-2013, 2013.
Kleidon, A.: How does the earth system generate and maintain thermodynamic disequilibrium and what does it imply for the future of the planet?, Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. A, 370, 1012-1040, doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0316, 2012.
Köhne, J. M., Köhne, S., and Šimunek, J.: A review of model applications for structured soils: a) Water flow and tracer transport, J. Contam. Hydrol., 104, 4-35, 2009.
Kondepudi, D. and Prigogine, I.: Modern thermodynamics: From heat engines to dissipative structures, John Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1998.
Lavelle, P., Decaëns, T., Aubert, M., Barot, S., Blouin, M., Bureau, F., Margerie, P., Mora, P., and Rossi, J.-P.: Soil invertebrates and ecosystem services, Eur. J. Soil Biol., 42, S3-S15, 2006.
Lee, H., Zehe, E., and Sivapalan, M.: Predictions of rainfall-runoff response and soil moisture dynamics in a microscale catchment using the CREW model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 819-849, doi:10.5194/hess-11-819-2007, 2007.
Lorenz, R. D., Lunine, J. I.,Withers, P. G., and McKay, C. P.: Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy production by latitudinal heat transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 415-418, 2001.
Lotka, A.: Natural selection as a physical principle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 8, 151-154, 1922.
Maloszewski, P., Rauert, W., Trimborn, P., Herrmann, A., and Rau, R.: Isotope hydrological study of mean transit times in an alpine basin (Wimbachtal, Germany), J. Hydrol., 140, 343-360, 1992.
Märker, M., Pelacani, S., and Schröder, B.: A functional entities approach to predict soil erosion processes in a small Plio-Pleistocene Mediterranean catchment in Northern Chianti, Italy, Geomorphology, 125, 530-540, 2011.
Martínez-Carreras, N., Krein, A., Gallart, F., Iffly, J.-F., Hissler, C., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., and Owens, P. N.: The Influence of Sediment Sources and Hydrologic Events on the Nutrient and Metal Content of Fine-Grained Sediments (Attert River Basin, Luxembourg), Water Air. Soil Pollut., 223, 5685-5705, 2012.
McDonnell, J., Sivapalan, M., Vaché, K., Dunn, S., Grant, G., Haggerty, H. C., Hooper, R., Kirchner, J., Roderick, M., Selker, J., and Weiler, M.: Moving beyond heterogeneity and process complexity: A new vision for watershed hydrology, Water Resour. Res., 43, W07301, doi:10.1029/2006WR005467, 2007.
McGuire, K. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: A review and evaluation of catchment residence time modeling, J. Hydrol., 330, 543-563, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.020, 2006.
McNaughton, K. G. and Jarvis, P. G.: Predicting effects of vegetation changes on transpiration and evaporation, Water Defi. Plant Growth, 7, 1-47, 1983.
Meysman, F. J. R., Middelburg, J. J., and Heip, C. H. R.: Bioturbation: a fresh look at Darwin's last idea, Trends Ecol. Evolut., 21, 688-695, 2006.
Milne, G.: Normal erosion as a factor in soil profile development, Nature, 138, 548-549, 1936.
Mou, L., Tian, F., Hu, H., and Sivapalan, M.: Extension of the Representative ElementaryWatershed approach for cold regions: constitutive relationships and an application, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 565-585, doi:10.5194/hess-12-565-2008, 2008.
Naef, F., Scherrer, S., and Weiler, M.: A process based assessment of the potential to reduce flood runoff by land use change, J. Hydrol., 267, 1-2, 2002.
Paik, K. and Kumar, P.: Optimality approaches to describe characteristic fluvial patterns on landscapes, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 365, 1387-1395, doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0303, 2010.
Palm, J., van Schaik, N. L. M. B., and Schröder, B.: Modelling the distribution patterns of anecic, epigeic and endogeic earthworms on a catchment-scale in agro-ecosystems, Pedobiologia 56, 23-31, doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2012.08.007, 2013.
Paltridge, G.W.: Climate and thermodynamic systems of maximum dissipation, Nature, 279, 630-631, doi:10.1038/279630a0, 1979.
Paasche, H. and Tronicke, J.: Cooperative inversion of 2D geophysical data sets: A zonal approach based on fuzzy c-means cluster analysis, Geophys., 72, A35-A39, 2007.
