2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Elliott, Perry M.; Anastasakis, Aris; Borger, Michael A.et al.
2014 • In European Heart Journal, 35 (39), p. 2733-79
Kolh, Philippe ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences biomédicales et précliniques > Biochimie et physiologie générales, humaines et path.
Lancellotti, Patrizio ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences cliniques > Imagerie cardiaque fonctionnelle par échographie
Language :
English
Title :
2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kuhl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Rapezzi C, Seferovic P, Tavazzi L, Keren A. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of CardiologyWorking Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2008;29:270-276.
Spoladore R, Maron MS, D’Amato R, Camici PG, Olivotto I. Pharmacological treatment options for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: high time for evidence. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1724-1733.
Hada Y, Sakamoto T, Amano K, Yamaguchi T, Takenaka K, Takahashi H, Takikawa R, Hasegawa I, Takahashi T, Suzuki J. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a population of adult Japanese workers as detected by echocardiographic screening. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:183-184.
Codd MB, Sugrue DD, Gersh BJ, Melton LJ III. Epidemiology of idiopathic dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975-1984. Circulation 1989;80:564-572.
Maron BJ, Gardin JM, Flack JM, Gidding SS, Kurosaki TT, Bild DE. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a general population of young adults. Echocardiographic analysis of 4111 subjects in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults. Circulation 1995;92:785-789.
Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young athletes. N Engl J Med 1998;339:364-369.
Maron BJ, Mathenge R, Casey SA, Poliac LC, Longe TF. Clinical profile of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy identified de novo in rural communities. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1590-1595.
Nistri S, Thiene G, Basso C, Corrado D, Vitolo A, Maron BJ. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a young male military population. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91:1021-1023, A8.
Zou Y, Song L, Wang Z, Ma A, Liu T, Gu H, Lu S, Wu P, Zhang Y, Shen L, Cai Y, Zhen Y, Liu Y, Hui R. Prevalence of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in China: a population-based echocardiographic analysis of 8080 adults. Am J Med 2004;116:14-18.
Maron BJ, Spirito P, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, Okin PM, Best LG, Lee ET, Devereux RB. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a population-based sample of American Indians aged 51 to 77 years (the Strong Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1510-1514.
Maro EE, Janabi M, Kaushik R. Clinical and echocardiographic study of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tanzania. Trop Doct 2006;36:225-227.
Ng CT, Chee TS, Ling LF, Lee YP, Ching CK, Chua TS, Cheok C, Ong HY. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy on an electrocardiogram-based pre-participation screening programme in a young male South-East Asian population: results from the Singapore Armed Forces Electrocardiogram and Echocardiogram screening protocol. Europace 2011;13:883-888.
Lipshultz SE, Sleeper LA, Towbin JA, Lowe AM, Orav EJ, Cox GF, Lurie PR, McCoy KL, McDonald MA, Messere JE, Colan SD. The incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy in two regions of the United States. N Engl J Med 2003;348: 1647-1655.
Nugent AW, Daubeney PE, Chondros P, Carlin JB, Colan SD, Cheung M, Davis AM, Chow CW, Weintraub RG. Clinical features and outcomes of childhood hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: results from a national population-based study. Circulation 2005;112:1332-1338.
Van Driest SL, Ommen SR, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ, Ackerman MJ. Yield of genetic testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:739-744.
Morita H, Rehm HL, Menesses A, McDonough B, Roberts AE, Kucherlapati R, Towbin JA, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Shared genetic causes of cardiac hypertrophy in children and adults. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1899-1908.
Brito D, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G, Vale PS, Silva D, Diogo AN, Madeira H. Sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetic profile in a Portuguese population. Rev Port Cardiol 2012;31:577-587.
Kassem HS, Azer RS, Saber-Ayad M, Moharem-Elgamal S, Magdy G, Elguindy A, Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Yacoub MH. Early results of sarcomeric gene screening from the Egyptian National BA-HCM Program. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013;6: 65-80.
Lopes LR, Zekavati A, Syrris P, Hubank M, Giambartolomei C, Dalageorgou C, Jenkins S, McKenna W, Plagnol V, Elliott PM. Genetic complexity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy revealed by high-throughput sequencing. J Med Genet 2013;50: 228-239.
Watkins H, Ashrafian H, Redwood C. Inherited cardiomyopathies. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1643-1656.
Coats CJ, Elliott PM. Genetic biomarkers in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biomark Med 2013;7:505-516.
Syed IS, Glockner JF, Feng D, Araoz PA, Martinez MW, Edwards WD, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, Oh JK, Bellavia D, Tajik AJ, Grogan M. Role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:155-164.
Rapezzi C, Quarta CC, Obici L, Perfetto F, Longhi S, Salvi F, Biagini E, Lorenzini M, Grigioni F, Leone O, Cappelli F, Palladini G, Rimessi P, Ferlini A, Arpesella G, Pinna AD, Merlini G, Perlini S. Disease profile and differential diagnosis of hereditary transthyretin-related amyloidosis with exclusively cardiac phenotype: an Italian perspective. Eur Heart J 2013;34:520-528.
Olivotto I, Girolami F, Ackerman MJ, Nistri S, Bos JM, Zachara E, Ommen SR, Theis JL, Vaubel RA, Re F, Armentano C, Poggesi C, Torricelli F, Cecchi F. Myofilament protein gene mutation screening and outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:630-638.
Olivotto I, Girolami F, Sciagra R, Ackerman MJ, Sotgia B, Bos JM, Nistri S, Sgalambro A, Grifoni C, Torricelli F, Camici PG, Cecchi F. Microvascular function is selectively impaired in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sarcomere myofilament gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:839-848.
Watkins H, McKenna WJ, Thierfelder L, Suk HJ, Anan R, O’Donoghue A, Spirito P, Matsumori A, Moravec CS, Seidman JG. Mutations in the genes for cardiac troponin T and alpha-tropomyosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. NEngl J Med 1995;332: 1058-1064.
Pasquale F, Syrris P, Kaski JP, Mogensen J, McKenna WJ, Elliott P. Long-term outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in the cardiac troponin T gene. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2012;5:10-17.
Moolman JC, Corfield VA, Posen B, Ngumbela K, Seidman C, Brink PA,Watkins H. Sudden death due to troponin T mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:549-555.
Anan R, Shono H, Kisanuki A, Arima S, Nakao S, Tanaka H. Patients with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by a Phe110Ile missense mutation in the cardiac troponin T gene have variable cardiac morphologies and a favorable prognosis. Circulation 1998;98:391-397.
Torricelli F, Girolami F, Olivotto I, Passerini I, Frusconi S, Vargiu D, Richard P, Cecchi F. Prevalence and clinical profile of troponin T mutations among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in tuscany. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:1358-1362.
Nakajima-Taniguchi C, Matsui H, Fujio Y, Nagata S, Kishimoto T, Yamauchi-Takihara K. Novel missense mutation in cardiac troponin T gene found in Japanese patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1997;29:839-843.
Lopes LR, Rahman MS, Elliott PM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of genotype-phenotype associations in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by sarcomeric protein mutations. Heart 2013;99:1800-1811.
Ingles J, Doolan A, Chiu C, Seidman J, Seidman C, Semsarian C. Compound and double mutations in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: implications for genetic testing and counselling. J Med Genet 2005;42:pe59.
Richard P, Charron P, Carrier L, Ledeuil C, Cheav T, Pichereau C, Benaiche A, Isnard R, Dubourg O, Burban M, Gueffet JP, Millaire A, Desnos M, Schwartz K, Hainque B, Komajda M. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: distribution of disease genes, spectrum of mutations, and implications for a molecular diagnosis strategy. Circulation 2003;107:2227-2232.
Girolami F, Ho CY, Semsarian C, Baldi M, Will ML, Baldini K, Torricelli F, Yeates L, Cecchi F, Ackerman MJ, Olivotto I. Clinical features and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with triple sarcomere protein gene mutations. JAmColl Cardiol 2010;55:1444-1453.
Elliott P, Baker R, Pasquale F, Quarta G, Ebrahim H, Mehta AB, Hughes DA. Prevalence of Anderson-Fabry disease in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the European Anderson-Fabry Disease survey. Heart 2011;97:1957-1960.
Murphy RT, Mogensen J, McGarry K, Bahl A, Evans A, Osman E, Syrris P, Gorman G, Farrell M, Holton JL, Hanna MG, Hughes S, Elliott PM, MacRae CA, McKenna WJ. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase disease mimicks hypertrophic cardiomyopathy andWolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: natural history. JAmColl Cardiol 2005;45:922-930.
Charron P, Villard E, Sebillon P, Laforet P, Maisonobe T, Duboscq-Bidot L, Romero N, Drouin-Garraud V, Frebourg T, Richard P, Eymard B, Komajda M. Danon’s disease as a cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic survey. Heart 2004;90:842-846.
Limongelli G, Masarone D, D’Alessandro R, Elliott PM. Mitochondrial diseases and the heart: an overview of molecular basis, diagnosis, treatment and clinical course. Future Cardiol 2012;8:71-88.
Filla A, De Michele G, Cavalcanti F, Pianese L, Monticelli A, Campanella G, Cocozza S. The relationship between trinucleotide (GAA) repeat length and clinical features in Friedreich ataxia. Am J Hum Genet 1996;59:554-560.
Lagedrost SJ, Sutton MS, Cohen MS, Satou GM, Kaufman BD, Perlman SL, Rummey C, Meier T, Lynch DR. Idebenone in Friedreich ataxia cardiomyopathy results from a 6-month phase III study (IONIA). Am Heart J 2011;161: 639-645.
Limongelli G, D’Alessandro R, Maddaloni V, Rea A, Sarkozy A, McKenna WJ. Skeletal muscle involvement in cardiomyopathies. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14:837-861.
Friedrich FW, Wilding BR, Reischmann S, Crocini C, Lang P, Charron P, Muller OJ, McGrath MJ, Vollert I, Hansen A, Linke WA, Hengstenberg C, Bonne G, Morner S, Wichter T, Madeira H, Arbustini E, Eschenhagen T, Mitchell CA, Isnard R, Carrier L. Evidence for FHL 1 as a novel disease gene for isolated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2012;21:3237-3254.
Olive M, Goldfarb L, Moreno D, Laforet E, Dagvadorj A, Sambuughin N, Martinez-Matos JA, Martinez F, Alio J, Farrero E, Vicart P, Ferrer I. Desmin-related myopathy: clinical, electrophysiological, radiological, neuropathological and genetic studies. J Neurol Sci 2004;219:125-137.
Wilkinson JD, Lowe AM, Salbert BA, Sleeper LA, Colan SD, Cox GF, Towbin JA, Connuck DM, Messere JE, Lipshultz SE. Outcomes in children with Noonan syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a study from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Am Heart J 2012;164:442-448.
Limongelli G, Pacileo G, Marino B, Digilio MC, Sarkozy A, Elliott P, Versacci P, Calabro P, De Zorzi A, Di Salvo G, Syrris P, Patton M, McKenna WJ, Dallapiccola B, Calabro R. Prevalence and clinical significance of cardiovascular abnormalities in patients with the LEOPARD syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2007;100: 736-741.
Sarkozy A, Digilio MC, Dallapiccola B. Leopard syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008; 3:13.
Lin AE, Grossfeld PD, Hamilton RM, Smoot L, Gripp KW, Proud V, Weksberg R, Wheeler P, Picker J, Irons M, Zackai E, Marino B, Scott CI Jr., Nicholson L. Further delineation of cardiac abnormalities in Costello syndrome. Am J Med Genet 2002;111:115-129.
Falk RH. Diagnosis and management of the cardiac amyloidoses. Circulation 2005; 112:2047-2060.
Hiramitsu S, Morimoto S, Kato S, Uemura A, Kubo N, Kimura K, Sugiura A, Itoh T, Hishida H. Transient ventricular wall thickening in acute myocarditis: a serial echocardiographic and histopathologic study. Jpn Circ J 2001;65:863-866.
Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, White JA, Abdel-Aty H, Gutberlet M, Prasad S, Aletras A, Laissy JP, Paterson I, Filipchuk NG, Kumar A, Pauschinger M, Liu P. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: A JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1475-1487.
Ullmo S, Vial Y, Di Bernardo S, Roth-Kleiner M, Mivelaz Y, Sekarski N, Ruiz J, Meijboom EJ. Pathologic ventricular hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic mothers: a retrospective study. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1319-1325.
Huddle KR, Kalliatakis B, Skoularigis J. Pheochromocytoma associated with clinical and echocardiographic features simulating hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Chest 1996;109:1394-1397.
Hradec J, Marek J, Petrasek J. The nature of cardiac hypertrophy in acromegaly: an echocardiographic study. Cor Vasa 1988;30:186-199.
Jarzembowski TM, John E, Panaro F, Manzelli A, Cabrera A, Greco A, Varga P, Sankary H, Testa G, Benedetti E. Reversal of tacrolimus-related hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 5 years after kidney transplant in a 6-year-old recipient. Pediatr Transplant 2005;9:117-121.
Sachtleben TR, Berg KE, Elias BA, Cheatham JP, Felix GL, Hofschire PJ. The effects of anabolic steroids on myocardial structure and cardiovascular fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:1240-1245.
Sumpter MD, Tatro LS, Stoecker WV, Rader RK. Evidence for risk of cardiomyopathy with hydroxychloroquine. Lupus 2012;21:1594-1596.
Kampmann C, Wiethoff CM, Wenzel A, Stolz G, Betancor M, Wippermann CF, Huth RG, Habermehl P, Knuf M, Emschermann T, Stopfkuchen H. Normal values of M mode echocardiographic measurements of more than 2000 healthy infants and children in central Europe. Heart 2000;83:667-672.
McKenna WJ, Spirito P, Desnos M, Dubourg O, Komajda M. Experience from clinical genetics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: proposal for new diagnostic criteria in adult members of affected families. Heart 1997;77:130-132.
Charron P, Dubourg O, Desnos M, Isnard R, Hagege A, Millaire A, Carrier L, Bonne G, Tesson F, Richard P, Bouhour JB, Schwartz K, Komajda M. Diagnostic value of electrocardiography and echocardiography for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a genotyped adult population. Circulation 1997;96:214-219.
Charron P, Forissier JF, Amara ME, Dubourg O, Desnos M, Bouhour JB, Isnard R, Hagege A, Benaiche A, Richard P, Schwartz K, Komajda M. Accuracy of European diagnostic criteria for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a genotyped population. Int J Cardiol 2003;90:33-38.
Hagege AA, Dubourg O, Desnos M, Mirochnik R, Isnard G, Bonne G, Carrier L, Guicheney P, Bouhour JB, Schwartz K, Komajda M. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiac ultrasonic abnormalities in genetically affected subjects without echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Eur Heart J 1998;19: 490-499.
Nagueh SF, Bachinski LL, Meyer D, Hill R, Zoghbi WA, Tam JW, Quinones MA, Roberts R, Marian AJ. Tissue Doppler imaging consistently detects myocardial abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and provides a novel means for an early diagnosis before and independently of hypertrophy. Circulation 2001;104:128-130.
Cardim N, Perrot A, Ferreira T, Pereira A, Osterziel KJ, Reis RP, Correia JF. Usefulness of Doppler myocardial imaging for identification of mutation carriers of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:128-132.
Kobashi A, Suwa M, Ito T, Otake Y, Hirota Y, Kawamura K. Solitary papillary muscle hypertrophy as a possible form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Jpn Circ J 1998;62: 811-816.
Maron MS, Olivotto I, Harrigan C, Appelbaum E, Gibson CM, Lesser JR, Haas TS, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ. Mitral valve abnormalities identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance represent a primary phenotypic expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2011;124:40-47.
Rapezzi C, Arbustini E, Caforio AL, Charron P, Gimeno-Blanes J, Helio T, Linhart A, Mogensen J, Pinto Y, Ristic A, Seggewiss H, Sinagra G, Tavazzi L, Elliott PM. Diagnostic work-up in cardiomyopathies: bridging the gap between clinical phenotypes and final diagnosis. A position statement from the ESCWorking Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1448-1458.
McLeod CJ, Ackerman MJ, Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ, Ommen SR. Outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a normal electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:229-233.
Monserrat L, Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Sharma S, Penas-Lado M, McKenna WJ. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an independent marker of sudden death risk in young patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:873-879.
Adabag AS, Casey SA, Kuskowski MA, Zenovich AG, Maron BJ. Spectrumand prognostic significance of arrhythmias on ambulatory Holter electrocardiogram in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:697-704.
Mulrow JP, Healy MJ, McKenna WJ. Variability of ventricular arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and implications for treatment. Am J Cardiol 1986;58: 615-618.
Guttmann OP, Rahman MS, O’Mahony C, Anastasakis A, Elliott PM. Atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review. Heart 2013;Sept 7 doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304276. [Epub ahead of print].
O’Mahony C, Jichi F, Pavlou M, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C, Biagini E, Gimeno JR, Limongelli G, McKenna WJ, Omar RZ, Elliott PM. A novel clinical risk prediction model for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM Risk-SCD). Eur Heart J 2014;35:2010-2020.
Klues HG, Schiffers A, Maron BJ. Phenotypic spectrum and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: morphologic observations and significance as assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography in 600 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1699-1708.
Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Laskey WK, Pennell DJ, Rumberger JA, Ryan T, Verani MS. Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2002;105:539-542.
Maron BJ, Gottdiener JS, Bonow RO, Epstein SE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with unusual locations of left ventricular hypertrophy undetectable by M-mode echocardiography. Identification by wide-angle two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 1981;63:409-418.
Shapiro LM, McKenna WJ. Distribution of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a two-dimensional echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;2:437-444.
Wigle ED, Sasson Z, Henderson MA, Ruddy TD, Fulop J, Rakowski H, Williams WG. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The importance of the site and the extent of hypertrophy. A review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985;28:1-83.
Rakowski H, Sasson Z, Wigle ED. Echocardiographic and Doppler assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1988;1:31-47.
Losi MA, Nistri S, Galderisi M, Betocchi S, Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Agricola E, Ballo P, Buralli S, D’Andrea A, D’Errico A, Mele D, Sciomer S, Mondillo S. Echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: usefulness of old and new techniques in the diagnosis and pathophysiological assessment. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2010;8:7.
Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, Agati L, Zamorano J, Vanoverschelde JL, Nihoyannopoulos P. Contrast echocardiography: evidence-based recommendations by European Association of Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10: 194-212.
Maron MS, Olivotto I, Betocchi S, Casey SA, Lesser JR, Losi MA, Cecchi F, Maron BJ. Effect of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction on clinical outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2003;348:295-303.
Elliott P, Gimeno J, Tome M, McKenna W. Left ventricular out flow tract obstruction and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2006;27: 3073-3074.
Maron MS, Olivotto I, Zenovich AG, Link MS, Pandian NG, Kuvin JT, Nistri S, Cecchi F, Udelson JE, Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is predominantly a disease of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation 2006;114: 2232-2239.
Shah JS, Esteban MT, Thaman R, Sharma R, Mist B, Pantazis A, Ward D, Kohli SK, Page SP, Demetrescu C, Sevdalis E, Keren A, Pellerin D, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. Prevalence of exercise-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in symptomatic patients with non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2008; 94:1288-1294.
Klues HG, Roberts WC, Maron BJ. Anomalous insertion of papillary muscle directly into anterior mitral leaflet in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Significance in producing left ventricular outflow obstruction. Circulation 1991;84:1188-1197.
Klues HG, Proschan MA, Dollar AL, Spirito P, Roberts WC, Maron BJ. Echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve size in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Anatomic validation from mitral valve specimen. Circulation 1993;88: 548-555.
Harrigan CJ, Appelbaum E, Maron BJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron MS. Significance of papillary muscle abnormalities identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:668-673.
Kwon DH, Setser RM, Thamilarasan M, Popovic ZV, Smedira NG, Schoenhagen P, Garcia MJ, Lever HM, Desai MY. Abnormal papillary muscle morphology is independently associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2008;94:1295-1301.
Maron BJ, Nishimura RA, Danielson GK. Pitfalls in clinical recognition and a novel operative approach for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with severe outflow obstruction due to anomalous papillary muscle. Circulation 1998;98:2505-2508.
Wigle ED. Cardiomyopathy: The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2001;86:709-714.
Sherrid MV, Wever-Pinzon O, Shah A, Chaudhry FA. Reflections of inflections in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:212-219.
Dimitrow PP, Bober M, Michalowska J, Sorysz D. Left ventricular outflow tract gradient provoked by upright position or exercise in treated patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without obstruction at rest. Echocardiography 2009;26: 513-520.
Marwick TH, Nakatani S, Haluska B, Thomas JD, Lever HM. Provocation of latent left ventricular out flow tract gradients with amyl nitrite and exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:805-809.
Nistri S, Olivotto I, Maron MS, Ferrantini C, Coppini R, Grifoni C, Baldini K, Sgalambro A, Cecchi F, Maron BJ. b-blockers for prevention of exercise-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:715-719.
Miranda R, Cotrim C, Cardim N, Almeida S, Lopes L, Loureiro MJ, Simoes O, Cordeiro P, Fazendas P, Joao I, Carrageta M. Evaluation of left ventricular outflow tract gradient during treadmill exercise and in recovery period in orthostatic position, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008;6:19.
Nistri S, Olivotto I, Maron MS, Grifoni C, Baldini K, Baldi M, Sgalambro A, Cecchi F, Maron BJ. Timing and significance of exercise-induced left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradients in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2010;106: 1301-1306.
Joshi S, Patel UK, Yao SS, Castenada V, Isambert A, Winson G, Chaudhry FA, Sherrid MV. Standing and exercise Doppler echocardiography in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the range of gradients with upright activity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:75-82.
Spirito P, Autore C, Rapezzi C, Bernabo P, Badagliacca R, Maron MS, Bongioanni S, Coccolo F, Estes NA, Barilla CS, Biagini E, Quarta G, Conte MR, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ. Syncope and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2009;119:1703-1710.
Nistri S, Olivotto I, Betocchi S, Losi MA, Valsecchi G, Pinamonti B, Conte MR, Casazza F, Galderisi M, Maron BJ, Cecchi F. Prognostic significance of left atrial size in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (from the Italian Registry for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy). Am J Cardiol 2006;98:960-965.
Losi MA, Betocchi S, Barbati G, Parisi V, Tocchetti CG, Pastore F, Migliore T, Contaldi C, Caputi A, Romano R, Chiariello M. Prognostic significance of left atrial volume dilatation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:76-81.
Tani T, Yagi T, Kitai T, Kim K, Nakamura H, Konda T, Fujii Y, Kawai J, Kobori A, Ehara N, Kinoshita M, Kaji S, Yamamuro A, Morioka S, Kita T, Furukawa Y. Left atrial volume predicts adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2011;9:34.
Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, Marino PN, Oh JK, Smiseth OA, Waggoner AD, Flachskampf FA, Pellikka PA, Evangelisa A. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:165-193.
Kubo T, Gimeno JR, Bahl A, Steffensen U, Steffensen M, Osman E, Thaman R, Mogensen J, Elliott PM, Doi Y, McKenna WJ. Prevalence, clinical significance, and genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with restrictive phenotype. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:2419-2426.
Biagini E, Spirito P, Rocchi G, Ferlito M, Rosmini S, Lai F, Lorenzini M, Terzi F, Bacchi-Reggiani L, Boriani G, Branzi A, Boni L, Rapezzi C. Prognostic implications of the Doppler restrictive filling pattern in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1727-1731.
Geske JB, Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR. Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with direct left atrial pressure measurement at cardiac catheterization. Circulation 2007;116:2702-2708.
Kitaoka H, Kubo T, Okawa M, Takenaka N, Sakamoto C, Baba Y, Hayashi K, Yamasaki N, Matsumura Y, Doi YL. Tissue doppler imaging and plasma BNP levels to assess the prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:1020-1025.
Ha JW, Cho JR, Kim JM, Ahn JA, Choi EY, Kang SM, Rim SJ, Chung N. Tissue Doppler-derived indices predict exercise capacity in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Chest 2005;128:3428-3433.
Maciver DH. A new method for quantification of left ventricular systolic function using a corrected ejection fraction. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011;12:228-234.
Urbano-Moral JA, Rowin EJ, Maron MS, Crean A, Pandian NG. Investigation of global and regional myocardial mechanics with 3-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography and relations to hypertrophy and fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:11-19.
Faber L, Seggewiss H, Gleichmann U. Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: results with respect to intraprocedural myocardial contrast echocardiography. Circulation 1998;98: 2415-2421.
Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, He ZX, Middleton KJ, Killip D, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA, Roberts R, Verani MS, Kleiman NS, Spencer WH III. Role of myocardial contrast echocardiography during nonsurgical septal reduction therapy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:225-229.
Faber L, Seggewiss H, Welge D, Fassbender D, Schmidt HK, Gleichmann U, Horstkotte D. Echo-guided percutaneous septal ablation for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: 7 years of experience. Eur J Echocardiogr 2004; 5:347-355.
Yu EH, Omran AS, Wigle ED, Williams WG, Siu SC, Rakowski H. Mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: relationship to obstruction and relief with myectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:2219-2225.
Oki T, Fukuda N, Iuchi A, Tabata T, Tanimoto M, Manabe K, Kageji Y, Sasaki M, Hama M, Ito S. Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of mitral regurgitation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: contributions of eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy and related abnormalities of the mitral complex. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1995;8:503-510.
Grigg LE, Wigle ED, Williams WG, Daniel LB, Rakowski H. Transesophageal Doppler echocardiography in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clarification of pathophysiology and importance in intraoperative decision making. JAmColl Cardiol 1992;20:42-52.
Marwick TH, Stewart WJ, Lever HM, Lytle BW, Rosenkranz ER, Duffy CI, Salcedo EE. Benefits of intraoperative echocardiography in the surgical management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:1066-1072.
Flachskampf FA, Badano L, Daniel WG, Feneck RO, Fox KF, Fraser AG, Pasquet A, Pepi M, Perez d I, Zamorano JL, Roelandt JR, Pierard L. Recommendations for transoesophageal echocardiography: update 2010. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11:557-576.
Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, Williams WG. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation 1995;92:1680-1692.
Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ. Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1778-1785.
Elliott PM, Gimeno B Jr., Mahon NG, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ. Relation between severity of left-ventricular hypertrophy and prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2001;357:420-424.
Kim MS, Klein AJ, Groves BM, Quaife RA, Salcedo EE. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in the presence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy and accessory mitral valve tissue treated with alcohol septal ablation. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008;9:720-724.
O’Hanlon R, Assomull RG, Prasad SK. Use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance for diagnosis and management in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2007;9:51-56.
Olivotto I, Maron MS, Autore C, Lesser JR, Rega L, Casolo G, De Santis M, Quarta G, Nistri S, Cecchi F, Salton CJ, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ. Assessment and significance of left ventricularmass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:559-566.
Puntmann VO, Gebker R, Duckett S, Mirelis J, Schnackenburg B, Graefe M, Razavi R, Fleck E, Nagel E. Left ventricular chamber dimensions and wall thickness by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: comparison with transthoracic echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;14:240-246.
Rickers C, Wilke NM, Jerosch-Herold M, Casey SA, Panse P, Panse N, Weil J, Zenovich AG, Maron BJ. Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2005;112:855-861.
Moon JC, Fisher NG, McKenna WJ, Pennell DJ. Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with nondiagnostic echocardiography. Heart 2004;90:645-649.
Spiewak M, Chojnowska L, Malek LA, Milosz B, Petryka J, Zabicka M, Klopotowski M, Dabrowski M, Misko J, Ruzyllo W. Comparison between maximal left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular mass in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Kardiol Pol 2010;68:763-768.
Maron MS, Finley JJ, Bos JM, Hauser TH, Manning WJ, Haas TS, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Ackerman MJ, Maron BJ. Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2008; 118:1541-1549.
Weinsaft JW, Kim HW, Crowley AL, Klem I, Shenoy C, Van Assche L, Brosnan R, Shah DJ, Velazquez EJ, Parker M, Judd RM, Kim RJ. LV thrombus detection by routine echocardiography: insights into performance characteristics using delayed enhancement CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4:702-712.
Brouwer WP, Germans T, Head MC, van d V, Heymans MW, Christiaans I, Houweling AC, Wilde AA, van Rossum AC. Multiple myocardial crypts on modified long-axis view are a specific finding in pre-hypertrophic HCM mutation carriers. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;13:292-297.
Germans T, Wilde AA, Dijkmans PA, Chai W, Kamp O, Pinto YM, van Rossum AC. Structural abnormalities of the inferoseptal left ventricular wall detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in carriers of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2518-2523.
Maron MS, Rowin EJ, Lin D, Appelbaum E, Chan RH, Gibson CM, Lesser JR, Lindberg J, Haas TS, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ. Prevalence and clinical profile of myocardial crypts in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:441-447.
Valeti US, Nishimura RA, Holmes DR, Araoz PA, Glockner JF, Breen JF, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ, Tajik AJ, Rihal CS, Schaff HV, Maron BJ. Comparison of surgical septal myectomy and alcohol septal ablation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:350-357.
Yuan J, Qiao S, Zhang Y, You S, Duan F, Hu F, Yang W. Follow-up by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathywho underwent percutaneous ventricular septal ablation. Am J Cardiol 2010;106:1487-1491.
Rudolph A, Abdel-Aty H, Bohl S, Boye P, Zagrosek A, Dietz R, Schulz-Menger J. Noninvasive detection of fibrosis applying contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy relation to remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:284-291.
Moon JC, Reed E, Sheppard MN, Elkington AG, Ho SY, Burke M, Petrou M, Pennell DJ. The histologic basis of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: 2260-2264.
Prinz C, Schwarz M, Ilic I, Laser KT, Lehmann R, Prinz EM, Bitter T, Vogt J, van Buuren F, Bogunovic N, Horstkotte D, Faber L. Myocardial fibrosis severity on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging predicts sustained arrhythmic events in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2013;29:358-363.
Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen CJ, Schneider S, Ong P, Kispert EM, Nassenstein K, Schlosser T, Sabin GV, Sechtem U, Mahrholdt H. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:875-887.
O’Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, Moon JC, Clark S, Wage R, Webb J, Kulkarni M, Dawson D, Sulaibeekh L, Chandrasekaran B, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Pasquale F, Cowie MR, McKenna WJ, Sheppard MN, Elliott PM, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:867-874.
Rubinshtein R, Glockner JF, Ommen SR, Araoz PA, Ackerman MJ, Sorajja P, Bos JM, Tajik AJ, Valeti US, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ. Characteristics and clinical significance of late gadolinium enhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2010;3: 51-58.
Adabag AS, Maron BJ, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, Lesser JR, Hanna CA, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron MS. Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1369-1374.
Maron MS, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros J, Gibson CM, Hanna C, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ. Clinical profile and significance of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2008;1:184-191.
Green JJ, Berger JS, Kramer CM, Salerno M. Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in clinical outcomes for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:370-377.
Moon JC, Sachdev B, Elkington AG, McKenna WJ, Mehta A, Pennell DJ, Leed PJ, Elliott PM. Gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in Anderson-Fabry disease. Evidence for a disease specific abnormality of the myocardial interstitium. Eur Heart J 2003;24:2151-2155.
Sado DM, White SK, Piechnik SK, Banypersad SM, Treibel T, Captur G, Fontana M, Maestrini V, Flett AS, Robson MD, Lachmann RH, Murphy E, Mehta A, Hughes D, Neubauer S, Elliott PM, Moon JC. Identification and assessment of Anderson-Fabry disease by cardiovascular magnetic resonance noncontrast myocardial T1 mapping. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:392-398.
Vogelsberg H, Mahrholdt H, Deluigi CC, Yilmaz A, Kispert EM, Greulich S, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in clinically suspected cardiac amyloidosis: noninvasive imaging compared to endomyocardial biopsy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1022-1030.
Burton H., Alberg C., Stewart A. Heart to Heart: Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions Services-A Needs Assessment and Service Review. PHG Fundation, UK, 2009.
Rare diseases task force. European Reference Networks in the Field of Rare Diseases: State of the Art and Future Directions (third report). http://www eucerd eu/?post-type=document&p=1204 2008.
Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Rodriguez ER, Tan C, Setser R, Thamilarasan M, Lytle BW, Lever HM, Desai MY. Cardiacmagnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:242-249.
White RD, Obuchowski NA, Gunawardena S, Lipchik EO, Lever HM, Van Dyke CW, Lytle BW. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: presurgical and postsurgical evaluation by computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Card Imaging 1996;10:1-13.
Bravo PE, Zimmerman SL, Luo HC, Pozios I, Rajaram M, Pinheiro A, Steenbergen C, Kamel IR, Wahl RL, Bluemke DA, Bengel FM, Abraham MR, Abraham TP. Relationship of delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance to myocardial perfusion by positron emission tomography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:210-217.
Fowler SJ, Narula J, Gurudevan SV. Reviewof noninvasive imaging for hypertrophic cardiac syndromes and restrictive physiology. Heart Fail Clin 2006;2:215-230.
Knaapen P, van Dockum WG, Gotte MJ, Broeze KA, Kuijer JP, Zwanenburg JJ, Marcus JT, Kok WE, van Rossum AC, Lammertsma AA, Visser FC. Regional heterogeneity of resting perfusion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is related to delayed contrast enhancement but not to systolic function: a PET and MRI study. J Nucl Cardiol 2006;13:660-667.
Timmer SA, Knaapen P. Coronary microvascular function, myocardial metabolism, and energetics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: insights from positron emission tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;14:95-101.
Rapezzi C, Quarta CC, Guidalotti PL, Pettinato C, Fanti S, Leone O, Ferlini A, Longhi S, Lorenzini M, Reggiani LB, Gagliardi C, Gallo P, Villani C, Salvi F. Role of (99m)Tc-DPD scintigraphy in diagnosis and prognosis of hereditary transthyret in related cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4:659-670.
Rapezzi C, Quarta CC, Guidalotti PL, Longhi S, Pettinato C, Leone O, Ferlini A, Salvi F, Gallo P, Gagliardi C, Branzi A. Usefulness and limitations of 99mTc-3,3-diphosphono-1,2-propanodicarboxylic acid scintigraphy in the aetiological diagnosis of amyloidotic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38:470-478.
Quarta CC, Guidalotti PL, Longhi S, Pettinato C, Leone O, Ferlini A, Biagini E, Grigioni F, Bacchi-Reggiani ML, Lorenzini M, Milandri A, Branzi A, Rapezzi C. Defining the diagnosis in echocardiographically suspected senile systemic amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;5:755-758.
Schroeder S, Achenbach S, Bengel F, Burgstahler C, Cademartiri F, de Feyter P, George R, Kaufmann P, Kopp AF, Knuuti J, Ropers D, Schuijf J, Tops LF, Bax JJ. Cardiac computed tomography: indications, applications, limitations, and training requirements: report of a Writing Group deployed by the Working Group Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac CT of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Council of Nuclear Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2008;29:531-556.
Shiozaki AA, Senra T, Arteaga E, Martinelli FM, Pita CG, Avila LF, Parga F Jr., Mady C, Kalil-Filho R, Bluemke DA, Rochitte CE. Myocardial fibrosis detected by cardiacCT predicts ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2013;7:173-181.
Berliner JI, Kino A, Carr JC, Bonow RO, Choudhury L. Cardiac computed tomographic imaging to evaluate myocardial scarring/fibrosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;29:191-197.
Leone O, Veinot JP, Angelini A, Baandrup UT, Basso C, Berry G, Bruneval P, Burke M, Butany J, Calabrese F, d’Amati G, Edwards WD, Fallon JT, Fishbein MC, Gallagher PJ, Halushka MK, McManus B, Pucci A, Rodriguez ER, Saffitz JE, Sheppard MN, Steenbergen C, Stone JR, Tan C, Thiene G, van der Wal AC, Winters GL. 2011 consensus statement on endomyocardial biopsy from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology and the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012;21:245-274.
Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, Frustaci A, Jessup M, Kuhl U, Levine GN, Narula J, Starling RC, Towbin J, Virmani R. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007;28:3076-3093.
Geske JB, McKie PM, Ommen SR, Sorajja P. B-type natriuretic peptide and survival in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:2456-2460.
Coats CJ, Gallagher MJ, Foley M, O’Mahony C, Critoph C, Gimeno J, Dawnay A, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. Relation between serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2529-2537.
Niemann M, Rolfs A, Giese A, Mascher H, Breunig F, Ertl G, Wanner C, Weidemann F. Lyso-Gb3 Indicates that the Alpha-Galactosidase A Mutation D313Y is not Clinically Relevant for Fabry Disease. JIMD Rep 2013;7:99-102.
Van Driest SL, Ellsworth EG, Ommen SR, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ, Ackerman MJ. Prevalence and spectrum of thin filament mutations in an outpatient referral population with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2003;108:445-451.
Charron P, Arad M, Arbustini E, Basso C, Bilinska Z, Elliott P, Helio T, Keren A, McKenna WJ, Monserrat L, Pankuweit S, Perrot A, Rapezzi C, Ristic A, Seggewiss H, van L I, Tavazzi L. Genetic counselling and testing in cardiomyopathies: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2715-2726.
Godard B, Kaariainen H, Kristoffersson U, Tranebjaerg L, Coviello D, Ayme S. Provision of genetic services in Europe: current practices and issues. Eur J Hum Genet 2003;11 Suppl 2:S13-S48.
Godard B, ten Kate L, Evers-Kiebooms G, Ayme S. Population genetic screening programmes: principles, techniques, practices, and policies. Eur J Hum Genet 2003;11 Suppl 2:S49-S87.
Godard B, Raeburn S, Pembrey M, Bobrow M, Farndon P, Ayme S. Genetic information and testing in insurance and employment: technical, social and ethical issues. Eur J Hum Genet 2003;11 Suppl 2:S123-S142.
Cassiman JJ. Research network: EuroGentest: a European Network of Excellence aimed at harmonizing genetic testing services. Eur J Hum Genet 2005;13: 1103-1105.
American Society of Human Genetics Board of Directors ACoMGBoD. Points to consider: ethical, legal, and psychosocial implications of genetic testing in children and adolescents. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57:1233-1241.
Bortot B, Athanasakis E, Brun F, Rizzotti D, Mestroni L, Sinagra G, Severini GM. High-throughput genotyping robot-assisted method for mutation detection in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Diagn Mol Pathol 2011;20:175-179.
Fokstuen S, Munoz A, Melacini P, Iliceto S, Perrot A, Ozcelik C, Jeanrenaud X, Rieubland C, Farr M, Faber L, Sigwart U, Mach F, Lerch R, Antonarakis SE, Blouin JL. Rapid detection of genetic variants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by customDNAresequencing array in clinical practice. JMedGenet 2011;48:572-576.
Faita F, Vecoli C, Foffa I, Andreassi MG. Next generation sequencing in cardiovascular diseases. World J Cardiol 2012;4:288-295.
Meder B, Haas J, Keller A, Heid C, Just S, Borries A, Boisguerin V, Scharfenberger-Schmeer M, Stahler P, Beier M, Weichenhan D, Strom TM, Pfeufer A, Korn B, Katus HA, Rottbauer W. Targeted next-generation sequencing for the molecular genetic diagnostics of cardiomyopathies. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2011;4:110-122.