Parkner, T., Page, M., Marden, M., and Marutani, T.: Gully systems under undisturbed indigenous forest, East Coast Region, New Zealand, Geomorphology, 84, 241-253, 2007.
Pelletier, J. D. and Rasmussen, C.: Geomorphically based predictive mapping of soil thickness in upland watersheds, Water Resour. Res., 45, W09417, doi:10.1029/2008WR007319, 2009.
Perez, A. J., Abrahao, R., Causape, J., Cirpka, O. A., and Burger, C. M.: Simulating the transition of a semi-arid rainfed catchment towards irrigation agriculture, J. Hydrol., 409, 663-681, 2011.
Pfister, L., Humbert, J., Iffly, J. F., and Hoffmann, L.: Use of regionalized stormflow coefficients in view of hydro-climatological hazard mapping, Hydrol. Sci. J., 47, 479-491, 2002.
Pfister, L., McDonnell, J. J., Hissler, C., and Hoffmann, L.: Groundbased thermal imagery as a simple, practical tool for mapping saturated area connectivity and dynamics, Hydrol. Process., 24, 3123-3132, doi:10.1002/hyp.7840, 2010.
Pfister, L., McDonnell, J. J., Wrede, S., Hlubikova, D., Matgen, P., Fenicia, F., Ector, L., and Hoffmann, L.: The rivers are alive: on the potential for diatoms as a tracer of water source and hydrological connectivity, Hydrol. Process., 23, 2841-2845, doi:10.1002/hyp.7426, 2009.
Phillips, J. D.: Evolutionary geomorphology: thresholds and nonlinearity in landform response to environmental change, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 731-742, doi:10.5194/hess-10-731-2006, 2006.
Phillips, J. D.: The job of the river, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 35, 305-313, doi:10.1002/esp.1915, 2010.
Poff, N. L.: Landscape filters and species traits: towards mechanistic understanding and prediction in stream ecology, J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 16, 391-409, 1997.
Porada, P., Kleidon, A., and Schymanski, S. J.: Entropy production of soil hydrological processes and its maximisation, Earth Syst. Dynam., 2, 179-190, doi:10.5194/esd-2-179-2011, 2011.
Rasmussen, C., Troch, P., Chorover, J., Brooks, P., Pelletier, J., and Huxman, T.: An open system framework for integrating critical zone structure and function, Biogeochemistry, 102, 15-29, doi:10.1007/s10533-010-9476-8, 2011.
Rasmussen, C.: Thermodynamic constraints on effective energy and mass transfer and catchment function, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 725-739, doi:10.5194/hess-16-725-2012, 2012.
Reggiani, P. and Schellekens, J.: Modelling of hydrological responses: the representative elementary watershed approach as an alternative blueprint for watershed modelling, Hydrol. Process., 17, 3785-3789, 2003.
Reggiani, P. and Rientjes, T. H. M.: Flux parameterization in the representative elementary watershed approach: Application to a natural basin, Water Resour. Res., 41, W04013, doi:10.1029/2004WR003693, 2005.
Reggiani, P., Hassanizadeh, S. M., and Sivapalan, M.: A unifying framework for watershed thermodynamics: balance equations for mass, momentum, energy and entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics, Adv. Water Resour., 22, 367-398, 1998.
Reggiani, P., Hassanizadeh, S. M., Sivapalan, M., and Gray, W. G.: A unifying framework for watershed thermodynamics: constitutive relationships, Adv. Water Resour., 23, 15-39, 1999.
Reusser, D. E. and Zehe, E.: Inferring model structural deficits by analyzing temporal dynamics of model performance and parameter sensitivity, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07550, doi:10.1029/2010wr009946, 2011.
Reusser, D. E., Buytaert, W., and Zehe, E.: Temporal dynamics of model parameter sensitivity for computationally expensive models with the fourier amplitude sensitivity test,Water Resour. Res., 47, W07551 doi:10.1029/2010wr009947, 2011.
Rinaldo, A., Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., Rigon, R., Bras, R. L., Ijjasz-Vasquez, E., and Marani, A.: Minimum energy and fractal strucwww tures of drainage networks, Water Resour. Res., 28, 2183-2195, doi:10.1029/92WR00801, 1992.