Christiaans I, Birnie E, Bonsel GJ, Mannens MM, Michels M, Majoor-Krakauer D, Dooijes D, van Tintelen JP, van den Berg MP, Volders PG, Arens YH, van den WA, Atsma DE, Helderman van den Enden AT, Houweling AC, de Boer K, van der Smagt JJ, Hauer RN, Marcelis CL, Timmermans J, van Langen IM, Wilde AA. Manifest disease, risk factors for sudden cardiac death, and cardiac events in a large nationwide cohort of predictively tested hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation carriers: determining the best cardiological screening strategy. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1161-1170.
Andersen PS, Havndrup O, Hougs L, Sorensen KM, Jensen M, Larsen LA, Hedley P, Thomsen AR, Moolman-Smook J, Christiansen M, Bundgaard H. Diagnostic yield, interpretation, and clinical utility of mutation screening of sarcomere encoding genes in Danish hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients and relatives. Hum Mutat 2009;30:363-370.
Havndrup O, Bundgaard H, Andersen PS, Allan LL, Vuust J, Kjeldsen K, Christiansen M. Outcome of clinical versus genetic family screening in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with focus on cardiac beta-myosin gene mutations. Cardiovasc Res 2003;57:347-357.
Bagnall RD, JD K, Duflou J, Semsarian C. Exome analysis based molecular autopsy in cases of sudden unexplained death in the young. Heart Rhythm 2014.
Basso C, Burke M, Fornes P, Gallagher PJ, De Gouveia RH, Sheppard M, Thiene G, Van DerWA. Guidelines for autopsy investigation of sudden cardiac death. Pathologica 2010;102:391-404.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Guidelines for quality assurance in molecular genetic testing. http://wwwoecdorg/dataoecd/43/6/38839788pdf 2007.
van der Roest WP, Pennings JM, Bakker M, van den Berg MP, van Tintelen JP. Family letters are an effective way to inform relatives about inherited cardiac disease. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:357-363.
Ingles J, McGaughran J, Scuffham PA, Atherton J, Semsarian C. A cost-effectiveness model of genetic testing for the evaluation of families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2012;98:625-630.
Wordsworth S, Leal J, Blair E, Legood R, Thomson K, Seller A, Taylor J, Watkins H. DNA testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a cost-effectiveness model. Eur Heart J 2010;31:926-935.
Hershberger RE, Cowan J, Morales A, Siegfried JD. Progress with genetic cardiomyopathies: screening, counseling, and testing in dilated, hypertrophic, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2009;2: 253-261.
Ackerman MJ, Priori SG, Willems S, Berul C, Brugada R, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Ellinor PT, Gollob M, Hamilton R, Hershberger RE, Judge DP, Le Marec H, McKenna WJ, Schulze-Bahr E, Semsarian C, Towbin JA, Watkins H, Wilde A, Wolpert C, Zipes DP. HRS/EHRA expert consensus statement on the state of genetic testing for the channelopathies and cardiomyopathies this document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1308-1339.
Jensen MK, Havndrup O, Christiansen M, Andersen PS, Diness B, Axelsson A, Skovby F, Kober L, Bundgaard H. Penetrance of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children and adolescents: a 12-year follow-up study of clinical screening and predictive genetic testing. Circulation 2013;127:48-54.
Borry P, Stultiens L, Nys H, Cassiman JJ, Dierickx K. Presymptomatic and predictive genetic testing in minors: a systematic reviewof guidelines and position papers. Clin Genet 2006;70:374-381.
Bratt EL, Ostman-Smith I, Axelsson A, Berntsson L. Quality of life in asymptomatic children and adolescents before and after diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy through family screening. J Clin Nurs 2013;22:211-221.
Ross LF, Saal HM, David KL, Anderson RR. Technical report: Ethical and policy issues in genetic testing and screening of children. Genet Med 2013;15:234-245.
Gray B, Ingles J, Semsarian C. Natural history of genotype positive-phenotype negative patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2011;152:258-259.
Poutanen T, Tikanoja T, Jaaskelainen P, Jokinen E, Silvast A, Laakso M, Kuusisto J. Diastolic dysfunction without left ventricular hypertrophy is an early finding in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain, alpha-tropomyosin, and myosin-binding protein C genes. Am Heart J 2006;151:725.
Charron P, Dubourg O, Desnos M, Bouhour JB, Isnard R, Hagege A, Carrier L, Bonne G, Tesson F, Richard P, Hainque B, Schwartz K, Komajda M. Diagnostic value of electrocardiography and echocardiography for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in genotyped children. Eur Heart J 1998;19:1377-1382.
Gandjbakhch E, Gackowski A, Tezenas du MS, Isnard R, Hamroun A, Richard P, Komajda M, Charron P. Early identification of mutation carriers in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by combined echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Eur Heart J 2010;31:1599-1607.
Christiaans I, Lekanne dit Deprez RH, van Langen IM, Wilde AA. Ventricular fibrillation in MYH 7-related hypertrophic cardiomyopathy before onset of ventricular hypertrophy. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:1366-1369.
Maron BJ, Kragel AH, Roberts WC. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with normal left ventricular mass. Br Heart J 1990;63:308-310.
Niimura H, Bachinski LL, Sangwatanaroj S, Watkins H, Chudley AE, McKenna W, Kristinsson A, Roberts R, Sole M, Maron BJ, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Mutations in the gene for cardiac myosin-binding proteinCand late-onset familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1248-1257.
Oliva-Sandoval MJ, Ruiz-Espejo F, Monserrat L, Hermida-Prieto M, Sabater M, Garcia-Molina E, Ortiz M, Rodriguez-Garcia MI, Nunez L, Gimeno JR, Castro-Beiras A, Valdes M. Insights into genotype-phenotype correlation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Findings from 18 Spanish families with a single mutation in MYBPC 3. Heart 2010;96:1980-1984.
Page SP, Kounas S, Syrris P, Christiansen M, Frank-Hansen R, Andersen PS, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ. Cardiac myosin binding protein-C mutations in families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: disease expression in relation to age, gender, and long term outcome. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2012;5:156-166.
Pelliccia A, Corrado D, Bjornstad HH, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Urhausen A, Carre F, Anastasakis A, Vanhees L, Arbustini E, Priori S. Recommendations for participation in competitive sport and leisure-time physical activity in individuals with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis and pericarditis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006; 13:876-885.
Charron P, Heron D, Gargiulo M, Feingold J, Oury JF, Richard P, Komajda M. Prenatal molecular diagnosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: report of the first case. Prenat Diagn 2004;24:701-703.
Donnai D, Elles R. Integrated regional genetic services: current and future provision. BMJ 2001;322:1048-1052.
Gilligan DM, Nihoyannopoulos P, Fletcher A, Sbarouni E, Dritsas A, Oakley CM. Symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with special emphasis on syncope and postprandial exacerbation of symptoms. Clin Cardiol 1996;19:371-378.
Feiner E, Arabadjian M, Winson G, Kim B, Chaudhry F, Sherrid MV. Post-prandial upright exercise echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:2487-2488.
Paz R, Jortner R, Tunick PA, Sclarovsky S, Eilat B, Perez JL, Kronzon I. The effect of the ingestion of ethanol onobstruction of the left ventricular out flow tract in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1996;335:938-941.
Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Berger PB, Tajik AJ. Adverse prognosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who have epicardial coronary artery disease. Circulation 2003;108:2342-2348.
Mohiddin SA, Begley D, Shih J, Fananapazir L. Myocardial bridging does not predict sudden death in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but is associated with more severe cardiac disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:2270-2278.
Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Tajik AJ, Holmes DR. Myocardial bridging in adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:889-894.
Basso C, Thiene G, Mackey-Bojack S, Frigo AC, Corrado D, Maron BJ. Myocardial bridging, a frequent component of the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, lacks systematic association with sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 2009;30: 1627-1634.
Yamada M, Elliott PM, Kaski JC, Prasad K, Gane JN, Lowe CM, Doi Y, McKenna WJ. Dipyridamole stress thallium-201 perfusion abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Relationship to clinical presentation and outcome. Eur Heart J 1998;19:500-507.
Elliott PM, Kaski JC, Prasad K, Seo H, Slade AK, Goldman JH, McKenna WJ. Chest pain during daily life in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an ambulatory electrocardiographic study. Eur Heart J 1996;17:1056-1064.
Elliott PM, Rosano GM, Gill JS, Poole-Wilson PA, Kaski JC, McKenna WJ. Changes in coronary sinus pHduring dipyridamole stress in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 1996;75:179-183.
Romero-Farina G, Candell-Riera J, Galve E, Armadans L, Ramos F, Castell J, Aguade S, Nogales JM, Soler-Soler J. Do myocardial perfusion SPECT and radionuclide angiography studies in adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have prognostic implications? J Nucl Cardiol 2004;11:578-586.
Soler R, Rodriguez E, Monserrat L, Mendez C, Martinez C. Magnetic resonance imaging of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relationship with left ventricular perfusion and contractile function. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2006;30:412-420.
Barbosa CA, Castro CC, Avila LF, Parga F Jr., Hattem DM, Fernandez EA. Late enhancement and myocardial perfusion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (comparison between groups). Arq Bras Cardiol 2009;93:426-25.
Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, Andreotti F, Arden C, Budaj A, Bugiardini R, Crea F, Cuisset T, Di Mario C, Ferreira JR, Gersh BJ, Gitt AK, Hulot JS, Marx N, Opie LH, Pfisterer M, Prescott E, Ruschitzka F, Sabate M, Senior R, Taggart DP, van der Wall EE, Vrints CJ, Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Fagard R, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Sirnes PA, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Knuuti J, Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Claeys MJ, Donner-Banzhoff N, Erol C, Frank H, Funck-Brentano C, Gaemperli O, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Hamilos M, Hasdai D, Husted S, James SK, Kervinen K, Kolh P, Kristensen SD, Lancellotti P, Maggioni AP, Piepoli MF, Pries AR, Romeo F, Ryden L, Simoons ML, Sirnes PA, Steg PG, Timmis A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Yildirir A, Zamorano JL. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2949-3003.
Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Camm AJ, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL, Smith SC Jr., Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Europace 2006;8:746-837.
Okayama S, Uemura S, Soeda T, Horii M, Saito Y. Role of cardiac computed tomography in planning and evaluating percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2010;4:62-65.
Mitsutake R, Miura S, Sako H, Nishikawa H, Saku K. Usefulness of multi-detector row computed tomography for the management of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2008;129:e61-e63.
Melacini P, Basso C, Angelini A, Calore C, Bobbo F, Tokajuk B, Bellini N, Smaniotto G, Zucchetto M, Iliceto S, Thiene G, Maron BJ. Clinicopathological profiles of progressive heart failure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2111-2123.
Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2001; 104:2517-2524.
Thaman R, Gimeno JR, Murphy RT, Kubo T, Sachdev B, Mogensen J, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ. Prevalence and clinical significance of systolic impairment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2005;91:920-925.
Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, Zenovich AG, Formisano F, Lesser JR, Mackey-Bojack S, Manning WJ, Udelson JE, Maron BJ. Prevalence, clinical profile, and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2006;114:216-225.
Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Poggesi C, Yacoub MH. Patterns of disease progression in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an individualized approach to clinical staging. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5:535-546.
Mehra MR, Kobashigawa J, Starling R, Russell S, Uber PA, Parameshwar J, Mohacsi P, Augustine S, Aaronson K, Barr M. Listing criteria for heart transplantation: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of cardiac transplant candidates-2006. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:1024-1042.
Lindelow B, Andersson B, Waagstein F, Bergh CH. High and low pulmonary vascular resistance in heart transplant candidates. A 5-year follow-up after heart transplantation shows continuous reduction in resistance and no difference in complication rate. Eur Heart J 1999;20:148-156.
Chen JM, Levin HR, Michler RE, Prusmack CJ, Rose EA, Aaronson KD. Reevaluating the significance of pulmonary hypertension before cardiac transplantation: determination of optimal thresholds and quantification of the effect of reversibility on perioperative mortality. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:627-634.
Geske JB, Cullen MW, Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Nishimura RA. Assessment of left ventricular outflowgradient: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy versus aortic valvular stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012;5:675-681.
Sharma S, Elliott PM, Whyte G, Mahon N, Virdee MS, Mist B, McKenna WJ. Utility of metabolic exercise testing in distinguishing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36: 864-870.
Elliott PM, Hanna MG, Ward SA, Chinnery PF, Turnbull DM, Wood NW, McKenna WJ. Diagnostic utility of metabolic exercise testing in a patient with cardiovascular disease. Heart 1999;81:441-443.
Sharma S, Elliott P, Whyte G, Jones S, Mahon N, Whipp B, McKenna WJ. Utility of cardiopulmonary exercise in the assessment of clinical determinants of functional capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:162-168.
Diodati JG, Schenke WH, Waclawiw MA, McIntosh CL, Cannon RO III. Predictors of exercise benefit after operative relief of left ventricular outflow obstruction by the myotomy-myectomy procedure in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1617-1622.