Sander, T. and Gerke, H. H.: Modelling field-data of preferential flow in paddy soil induced by earthworm burrows, J. Cont. Hydrol., 104, 126-136, 2009.
Samaniego, L., Kumar, R., and Attinger, S.: Multiscale parameter regionalization of a grid-based hydrologic model at the mesoscale, Water Resour. Res., 46, W05523, doi:10.1029/2008WR007327, 2010.
Santhi, C., Allen, P. M., Muttiah, R. S., Arnold, J. G., and Tuppad, P.: Regional estimation of base flow for the conterminous united states by hydrologic landscape regions, J. Hydrol., 351, 139-153, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.12.018, 2008.
Savenije, H. H. G.: HESS Opinions "Topography driven conceptual modelling (FLEX-Topo)", Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2681-2692, doi:10.5194/hess-14-2681-2010, 2010.
Sayama, T., McDonnell, J. J., Dhakal, A., and Sullivan, K.: How much water can a watershed store?, Hydrol. Process., 25, 3899-3908, 2011.
Schaefli, B., Harman, C. J., Sivapalan, M., and Schymanski, S. J.: HESS Opinions: Hydrologic predictions in a changing environment: behavioral modeling, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 635-646, doi:10.5194/hess-15-635-2011, 2011.
Schmocker-Fackel, P., Naef, F., and Scherrer, S.: Identifying runoff processes on the plot and catchment scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 891-906, doi:10.5194/hess-11-891-2007, 2007.
Schneider, A.-K. and Schröder, B.: Perspectives in modelling earthworm dynamics and their feedbacks with abiotic soil properties, Appl. Soil Ecol., 58, 29-36, 2012.
Schröder, B.: Challenges of species distribution modelling belowground, J. Plant Nutrit. Soil Sci., 171, 325-337, 2008.
Schröder, B.: Pattern, process, and function in landscape ecology and catchment hydrology-how can quantitative landscape ecology support predictions in ungauged basins?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 967-979, doi:10.5194/hess-10-967-2006, 2006.
Schuetz, T. and Weiler, M.: Quantification of localized groundwater inflow into streams using ground-based infrared thermography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L03401-L03401, 2011.
Schulz, K., Seppelt, R., Zehe, E., Vogel, H. J., and Attinger, S.: Importance of spatial structures in advancing hydrological sciences, Water Resour. Res., 42, W03S03, doi:10.1029/2005WR004301, 2006.
Schwitalla, T. and Wulfmeyer, V.: Radar data assimilation experiments using the IPM WRF Rapid Update Cycle, Meteorol. Z., doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2014/0513, in press, 2014.
Schymanski, S. J., Sivapalan, M., Roderick, M. L., Hutley, L. B., and Beringer, J.: An optimality-based model of the dynamic feedbacks between natural vegetation and the water balance, Water Resour. Res., 45, W01412, doi:10.1029/2008WR006841, 2009.
Selker, J., van de Giesen, N., Westhoff, M., Luxemburg, W., and Parlange, M. B.: Fiber optics opens window on stream dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24401, doi:10.1029/2006GL027979, 2006.
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B., Lehner, I., Orlowsky, B., and Teuling, A. J.: Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 99, 125-161, doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004, 2010.
Šimunek, J., Jarvis, N. J., van Genuchten, M. T., and Gardenas, A.: Review and comparison of models for describing nonequilibrium and preferential flow and transport in the vadose zone, J. Hydrol., 272, 14-35, 2003.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Duda, M., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Technical Note TN-475CSTR, 113 pp., 2008.
Sklash, M. G., Beven, K. J., Gilman, K., and Darling,W. G.: Isotope Studies of Pipeflow at Plynlimon, Wales, UK, Hydrol. Process., 10, 921-944, 1996.
Tetzlaff, D., Seibert, J., and Soulsby, C.: Inter-catchment comparison to assess the influence of topography and soils on catchment transit times in a geomorphic province; the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland, Hydrol. Process., 23, 874-1886, doi:10.1002/hyp.7318, 2006.
Tetzlaff, D., Seibert, J., McGuire, K. J., Laudon, H., Burns, D. A., Dunn, S. M., and Soulsby, C.: How does landscape structure influence catchment transit time across different geomorphic provinces?, Hydrol. Process., 23, 945-953, 2009.