Arena R, Owens DS, Arevalo J, Smith K, Mohiddin SA, McAreavey D, Ulisney KL, Tripodi D, Fananapazir L, Plehn JF. Ventilatory efficiency and resting hemodynamics in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008;40:799-805.
Olivotto I, Maron BJ, Montereggi A, Mazzuoli F, Dolara A, Cecchi F. Prognostic value of systemic blood pressure response during exercise in a community-based patient population with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33: 2044-2051.
Sadoul N, Prasad K, Elliott PM, Bannerjee S, Frenneaux MP, McKenna WJ. Prospective prognostic assessment of blood pressure response during exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1997;96:2987-2991.
Mancini DM, Eisen H, Kussmaul W, Mull R, Edmunds LH Jr., Wilson JR. Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation 1991;83:778-786.
Barriales-Villa R, Centurion-Inda R, Fernandez-Fernandez X, Ortiz MF, Perez-Alvarez L, Rodriguez G I, Hermida-Prieto M, Monserrat L. Severe cardiac conduction disturbances and pacemaker implantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Rev Esp Cardiol 2010;63:985-988.
McCully RB, Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, Danielson GK. Extent of clinical improvement after surgical treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1996;94:467-471.
Counihan PJ, Frenneaux MP, Webb DJ, McKenna WJ. Abnormal vascular responses to supine exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1991;84:686-696.
Prasad K, Williams L, Campbell R, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ, Frenneaux M. Episodic syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: evidence for inappropriate vasodilation. Heart 2008;94:1312-1317.
Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, Blanc JJ, Brignole M, Dahm JB, Deharo JC, Gajek J, Gjesdal K, Krahn A, Massin M, Pepi M, Pezawas T, Granell RR, Sarasin F, Ungar A, van Dijk JG, Walma EP, Wieling W, Abe H, Benditt DG, Decker WW, Grubb BP, Kaufmann H, Morillo C, Olshansky B, Parry SW, Sheldon R, Shen WK, Vahanian A, Auricchio A, Bax J, Ceconi C, Dean V, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hobbs R, Kearney P, McDonagh T, McGregor K, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Tendera M, Vardas P, Widimsky P, Auricchio A, Acarturk E, Andreotti F, Asteggiano R, Bauersfeld U, Bellou A, Benetos A, Brandt J, Chung MK, Cortelli P, Da Costa A, Extramiana F, Ferro J, Gorenek B, Hedman A, Hirsch R, Kaliska G, Kenny RA, Kjeldsen KP, Lampert R, Molgard H, Paju R, Puodziukynas A, Raviele A, Roman P, Scherer M, Schondorf R, Sicari R, Vanbrabant P, Wolpert C, Zamorano JL. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2009;30:2631-2671.
Kofflard MJ, Ten Cate FJ, van der LC, van Domburg RT. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a large community-based population: clinical outcome and identification of risk factors for sudden cardiac death and clinical deterioration. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:987-993.
Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Tome MT, Shah J, Ward D, Thaman R, Mogensen J, McKenna WJ. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1933-1941.
Gimeno JR, Tome-Esteban M, Lofiego C, Hurtado J, Pantazis A, Mist B, Lambiase P, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias and risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2599-2605.
Efthimiadis GK, Parcharidou DG,Giannakoulas G, Pagourelias ED, Charalampidis P, Savvopoulos G, Ziakas A, Karvounis H, Styliadis IH, Parcharidis GE. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction as a risk factor for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:695-699.
Dimitrow PP, Chojnowska L, Rudzinski T, Piotrowski W, Ziolkowska L, Wojtarowicz A, Wycisk A, Dabrowska-Kugacka A, Nowalany-Kozielska E, Sobkowicz B, Wrobel W, Aleszewicz-Baranowska J, Rynkiewicz A, Loboz-Grudzien K, Marchel M, Wysokinski A. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: old risk factors re-assessed in anewmodel of maximalized follow-up. Eur Heart J 2010;31:3084-3093.
Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P, Boriani G, Breithardt OA, Cleland J, Deharo JC, Delgado V, Elliott PM, Gorenek B, Israel CW, Leclercq C, Linde C, Mont L, Padeletti L, Sutton R, Vardas PE, Zamorano JL, Achenbach S, Baumgartner H, Bax JJ, Bueno H, Dean V, Deaton C, Erol C, Fagard R, Ferrari R, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, Lancellotti P, Linhart A, Nihoyannopoulos P, Piepoli MF, Ponikowski P, Sirnes PA, Tamargo JL, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Wijns W, Windecker S, Kirchhof P, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Badano LP, Aliyev F, Bansch D, Baumgartner H, Bsata W, Buser P, Charron P, Daubert JC, Dobreanu D, Faerestrand S, Hasdai D, Hoes AW, Le Heuzey JY, Mavrakis H, McDonagh T, Merino JL, Nawar MM, Nielsen JC, Pieske B, Poposka L, Ruschitzka F, Tendera M, Van Gelder IC, Wilson CM. 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: the Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Eur Heart J 2013;34:2281-2329.
Brignole M, Vardas P, Hoffman E, Huikuri H, Moya A, Ricci R, Sulke N, Wieling W, Auricchio A, Lip GY, Almendral J, Kirchhof P, Aliot E, Gasparini M, Braunschweig F, Lip GY, Almendral J, Kirchhof P, Botto GL. Indications for the use of diagnostic implantable and external ECG loop recorders. Europace 2009;11:671-687.
Macatrao-Costa MF, Arteaga-Fernandez E, de Brito FS, Darrieux F, de Melo SL, Scanavacca M, Sosa E, Hachul D. Evaluation of the autonomic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with and without syncope. Arq Bras Cardiol 2013;100:180-186.
Gilligan DM, Nihoyannopoulos P, Chan WL, Oakley CM. Investigation of a hemodynamic basis for syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Use of a head-up tilt test. Circulation 1992;85:2140-2148.
Raviele A, Giada F, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mont L, Morgan JM, Raatikainen MJ, Steinbeck G, Viskin S, Kirchhof P, Braunschweig F, Borggrefe M, Hocini M, Della BP, Shah DC. Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 2011;13:920-934.
Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Scheinman MM, Aliot EM, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Camm AJ, Campbell WB, Haines DE, Kuck KH, Lerman BB, Miller DD, Shaeffer CW, Stevenson WG, Tomaselli GF, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr., Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK, Russell RO Jr., Priori SG, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Burgos EF, Cowie M, Deckers JW, Garcia MA, Klein WW, Lekakis J, Lindahl B, Mazzotta G, Morais JC, Oto A, Smiseth O, Trappe HJ. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias: executive summary. a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the European society of cardiology committee for practice guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias) developed in collaboration with NASPE-Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1493-1531.
Fananapazir L, Tracy CM, Leon MB, Winkler JB, Cannon RO III, Bonow RO, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Electrophysiologic abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A consecutive analysis in 155 patients. Circulation 1989;80: 1259-1268.
Inada K, Seiler J, Roberts-Thomson KC, Steven D, Rosman J, John RM, Sobieszczyk P, Stevenson WG, Tedrow UB. Substrate characterization and catheter ablation for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:41-48.
Lim KK, Maron BJ, Knight BP. Successful catheter ablation of hemodynamically unstable monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apical aneurysm. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009;20:445-447.
Stauffer JC, Ruiz V, Morard JD. Subaortic obstruction after sildenafil in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1999;341:700-701.
Braunwald E, Brockenbrough EC, Frye RL. Studies on digitalis.V. Comparison of the effects of ouabain on left ventricular dynamics in valvular aortic stenosis and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Circulation 1962;26:166-173.
Braunwald E, Lambrew CT, Rockoff SD, Ross J Jr., Morrow AG. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. i) a description of the disease based upon an analysis of 64 patients. Circulation 1964;30:SUPPL-119.
Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P. 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2719-2747.
Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC, Al Attar N, Hindricks G, Prendergast B, Heidbuchel H, Alfieri O, Angelini A, Atar D, Colonna P, De Caterina R, De Sutter J, Goette A, Gorenek B, Heldal M, Hohloser SH, Kolh P, Le Heuzey JY, Ponikowski P, Rutten FH. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Europace 2010;12: 1360-1420.
Adelman AG, Shah PM, Gramiak R, Wigle ED. Long-term propranolol therapy in muscular subaortic stenosis. Br Heart J 1970;32:804-811.
Stenson RE, Flamm MD Jr., Harrison DC, Hancock EW. Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Clinical and hemodynamic effects of long-term propranolol therapy. Am J Cardiol 1973;31:763-773.
Flamm MD, Harrison DC, Hancock EW. Muscular subaortic stenosis. Prevention of outflow obstruction with propranolol. Circulation 1968;38:846-858.
Tendera M, Wycisk A, Schneeweiss A, Polonski L.,Wodniecki J. Effect of sotalol on arrhythmias and exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiology 1993;82:335-342.
Sherrid MV, Barac I, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM, Dickie S, Chojnowska L, Casey S, Maron BJ. Multicenter study of the efficacy and safety of disopyramide in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1251-1258.
Sherrid MV, Shetty A, Winson G, Kim B, Musat D, Alviar CL, Homel P, Balaram SK, Swistel DG. Treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy symptoms and gradient resistant to first-line therapy with beta-blockade or verapamil. Circ Heart Fail 2013;6:694-702.
Epstein SE, Rosing DR. Verapamil: its potential for causing serious complications in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1981;64:437-441.
Rosing DR, Kent KM, Borer JS, Seides SF, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Verapamil therapy: a new approach to the pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I. Hemodynamic effects. Circulation 1979;60:1201-1207.
Bonow RO, Rosing DR, Epstein SE. The acute and chronic effects of verapamil on left ventricular function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1983;4 Suppl F:57-65.
Spicer RL, Rocchini AP, Crowley DC, Vasiliades J, Rosenthal A. Hemodynamic effects of verapamil in children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1983;67:413-420.
Rosing DR, Idanpaan-Heikkila U, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Epstein SE. Use of calciumchannel blocking drugs in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1985;55: 185B-195B.
Toshima H, Koga Y, Nagata H, Toyomasu K, Itaya K, Matoba T. Comparable effects of oral diltiazem and verapamil in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Double-blind crossover study. Jpn Heart J 1986;27:701-715.
Betocchi S, Cannon RO III, Watson RM, Bonow RO, Ostrow HG, Epstein SE, Rosing DR. Effects of sublingual nifedipine on hemodynamics and systolic and diastolic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1985;72: 1001-1007.
Hopf R, Kaltenbach M. Effects of nifedipine and propranolol combined therapy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Z Kardiol 1987;76 Suppl 3:105-112.
Menon SC, Ackerman MJ, Ommen SR, Cabalka AK, Hagler DJ, O’Leary PW, Dearani JA, Cetta F, Eidem BW. Impact of septal myectomy on left atrial volume and left ventricular diastolic filling patterns: an echocardiographic study of young patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:684-688.
Morrow AG, Reitz BA, Epstein SE, Henry WL, Conkle DM, Itscoitz SB, Redwood DR. Operative treatment in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Techniques, and the results of pre and postoperative assessments in 83 patients. Circulation 1975;52:88-102.
Krajcer Z, Leachman RD, Cooley DA, Coronado R. Septal myotomymyomectomy versus mitral valve replacement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ten-year follow-up in 185 patients. Circulation 1989;80:I57-I64.
Heric B, Lytle BW, Miller DP, Rosenkranz ER, Lever HM, Cosgrove DM. Surgical management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Early and late results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:195-206.
Robbins RC, Stinson EB. Long-term results of left ventricular myotomy and myectomy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111:586-594.
Schonbeck MH, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Vogt PR, Lachat ML, Jenni R, Hess OM, Turina MI. Long-term follow-up in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy after septal myectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65:1207-1214.
Schulte HD, Borisov K, Gams E, Gramsch-Zabel H, Losse B, Schwartzkopff B. Management of symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: long-term results after surgical therapy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;47:213-218.
Woo A, Williams WG, Choi R, Wigle ED, Rozenblyum E, Fedwick K, Siu S, Ralph-Edwards A, Rakowski H. Clinical and echocardiographic determinants of long-term survival after surgical myectomy in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2005;111:2033-2041.
Smedira NG, Lytle BW, Lever HM, Rajeswaran J, Krishnaswamy G, Kaple RK, Dolney DO, Blackstone EH. Current effectiveness and risks of isolated septal myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85:127-133.
Desai MY, Bhonsale A, Smedira NG, Naji P, Thamilarasan M, Lytle BW, Lever HM. Predictors of long-term outcomes in symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy patients undergoing surgical relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Circulation 2013;128:209-216.
Altarabsheh SE, Dearani JA, Burkhart HM, Schaff HV, Deo SV, Eidem BW, Ommen SR, Li Z, Ackerman MJ. Outcome of septal myectomy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children and young adults. Ann Thorac Surg 2013;95:663-669.
Iacovoni A, Spirito P, Simon C, Iascone M, Di Dedda G, De Filippo P, Pentiricci S, Boni L, Senni M, Gavazzi A, Ferrazzi P. A contemporary European experience with surgical septal myectomy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:2080-2087.
Dearani JA, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ, Schaff HV, Danielson GK. Surgery insight: Septal myectomy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-the Mayo Clinic experience. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2007;4:503-512.