Tietjen, B., F. Jeltsch, Zehe, E., Classen, N., Groengroeft, A., Schiffers, K., and Oldeland, J.: Effects of climate change on the coupled dynamics of water and vegetation in drylands, Ecohydrology, 3, 226-237, doi:10.1002/eco.70, 2010.
Tietjen, B., Zehe, E., and Jeltsch, F.: Simulating plant water availability in dry lands under climate change: A generic model of two soil layers, Water Resour. Res., 45, W01418, doi:10.1029/2007wr006589, 2009.
Trinks, I., Stümpel, H., and Wachsmuth, D.: Monitoring water flow in the unsaturated zone using georadar, First break, 19, 679-684, 2001.
Troch, P. A., Carrillo, G., Sivapalan, M., Wagener, T., and Sawicz, K.: Climate-vegetation-soil interactions and long-term hydrologic partitioning: signatures of catchment co-evolution, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2209-2217, doi:10.5194/hess-17-2209-2013, 2013.
Troch, P. A., Troch, F. P. D., and Brutsaert, W.: Effective water table depth to describe initial conditions prior to storm rainfall in humid regions, Water Resour, Water Resour. Res., 29, 427-434, 1993.
Troch, P. A., Van Loon, A. H., and Hilberts, A. G. J.: Analytical solution of the linearized hillslope-storage Boussinesq equation for exponential hillslope width functions,Water Resour. Res., 40, W08601, doi:10.1029/2003WR002850, 2004.
Tromp-van Meerveld, H. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: Threshold relations in subsurface stormflow: 2. The fill and spill hypothesis, Water Resour. Res., 42, W02411, doi:10.1029/2004WR003800, 2006.
Tromp-van Meerveld, I. and Weiler, M.: Hillslope dynamics modeled with increasing complexity, J. Hydrol., 361, 24-40, 2008.
Truss, S., Grasmueck, M., Vega, S., and Viggiano, D. A.: Imaging rainfall drainage within the Miami oolitic limestone using high-resolution time-lapse ground-penetrating radar, Water Resour. Res., 43 W03405, doi:10.1029/2005WR004395, 2007.
Uchida, T., Asano, Y., Onda, Y., and Miyata, S.: Are headwaters just the sum of hillslopes?, Hydrol. Process., 19, 3251-3261, 2005.
van Schaik, N. L. M. B., Palm, J., Klaus, J., Zehe, E., and Schröder, B.: Linking spatial earthworm distribution to macropore numbers and effectivity, Ecohydrology, 7, 401-408, doi:10.1002/eco.1358, 2014.
van Schaik, N. L. M. B.: Spatial variability of infiltration patterns related to site characteristics in a semi-arid watershed, Catena, 78, 36-47, 2009.
Varado, N., Braud, I., Galle, S., Le Lay, M., Séguis, L., Kamagate, B., and Depraetere, C.: Multi-criteria assessment of the Representative Elementary Watershed approach on the Donga catchment (Benin) using a downward approach of model complexity, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 427-442, doi:10.5194/hess-10-427-2006, 2006.
van Schaik, N., Schnabel, S., and Jetten, V. G.: The influence of preferential flow on hillslope hydrology in a semi-arid watershed (in the Spanish Dehesas), Hydrol. Process., 22, 3844-3855, 2008.
Versteeg, R. and Birken, R.: Imaging fluid flow and relative hydraulic conductivity using ground penetrating radar in a controlled setting, In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics (SAGEEP), GP16-GP16, doi:10.4133/1.2922894, 2001
Viville, D., Ladouche, B., and Bariac, T.: Isotope hydrological study of mean transit time in the granitic Strengbach catchment (Vosges massif, France): application of the FlowPC model with modified input function, Hydrol. Process., 20, 1737-1751, 2006.
Vogel, H.-J., Cousin, I., Ippisch, O., and Bastian, P.: The dominant role of structure for solute transport in soil: experimental evidence and modelling of structure and transport in a field experiment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 495-506, doi:10.5194/hess-10-495-2006, 2006.
Vogel, H. J. and Roth, K.: Moving through scales of flow and transport in soil, J. Hydrol., 272, 95-106, 2003.
Watt, A. S.: Pattern and process in the plant community, J. Ecol., 35, 1-22, 1947.