Kofflard MJ, van Herwerden LA,Waldstein DJ, Ruygrok P, Boersma E, Taams MA, Ten Cate FJ. Initial results of combined anterior mitral leaflet extension and myectomy in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:197-202.
McIntosh CL, Maron BJ, Cannon RO III, Klues HG. Initial results of combined anterior mitral leaflet plication and ventricular septal myotomy-myectomy for relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1992;86:II60-II67.
Reis RL, Bolton MR, King JF, Pugh DM, Dunn MI, Mason DT. Anterion-superior displacement of papillary muscles producing obstruction and mitral regurgitation in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Operative relief by posterior-superior realignment of papillary muscles following ventricular septal myectomy. Circulation 1974;50:II181-II188.
Schoendube FA, Klues HG, Reith S, Flachskampf FA, Hanrath P, Messmer BJ. Longterm clinical and echocardiographic follow-up after surgical correction of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with extended myectomy and reconstruction of the subvalvular mitral apparatus. Circulation 1995;92:II122-II127.
Kaple RK, Murphy RT, DiPaola LM, Houghtaling PL, Lever HM, Lytle BW, Blackstone EH, Smedira NG. Mitral valve abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: echocardiographic features and surgical outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85:1527-1535.
Stassano P, Di Tommaso L, Triggiani D, Contaldo A, Gagliardi C, Spampinato N. Mitral valve replacement and limited myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a 25-year follow-up. Tex Heart Inst J 2004;31:137-142.
Minakata K, Dearani JA, Nishimura RA, Maron BJ, Danielson GK. Extended septal myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with anomalous mitral papillary muscles or chordae. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:481-489.
Sigwart U. Non-surgical myocardial reduction for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1995;346:211-214.
Faber L, Welge D, Fassbender D, Schmidt HK, Horstkotte D, Seggewiss H. One-year follow-up of percutaneous septal ablation for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in 312 patients: predictors of hemodynamic and clinical response. Clin Res Cardiol 2007;96:864-873.
Fernandes VL, Nielsen C, Nagueh SF, Herrin AE, Slifka C, Franklin J, Spencer WH III. Follow-up of alcohol septal ablation for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy the Baylor and Medical University of South Carolina experience 1996 to 2007. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1:561-570.
Kuhn H, Lawrenz T, Lieder F, Leuner C, Strunk-Mueller C, Obergassel L, Bartelsmeier M, Stellbrink C. Survival after transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (TASH): a 10 year experience. Clin Res Cardiol 2008;97:234-243.
Sorajja P, Valeti U, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rihal CS, Gersh BJ, Hodge DO, Schaff HV, Holmes DR Jr. Outcome of alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2008;118:131-139.
Sorajja P, Ommen SR, Holmes DR Jr., Dearani JA, Rihal CS, Gersh BJ, Lennon RJ, Nishimura RA. Survival after alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2012;126:2374-2380.
Ten Cate FJ, Soliman OI, Michels M, Theuns DA, de Jong PL, Geleijnse ML, Serruys PW. Long-term outcome of alcohol septal ablation in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a word of caution. Circ Heart Fail 2010;3: 362-369.
Durand E, Mousseaux E, Coste P, Pilliere R, Dubourg O, Trinquart L, Chatellier G, Hagege A, Desnos M, Lafont A. Non-surgical septal myocardial reduction by coil embolization for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: early and 6 months follow-up. Eur Heart J 2008;29:348-355.
Iacob M, Pinte F, Tintoiu I, Cotuna L, Caroescu M, Popa A, Cristian G, Goleanu V, Greere V, Moscaliuc I, Neagoe G, Crisan P, Garjeu A, Chiriac L, Bolohan R, Murgu V, Lobont B, Filip S, Roates J, Hila G, Postolea E. Microcoil embolisation for ablation of septal hypertrophy in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Kardiol Pol 2004; 61:350-355.
Gross CM, Schulz-Menger J, Kramer J, Siegel I, Pilz B, Waigand J, Friedrich MG, Uhlich F, Dietz R. Percutaneous transluminal septal artery ablation using polyvinyl alcohol foam particles for septal hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: acute and 3-year outcomes. J Endovasc Ther 2004;11: 705-711.
Oto A, Aytemir K, Okutucu S, Kaya EB, Deniz A, Cil B, Peynircioglu B, Kabakci G. Cyanoacrylate for septal ablation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Interv Cardiol 2011;24:77-84.
Lawrenz T, Borchert B, Leuner C, Bartelsmeier M, Reinhardt J, Strunk-Mueller C, Meyer ZV, Schloesser M, Beer G, Lieder F, Stellbrink C, Kuhn H. Endocardial radiofrequency ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: acute results and 6 months’ follow-up in 19 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:572-576.
Keane D, Hynes B, King G, Shiels P, Brown A. Feasibility study of percutaneous transvalvular endomyocardial cryoablation for the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Invasive Cardiol 2007;19:247-251.
Agarwal S, Tuzcu EM, Desai MY, Smedira N, Lever HM, Lytle BW, Kapadia SR. Updated meta-analysis of septal alcohol ablation versus myectomy for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:823-834.
Alam M, Dokainish H, Lakkis NM. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathyalcohol septal ablation vs. myectomy: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2009;30: 1080-1087.
Zeng Z, Wang F, Dou X, Zhang S, Pu J. Comparison of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation versus septal myectomy for the treatment of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a meta analysis. Int J Cardiol 2006; 112:80-84.
Leonardi RA, Kransdorf EP, Simel DL, Wang A. Meta-analyses of septal reduction therapies for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparative rates of overall mortality and sudden cardiac death after treatment. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010;3:97-104.
Faber L, Welge D, Fassbender D, Schmidt HK, Horstkotte D, Seggewiss H. Percutaneous septal ablation for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: managing the risk of procedure-related AV conduction disturbances. Int J Cardiol 2007;119:163-167.
Orme NM, Sorajja P, Dearani JA, Schaff HV, Gersh BJ, Ommen SR. Comparison of surgical septal myectomy to medical therapy alone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and syncope. Am J Cardiol 2013;111:388-392.
Cooley DA, Wukasch DC, Leachman RD. Mitral valve replacement for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Results in 27 patients. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1976;17:380-387.
Slade AK, Sadoul N, Shapiro L, Chojnowska L, Simon JP, Saumarez RC, Dodinot B, Camm AJ, McKenna WJ, Aliot E. DDD pacing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a multicentre clinical experience. Heart 1996;75:44-49.
Nishimura RA, Trusty JM, Hayes DL, Ilstrup DM, Larson DR, Hayes SN, Allison TG, Tajik AJ. Dual-chamber pacing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:435-441.
Kappenberger L, Linde C, Daubert C, McKenna W, Meisel E, Sadoul N, Chojnowska L, Guize L, Gras D, Jeanrenaud X, Ryden L. Pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. A randomized crossover study. PIC Study Group. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1249-1256.
Maron BJ, Nishimura RA, McKenna WJ, Rakowski H, Josephson ME, Kieval RS. Assessment of permanent dual-chamber pacing as a treatment for drug-refractory symptomatic patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study (M-PATHY). Circulation 1999;99:2927-2933.
Mickelsen S, Bathina M, Hsu P, Holmes J, Kusumoto FM. Doppler evaluation of the descending aorta in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: potential for assessing the functional significance of outflow tract gradients and for optimizing pacemaker function. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2004;11:47-53.
Gao YC, Li Y, Han ZH, Zhang XL, Zhao H, Jiang TY. [Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy versus dual-chamber cardiac pacing for the treatment of aged patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2007;35:333-336.
Qintar M, Morad A, Alhawasli H, Shorbaji K, Firwana B, Essali A, Kadro W. Pacing for drug-refractory or drug-intolerant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5:CD008523.
Topilski I, Sherez J, Keren G, Copperman I. Long-term effects of dual-chamber pacing with periodic echocardiographic evaluation of optimal atrioventricular delay in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. 50 years of age. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1769-1775.
Jeanrenaud X, Schlapfer J, Fromer M, Aebischer N, Kappenberger L. Dual chamber pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: beneficial effect of atrioventricular junction ablation for optimal left ventricular capture and filling. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:293-300.
O’Mahony C, Lambiase PD, Quarta G, Cardona M, Calcagnino M, Tsovolas K, Al Shaikh S, Rahman SM, Arnous S, Jones S, McKenna W, Elliott P. The long-term survival and the risks and benefits of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2012;98:116-125.
Minami Y, Kajimoto K, Terajima Y, Yashiro B, Okayama D, Haruki S, Nakajima T, Kawashiro N, Kawana M, Hagiwara N. Clinical implications of midventricular obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:2346-2355.
Efthimiadis GK, Pagourelias ED, Parcharidou D, Gossios T, Kamperidis V, Theofilogiannakos EK, Pappa Z, Meditskou S, Hadjimiltiades S, Pliakos C, Karvounis H, Styliadis IH. Clinical characteristics and natural history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with midventricular obstruction. Circ J 2013;77:2366-2374.
Shah A, Duncan K, Winson G, Chaudhry FA, Sherrid MV. Severe symptoms in mid and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography 2009;26:922-933.
Alfonso F, Frenneaux MP, McKenna WJ. Clinical sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: association with left ventricular apical aneurysm. Br Heart J 1989;61:178-181.
Said SM, Schaff HV, Abel MD, Dearani JA. Transapical approach for apical myectomy and relief of midventricular obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Card Surg 2012;27:443-448.
Kunkala MR, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Abel MD, Sorajja P, Dearani JA, Ommen SR. Transapical approach to myectomy for midventricular obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Surg 2013;96:564-570.
Gao XJ, Kang LM, Zhang J, Dou KF, Yuan JS, Yang YJ. Mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical aneurysm and sustained ventricular tachycardia: a case report and literature review. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011;124: 1754-1757.
Takeda I, Sekine M, Matsushima H, Hosomi N, Nakamura T, Ohtsuki T, Yamawaki T, Matsumoto M. Two cases of cerebral embolism caused by apical thrombi in midventricular obstructive cardiomyopathy. Intern Med 2011;50:1059-1060.
Sato Y, Matsumoto N, Matsuo S, Yoda S, Tani S, Kasamaki Y, Takayama T, Kunimoto S, Saito S. Mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with an apical aneurysm: evaluation of possible causes of aneurysm formation. Yonsei Med J 2007;48:879-882.
McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Bohm M, Dickstein K, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fonseca C, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Jaarsma T, Kober L, Lip GY, Maggioni AP, Parkhomenko A, Pieske BM, Popescu BA, Ronnevik PK, Rutten FH, Schwitter J, Seferovic P, Stepinska J, Trindade PT, Voors AA, Zannad F, Zeiher A. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1787-1847.
Rosing DR, Condit JR, Maron BJ, Kent KM, Leon MB, Bonow RO, Lipson LC, Epstein SE. Verapamil therapy: a new approach to the pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: III. Effects of long-term administration. Am J Cardiol 1981;48:545-553.
Rogers DP, Marazia S, Chow AW, Lambiase PD, Lowe MD, Frenneaux M, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. Effect of biventricular pacing on symptoms and cardiac remodelling in patients with end-stage hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2008;10:507-513.
Kato TS, Takayama H, Yoshizawa S, Marboe C, Schulze PC, Farr M, Naka Y, Mancini D, Maurer MS. Cardiac transplantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:568-574.
Biagini E, Spirito P, Leone O, Picchio FM, Coccolo F, Ragni L, Lofiego C, Grigioni F, Potena L, Rocchi G, Bacchi-Reggiani L, Boriani G, Prandstraller D, Arbustini E, Branzi A, Rapezzi C. Heart transplantation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:387-392.
Ragni L, Biagini E, Picchio FM, Prandstraller D, Leone O, Berardini A, Perolo A, Grigioni F, di Diodoro L, Gargiulo G, Arbustini E, Rapezzi C. Heart transplantation in infants with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Transplant 2009;13: 650-653.
Coutu M, Perrault LP, White M, Pelletier GB, Racine N, Poirier NC, Carrier M. Cardiac transplantation for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a valid therapeutic option. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004;23:413-417.
Maron MS, Kalsmith BM, Udelson JE, Li W, De Nofrio D. Survival after cardiac transplantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2010;3: 574-579.
Wynne E, Bergin JD, Ailawadi G, Kern JA, Kennedy JL. Use of a left ventricular assist device in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Card Surg 2011;26:663-665.
Topilsky Y, Pereira NL, Shah DK, Boilson B, Schirger JA, Kushwaha SS, Joyce LD, Park SJ. Left ventricular assist device therapy in patients with restrictive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:266-275.
Bourmayan C, Razavi A, Fournier C, Dussaule JC, Baragan J, Gerbaux A, Gay J. Effect of propranolol on left ventricular relaxation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an echographic study. Am Heart J 1985;109:1311-1316.
Alvares RF, Goodwin JF. Non-invasive assessment of diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy on and off beta adrenergic blocking drugs. Br Heart J 1982;48:204-212.
Wilmshurst PT, Thompson DS, Juul SM, Jenkins BS, Webb-Peploe MM. Effects of verapamil on haemodynamic function and myocardial metabolism in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1986;56:544-553.
Udelson JE, Bonow RO, O’Gara PT, Maron BJ, Van Lingen A, Bacharach SL, Epstein SE. Verapamil prevents silent myocardial perfusion abnormalities during exercise in asymptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1989;79:1052-1060.
Pacileo G, De Cristofaro M, Russo MG, Sarubbi B, Pisacane C, Calabro R. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients: effect of verapamil on regional and global left ventricular diastolic function. Can J Cardiol 2000;16:146-152.
Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Bellone P, Conte MR, Cecchi F, Flygenring BP, Casey SA, Gohman TE, Bongioanni S, Spirito P. Clinical profile of stroke in 900 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:301-307.
Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, de Vos CB, Crijns HJ, Lip GY.Anovel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest 2010;138:1093-1100.
Robinson K, Frenneaux MP, Stockins B, Karatasakis G, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ. Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a longitudinal study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:1279-1285.
Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Montereggi A, Santoro G, Dolara A, Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tuscany: clinical course and outcome in an unselected regional population. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1529-1536.
Connolly SJ, Camm AJ, Halperin JL, Joyner C, Alings M, Amerena J, Atar D, Avezum A, Blomstrom P, Borggrefe M, Budaj A, Chen SA, Ching CK, Commerford P, Dans A, Davy JM, Delacretaz E, Di Pasquale G, Diaz R, Dorian P, Flaker G, Golitsyn S, Gonzalez-Hermosillo A, Granger CB, Heidbuchel H, Kautzner J, Kim JS, Lanas F, Lewis BS, Merino JL, Morillo C, Murin J, Narasimhan C, Paolasso E, Parkhomenko A, Peters NS, Sim KH, Stiles MK, Tanomsup S, Toivonen L, Tomcsanyi J, Torp-Pedersen C, Tse HF, Vardas P, Vinereanu D, Xavier D, Zhu J, Zhu JR, Baret-Cormel L, Weinling E, Staiger C, Yusuf S, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Hohnloser SH. Dronedarone in high-risk permanent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2268-2276.
Di Donna P, Olivotto I, Delcre SD, Caponi D, Scaglione M, Nault I, Montefusco A, Girolami F, Cecchi F, Haissaguerre M, Gaita F. Efficacy of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: impact of age, atrial remodelling, and disease progression. Europace 2010;12:347-355.
Bunch TJ, Munger TM, Friedman PA, Asirvatham SJ, Brady PA, Cha YM, Rea RF, Shen WK, Powell BD, Ommen SR, Monahan KH, Haroldson JM, Packer DL. Substrate and procedural predictors of outcomes after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008;19:1009-1014.
Gaita F, Di Donna P, Olivotto I, Scaglione M, Ferrero I, Montefusco A, Caponi D, Conte MR, Nistri S, Cecchi F. Usefulness and safety of transcatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99:1575-1581.
Kilicaslan F, Verma A, Saad E, Themistoclakis S, Bonso A, Raviele A, Bozbas H, Andrews MW, Beheiry S, Hao S, Cummings JE, Marrouche NF, Lakkireddy D, Wazni O, Yamaji H, Saenz LC, Saliba W, Schweikert RA, Natale A. Efficacy of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2006;3:275-280.
McCready JW, Smedley T, Lambiase PD, Ahsan SY, Segal OR, Rowland E, Lowe MD, Chow AW. Predictors of recurrence following radiofrequency ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. Europace 2011;13:355-361.
Chen MS, McCarthy PM, Lever HM, Smedira NG, Lytle BL. Effectiveness of atrial fibrillation surgery in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:373-375.
Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Hart RG, Hohnloser SH, Pfeffer M, Chrolavicius S, Yusuf S. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2066-2078.
Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1139-1151.
Gomez-Outes A, Terleira-Fernandez AI, Calvo-Rojas G, Suarez-Gea ML, Vargas-Castrillon E. Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, or Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Subgroups. Thrombosis 2013;2013:640723.
Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Thaman R, Shah J, Ward D, Dickie S, Tome Esteban MT, McKenna WJ. Historical trends in reported survival rates in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2006;92:785-791.
Elliott PM, Sharma S, Varnava A, Poloniecki J, Rowland E, McKenna WJ. Survival after cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1596-1601.
Nicod P, Polikar R, Peterson KL. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden death. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1255-1257.
Stafford WJ, Trohman RG, Bilsker M, Zaman L, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Cardiac arrest in an adolescent with atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:701-704.
Krikler DM, Davies MJ, Rowland E, Goodwin JF, Evans RC, Shaw DB. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: associated accessory atrioventricular pathways. Br Heart J 1980;43:245-251.
Joseph S, Balcon R, McDonald L. Syncope in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy due to asystole. Br Heart J 1972;34:974-976.
Maki S, Ikeda H, Muro A, Yoshida N, Shibata A, Koga Y, Imaizumi T. Predictors of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1998;82: 774-778.
Autore C, Bernabo P, Barilla CS, Bruzzi P, Spirito P. The prognostic importance of left ventricular outflow obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy varies in relation to the severity of symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1076-1080.
D’Andrea A, Caso P, Severino S, Cuomo S, Capozzi G, Calabro P, Cice G, Ascione L, Scherillo M, Calabro R. Prognostic value of intra-left ventricular electromechanical asynchrony in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1311-1318.
Maron BJ, Casey SA, Hurrell DG, Aeppli DM. Relation of left ventricular thickness to age and gender in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2003;91: 1195-1198.
Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Montereggi A, Squillatini G, Dolara A, Maron BJ. Prognostic value of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and the potential role of amiodarone treatment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment in an unselected nonreferral based patient population. Heart 1998;79:331-336.
Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S, Sharma S, Monserrat L, Varnava A, Mahon NG, McKenna WJ. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:2212-2218.
Louie EK, Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with extreme increase in left ventricular wall thickness: functional and morphologic features and clinical significance. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:57-65.
Williams L, Frenneaux M. Syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and consequences for treatment. Europace 2007;9:817-822.
Olivotto I, Maron MS, Adabag AS, Casey SA, Vargiu D, Link MS, Udelson JE, Cecchi F, Maron BJ. Gender-related differences in the clinical presentation and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:480-487.
Connolly SJ, Hallstrom AP, Cappato R, Schron EB, Kuck KH, Zipes DP, Greene HL, Boczor S, Domanski M, Follmann D, Gent M, Roberts RS. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J 2000;21:2071-2078.
Lee DS, Green LD, Liu PP, Dorian P, Newman DM, Grant FC, Tu JV, Alter DA. Effectiveness of implantable defibrillators for preventing arrhythmic events and death: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1573-1582.
Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, Shah PM, Spencer WH III, Spirito P, Ten Cate FJ, Wigle ED. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Areport of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1687-1713.
Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2011;124:e783-e831.
O’Mahony C, Tome-Esteban M, Lambiase PD, Pantazis A, Dickie S, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. A validation study of the 2003 American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology and 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association risk stratification and treatment algorithms for sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2013; 99:534-541.
O’Mahony C, Lambiase PD, Rahman SM, Cardona M, Calcagnino M, Quarta G, Tsovolas K, Al Shaikh S, McKennaW, Elliott P. The relation of ventricular arrhythmia electrophysiological characteristics to cardiac phenotype and circadian patterns in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Europace 2012;14:724-733.
Kiernan TJ, Weivoda PL, Somers VK, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ. Circadian rhythm of appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharges in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008;31:1253-1258.
McKenna WJ, Oakley CM, Krikler DM, Goodwin JF. Improved survival with amiodarone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia. Br Heart J 1985;53:412-416.
Melacini P, Maron BJ, Bobbo F, Basso C, Tokajuk B, Zucchetto M, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Evidence that pharmacological strategies lack efficacy for the prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2007;93:708-710.
Cecchi F, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Long-term outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy successfully resuscitated after cardiac arrest. JAmColl Cardiol 1989; 13:1283-1288.
Maron BJ, Spirito P, Shen WK, Haas TS, Formisano F, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP, Lawrenz T, Boriani G, Estes NA III, Favale S, Piccininno M, Winters SL, Santini M, Betocchi S, Arribas F, Sherrid MV, Buja G, Semsarian C, Bruzzi P. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA 2007;298:405-412.
Syska P, Przybylski A, Chojnowska L, Lewandowski M, Sterlinski M, Maciag A, Gepner K, Pytkowski M, Kowalik I, Maczynska-Mazuruk R, Ruzyllo W, Szwed H. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: efficacy and complications of the therapy in long-term follow-up. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010;21:883-889.
Schinkel AF, Vriesendorp PA, Sijbrands EJ, Jordaens LJ, Ten Cate FJ, Michels M. Outcome and complications after implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5:552-559.
Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjornstad HH, Anastassakis A, Arbustini E, Assanelli D, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Carre F, Corrado D, Delise P, Dorwarth U, Hirth A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Mellwig KP, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Pisani A, Solberg EE, van Buuren F, Vanhees L, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Deligiannis A, Dugmore D, Glikson M, Hoff PI, Hoffmann A, Hoffmann E, Horstkotte D, Nordrehaug JE, Oudhof J, McKenna WJ, Penco M, Priori S, Reybrouck T, Senden J, Spataro A, Thiene G. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease: a consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and theWorking Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1422-1445.
Lin G, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Phil D, Ommen SR, Ackerman MJ, Brady PA. Device complications and inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2009;95:709-714.
Almquist AK, Montgomery JV, Haas TS, Maron BJ. Cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Rhythm 2005;2:814-819.
Roberts BD, Hood RE, Saba MM, Dickfeld TM, Saliaris AP, Shorofsky SR. Defibrillation threshold testing in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2010;33:1342-1346.
Nagai T, Kurita T, Satomi K, Noda T, Okamura H, Shimizu W, Suyama K, Aihara N, Kobayashi J, Kamakura S. QRS prolongation is associated with high defibrillation thresholds during cardioverter-defibrillator implantations in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2009;73:1028-1032.
Cha YM, Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Boriani G, Spirito P, Hodge DO, Weivoda PL, Trusty JM, Friedman PA, Hammill SC, Rea RF, Shen WK. Electrophysiologic manifestations of ventricular tachyarrhythmias provoking appropriate defibrillator interventions in high-risk patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18:483-487.
Moss AJ, Schuger C, Beck CA, Brown MW, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Estes NA III, Greenberg H, Hall WJ, Huang DT, Kautzner J, Klein H, McNitt S, Olshansky B, Shoda M, Wilber D, Zareba W. Reduction in inappropriate therapy and mortality through ICD programming. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2275-2283.
Braunschweig F, Boriani G, Bauer A, Hatala R, Herrmann-Lingen C, Kautzner J, Pedersen SS, Pehrson S, Ricci R, Schalij MJ. Management of patients receiving implantable cardiac defibrillator shocks: recommendations for acute and long-term patient management. Europace 2010;12:1673-1690.
Bardy GH, Smith WM, Hood MA, Crozier IG, Melton IC, Jordaens L, Theuns D, Park RE, Wright DJ, Connelly DT, Fynn SP, Murgatroyd FD, Sperzel J, Neuzner J, Spitzer SG, Ardashev AV, Oduro A, Boersma L, Maass AH, Van Gelder IC, Wilde AA, van Dessel PF, Knops RE, Barr CS, Lupo P, Cappato R, Grace AA. An entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:36-44.
Jarman JW, Todd DM. United Kingdom national experience of entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator technology: important lessons to learn. Europace 2013;15:1158-1165.
Olde Nordkamp LR, Dabiri AL, Boersma LV, Maass AH, de Groot JR, van Oostrom AJ, Theuns DA, Jordaens LJ, Wilde AA, Knops RE. The entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: initial clinical experience in a large Dutch cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1933-1939.
Lambiase PD, Barr C, Theuns DA, Knops R, Neuzil P, Johansen JB, Hood M, Pedersen S, Kaab S, Murgatroyd F, Reeve HL, Carter N, Boersma L.Worldwide experience with a totally subcutaneous implantable defibrillator: early results from the EFFORTLESS S-ICD Registry. Eur Heart J 2014.
Colan SD, Lipshultz SE, Lowe AM, Sleeper LA, Messere J, Cox GF, Lurie PR, Orav EJ, Towbin JA. Epidemiology and cause-specific outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children: findings from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry. Circulation 2007;115:773-781.
Maron BJ, Spirito P, Ackerman MJ, Casey SA, Semsarian C, Estes NA III, Shannon KM, Ashley EA, Day SM, Pacileo G, Formisano F, Devoto E, Anastasakis A, Bos JM, Woo A, Autore C, Pass RH, Boriani G, Garberich RF, Almquist AK, Russell MW, Boni L, Berger S, Maron MS, Link MS. Prevention of sudden cardiac death with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61: 1527-1535.
Decker JA, Rossano JW, Smith EO, Cannon B, Clunie SK, Gates C, Jefferies JL, Kim JJ, Price JF, Dreyer WJ, Towbin JA, Denfield SW. Risk factors and mode of death in isolated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in children. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:250-254.
Ostman-Smith I, Wettrell G, Keeton B, Riesenfeld T, Holmgren D, Ergander U. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic identification of those children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who should be considered at high-risk of dying suddenly. Cardiol Young 2005;15:632-642.