Weiler, M. and McDonnell, J. J.: Conceptualizing lateral preferential flow and flow networks and simulating the effects on gauged and ungauged hillslopes, Water Resour. Res., 43, W03403, doi:10.1029/2006WR004867, 2007.
Western, A. W., Zhou, S. L., Grayson, R. B., McMahon, T. A., Blöschl, G., and Wilson, D. J.: Spatial correlation of soil moisture in small catchments and its relationship to dominant spatial hydrological processes, J. Hydrol., 286, 113-134, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.014, 2004.
Westhoff, M. C. and Zehe, E.: Maximum entropy production: can it be used to constrain conceptual hydrological models?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3141-3157, doi:10.5194/hess-17-3141-2013, 2013.
Westhoff, M. C., Savenije, H. H. G., Luxemburg,W. M. J ., Stelling, G. S., van de Giesen, N. C., Selker, J. S., Pfister, L., and Uhlenbrook, S.: A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1469-1480, doi:10.5194/hess-11-1469-2007, 2007.
Westhoff, M. C., Zehe, E., and Schymanski, S. J.: Importance of temporal variability for hydrological predictions based on themaximum entropy production principle, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 67-73, doi:10.1002/2013gl058533, 2014.
Wienhöfer, J. and Zehe, E.: Predicting subsurface stormflow response of a forested hillslope-the role of connected flow paths, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 121-138, doi:10.5194/hess-18-121-2014, 2014.
Wienhöfer, J., Germer, K., Lindenmaier, F., Färber, A., and Zehe, E.: Applied tracers for the observation of subsurface stormflow at the hillslope scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1145-1161, doi:10.5194/hess-13-1145-2009, 2009.
Winter, T. C.: The concept of hydrologic landscapes, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 37, 335-349, 2001.
Woldenberg, M.: Spatial order in fluvial systems: Hortons laws derived from mixed hexagonal hierarchies of drainage basin areas, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 80, 97-112, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[97:SOIFSH]2.0.CO;2, 1969.
Zhang, G. P., Savenije, H. H. G., Fenicia, F., and Pfister, L.: Modelling subsurface storm flow with the Representative ElementaryWatershed (REW) approach: application to the Alzette River Basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 937-955, doi:10.5194/hess-10-937-2006, 2006.
Zehe, E. and Blöschl, G.: Predictability of hydrologic response at the plot and catchment scales-the role of initial conditions, Water Resour. Res., 40, W10202, doi:10.1029/2003WR002869, 2004.
Zehe, E. and Sivapalan, M.: Threshold behaviour in hydrological systems as (human) geo-ecosystems: manifestations, controls, implications, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1273-1297, doi:10.5194/hess-13-1273-2009, 2009.
Zehe, E., Becker, R., Bardossy, A., and Plate, E.: Uncertainty of simulated catchment runoff response in the presence of threshold processes: Role of initial soil moisture and precipitation, J. Hydrol., 315, 183-202, 2005.
Zehe, E., Lee, H., and Sivapalan, M.: Dynamical process upscaling for deriving catchment scale state variables and constitutive relations for meso-scale process models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 981-996, doi:10.5194/hess-10-981-2006, 2006.
Zehe, E., Elsenbeer, H., Lindenmaier, F., Schulz, K., and Blöschl, G.: Patterns of predictability in hydrological threshold systems, Water Resour. Res., 43, 1635-1651, doi:10.1029/2006WR005589, 2007.
Zehe, E., Blume, T., and Blöschl, G.: The principle of maximum energy dissipation: a novel thermodynamic perspective on rapid water flow in connected soil structures, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 365, 1377-1386, doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0308, 2010a.
Zehe, E., Graeff, T., Morgner, M., Bauer, A., and Bronstert, A.: Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater in the Ore Mountains, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 873-889, doi:10.5194/hess-14-873-2010, 2010b.
Zehe, E., Ehret, U., Blume, T., Kleidon, A., Scherer, U., and Westhoff, M.: A thermodynamic approach to link self-organization, preferential flow and rainfall-runoff behaviour, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4297-4322, doi:10.5194/hess-17-4297-2013, 2013.
Zimmermann, B., Zehe, E., Hartmann, N. K., and Elsenbeer, H.: Analyzing spatial data: An assessment of assumptions, new methods, and uncertainty using soil hydraulic data, Water Resour. Res., 44, W10408, doi:10.1029/2007wr006604, 2008.