Dewland TA, Pellegrini CN, Wang Y, Marcus GM, Keung E, Varosy PD. Dualchamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator selection is associated with increased complication rates and mortality among patients enrolled in the NCDR implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58: 1007-1013.
Wilson WR, Greer GE, Grubb BP. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children: a single-institutional experience. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65:775-778.
Kaski JP, Tome Esteban MT, Lowe M, Sporton S, Rees P, Deanfield JE, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM. Outcomes after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treatment in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2007;93:372-374.
Efthimiadis GK, Giannakoulas G, Parcharidou DG, Pagourelias ED, Kouidi EJ, Spanos G, Kamperidis V, Gavrielides S, Karvounis H, Styliadis I, Parcharidis GE. Chronotropic incompetence and its relation to exercise intolerance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2011;153:179-184.
Berruezo A, Vatasescu R, Mont L, Sitges M, Perez D, Papiashvili G, Vidal B, Francino A, Fernandez-Armenta J, Silva E, Bijnens B, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Brugada J. Biventricular pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: a pilot study. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:221-227.
Savage DD, Seides SF, Maron BJ, Myers DJ, Epstein SE. Prevalence of arrhythmias during 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring and exercise testing in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1979;59:866-875.
Spirito P, Rapezzi C, Autore C, Bruzzi P, Bellone P, Ortolani P, Fragola PV, Chiarella F, Zoni-Berisso M, Branzi A. Prognosis of asymptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1994;90:2743-2747.
Morner S, Johansson B, Henein M. Arrhythmogenic left ventricular apical aneurysm in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2011;151:e8-e9.
Bordignon S, Chun KR, Schmidt B. Epicardial ablation of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia storm in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Europace 2013;15:346.
Wong KC, Qureshi N, Jones M, Betts TR. Epicardial ablation of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in a case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical aneurysm. Europace 2013;15:296.
Dukkipati SR, d’Avila A, Soejima K, Bala R, Inada K, Singh S, Stevenson WG, Marchlinski FE, Reddy VY. Long-term outcomes of combined epicardial and endocardial ablation of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011;4:185-194.
Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Dearani JA, Hodge DO, Wiste HJ, Ommen SR. Outcome of mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:234-241.
Todiere G, Aquaro GD, Piaggi P, Formisano F, Barison A, Masci PG, Strata E, Bacigalupo L, Marzilli M, Pingitore A, Lombardi M. Progression of myocardial fibrosis assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:922-929.
Olivotto I, Montereggi A, Mazzuoli F, Cecchi F. Clinical utility and safety of exercise testing in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.GItal Cardiol 1999;29:11-19.
Sorajja P, Allison T, Hayes C, Nishimura RA, Lam CS, Ommen SR. Prognostic utility of metabolic exercise testing in minimally symptomatic patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:1494-1498.
Regitz-Zagrosek V, Blomstrom LC, Borghi C, Cifkova R, Ferreira R, Foidart JM, Gibbs JS, Gohlke-Baerwolf C, Gorenek B, Iung B, Kirby M, Maas AH, Morais J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Pieper PG, Presbitero P, Roos-Hesselink JW, Schaufelberger M, Seeland U, Torracca L. ESC Guidelines on the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: the Task Force on the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases during Pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011;32:3147-3197.
Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers Lives: Reviewing Maternal Deaths to make motherhood safer-2003-2005. The seventh report on confidential enquiries into maternal detahs in the United Kingdom. 2008.
Silversides CK, Sermer M, Siu SC. Choosing the best contraceptive method for the adult with congenital heart disease. Curr Cardiol Rep 2009;11:298-305.
Siu SC, Sermer M, Colman JM, Alvarez AN, Mercier LA, Morton BC, Kells CM, Bergin ML, Kiess MC, Marcotte F, Taylor DA, Gordon EP, Spears JC, Tam JW, Amankwah KS, Smallhorn JF, Farine D, Sorensen S. Prospective multicenter study of pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease. Circulation 2001;104: 515-521.
Autore C, Conte MR, Piccininno M, Bernabo P, Bonfiglio G, Bruzzi P, Spirito P. Risk associated with pregnancy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40:1864-1869.
Avila WS, Amaral FM, Ramires JA, Rossi EG, Grinberg M, Bortolotto MR, Mady C, Krieger JE, Zugaib M. Influence of pregnancy on clinical course and fetal outcome of women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Arq Bras Cardiol 2007;88:480-485.
Thaman R, Varnava A, Hamid MS, Firoozi S, Sachdev B, Condon M, Gimeno JR, Murphy R, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ. Pregnancy related complications in women with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2003;89:752-756.
Krul SP, van der Smagt JJ, van den Berg MP, Sollie KM, Pieper PG, Spaendonck-Zwarts KY. Systematic review of pregnancy in women with inherited cardiomyopathies. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:584-594.
Schuler PK, Herrey A, Wade A, Brooks R, Peebles D, Lambiase P, Walker F. Pregnancy outcome and management of women with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a single centre experience. Europace 2012;14:1740-1745.
Drenthen W, Boersma E, Balci A, Moons P, Roos-Hesselink JW, Mulder BJ, Vliegen HW, van Dijk AP, Voors AA, Yap SC, van Veldhuisen DJ, Pieper PG. Predictors of pregnancy complications inwomenwith congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2124-2132.
Lui GK, Silversides CK, Khairy P, Fernandes SM, Valente AM, Nickolaus MJ, Earing MG, Aboulhosn JA, Rosenbaum MS, Cook S, Kay JD, Jin Z, Gersony DR. Heart rate response during exercise and pregnancy outcome in women with congenital heart disease. Circulation 2011;123:242-248.
Tadmor OP, Keren A, Rosenak D, Gal M, Shaia M, Hornstein E, Yaffe H, Graff E, Stern S, Diamant YZ. The effect of disopyramide on uterine contractions during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:482-486.
Magee LA, Downar E, Sermer M, Boulton BC, Allen LC, Koren G. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to amiodarone in Canada. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1307-1311.
Joglar JA, Page RL. Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy: safety considerations. Drug Saf 1999;20:85-94.
Walker D, Kaur N, Bell R, Walker F. Hyperthrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and pregnancy: University College London Hospital experience. Minerva Anestesiol 2007;73:485-486.
Pelliccia A, Maron MS, Maron BJ. Assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy in a trained athlete: differential diagnosis of physiologic athlete’s heart from pathologic hypertrophy. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2012;54:387-396.
Maron BJ, Pelliccia A. The heart of trained athletes: cardiac remodeling and the risks of sports, including sudden death. Circulation 2006;114:1633-1644.
Spirito P, Pelliccia A, Proschan MA, Granata M, Spataro A, Bellone P, Caselli G, Biffi A, Vecchio C, Maron BJ. Morphology of the “athlete’s heart” assessed by echocardiography in 947 elite athletes representing 27 sports. Am J Cardiol 1994;74: 802-806.
Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A, Proschan MA, Spirito P. The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med 1991;324: 295-301.
Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Spataro A, Caselli G. Athlete’s heart in women. Echocardiographic characterization of highly trained elite female athletes. JAMA 1996;276:211-215.
Biffi A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Verdile L, Fernando F, Di Giacinto B, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Delise P, Pelliccia A. Patterns of ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with training, deconditioning and retraining in elite athletes without cardiovascular abnormalities. Am J Cardiol 2011;107:697-703.
Biffi A, Maron BJ, Di Giacinto B, Porcacchia P, Verdile L, Fernando F, Spataro A, Culasso F, Casasco M, Pelliccia A. Relation between training-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias in elite athletes. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:1792-1795.
Wilson MG, Sharma S, Carre F, Charron P, Richard P, O’Hanlon R, Prasad SK, Heidbuchel H, Brugada J, Salah O, Sheppard M, George KP, Whyte G, Hamilton B, Chalabi H. Significance of deep T-wave inversions in asymptomatic athletes with normal cardiovascular examinations: practical solutions for managing the diagnostic conundrum. Br J Sports Med 2012;46 Suppl 1:i51-i58.
Konno T, Fujino N, Hayashi K, Uchiyama K, Masuta E, Katoh H, Sakamoto Y, Tsubokawa T, Ino H, Yamagishi M. Differences in the diagnostic value of various criteria of negative T waves for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy based on a molecular genetic diagnosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007;112:577-582.
Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Heidbuchel H, Sharma S, Link M, Basso C, Biffi A, Buja G, Delise P, Gussac I, Anastasakis A, Borjesson M, Bjornstad HH, Carre F, Deligiannis A, Dugmore D, Fagard R, Hoogsteen J, Mellwig KP, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Solberg E, Vanhees L, Drezner J, Estes NA III, Iliceto S, Maron BJ, Peidro R, Schwartz PJ, Stein R, Thiene G, Zeppilli P, McKenna WJ. Recommendations for interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiogram in the athlete. Eur Heart J 2010;31:243-259.
Afonso LC, Bernal J, Bax JJ, Abraham TP. Echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the role of conventional and emerging technologies. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1:787-800.
Maron BJ, Spirito P, Green KJ, Wesley YE, Bonow RO, Arce J. Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:733-742.
Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, De Luca R, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Culasso F. Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation 2002;105:944-949.
Maron BJ, Pelliccia A, Spataro A, Granata M. Reduction in left ventricular wall thickness after deconditioning in highly trained Olympic athletes. Br Heart J 1993;69: 125-128.
Papadakis M, Carre F, Kervio G, Rawlins J, Panoulas VF, Chandra N, Basavarajaiah S, Carby L, Fonseca T, Sharma S. The prevalence, distribution, and clinical outcomes of electrocardiographic repolarization patterns in male athletes of African/Afro-Caribbean origin. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2304-2313.
Sheikh N, Papadakis M, Carre F, Kervio G, Panoulas VF, Ghani S, Zaidi A, Gati S, Rawlins J, Wilson MG, Sharma S. Cardiac adaptation to exercise in adolescent athletes of African ethnicity: an emergent elite athletic population. Br J SportsMed2013; 47:585-592.
Pagourelias ED, Efthimiadis GK, Kouidi E, Zorou P, Giannoglou G, Deligiannis A, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Geleris P. Efficacy of various “classic” echocardiographic and laboratory indices in distinguishing the “gray zone” between athlete’s heart and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a pilot study. Echocardiography 2013;30: 131-139.
Gruner C, Ivanov J, Care M, Williams L, Moravsky G, Yang H, Laczay B, Siminovitch K, Woo A, Rakowski H. Toronto hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genotype score for prediction of a positive genotype in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2013;6:19-26.
Schmieder RE, Martus P, Klingbeil A. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies. JAMA 1996;275:1507-1513.
Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE.Ameta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 2003;115:41-46.
Okin PM, Devereux RB, Jern S, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Nieminen MS, Snapinn S, Harris KE, Aurup P, Edelman JM, Wedel H, Lindholm LH, Dahlof B. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive treatment and the prediction of major cardiovascular events. JAMA 2004;292: 2343-2349.
Skudicky D, Sareli P, Libhaber E, Candy G, Radevski I, Valtchanova Z, Tshele E, Thijs L, Wang JG, Staessen JA. Relationship between treatment-induced changes in left ventricular mass and blood pressure in black african hypertensive patients: results of the Baragwanath Trial. Circulation 2002;105:830-836.
Solomon SD, Appelbaum E, Manning WJ, Verma A, Berglund T, Lukashevich V, Cherif PC, Smith BA, Dahlof B. Effect of the direct Renin inhibitor aliskiren, the Angiotensin receptor blocker losartan, or both on left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 2009;119:530-537.
Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, Angeli F, de Simone G, Achilli A, Ganau A, Mureddu G, Pede S, Maggioni AP, Lucci D, Reboldi G. Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet 2009;374:525-533.
Pewsner D, Juni P, Egger M, Battaglia M, Sundstrom J, Bachmann LM. Accuracy of electrocardiography in diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in arterial hypertension: systematic review. BMJ 2007;335:711.
Olsen MH, Wachtell K, Hermann KL, Frandsen E, Dige-Petersen H, Rokkedal J, Devereux RB, Ibsen H. Is cardiovascular remodeling in patients with essential hypertension related to more than high blood pressure? A LIFE substudy. Losartan Intervention For Endpoint-Reduction in Hypertension. Am Heart J 2002;144: 530-537.
Tang W, Devereux RB, Rao DC, Oberman A, Hopkins PN, Kitzman DW, Arnett DK. Associations between angiotensinogen gene variants and left ventricular mass and function in the HyperGEN study. Am Heart J 2002;143:854-860.
Brady TM, Fivush B, Flynn JT, Parekh R. Ability of blood pressure to predict left ventricular hypertrophy in children with primary hypertension. J Pediatr 2008;152: 73-78.
Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Francis JM, Myerson SG, Wiesmann F, Robson MD, Ostman-Smith I, Casadei B, Watkins H, Neubauer S. Differentiation of athlete’s heart from pathological forms of cardiac hypertrophy by means of geometric indices derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2005;7:551-558.
Sipola P, Magga J, Husso M, Jaaskelainen P, Peuhkurinen K, Kuusisto J. Cardiac MRI assessed left ventricular hypertrophy in differentiating hypertensive heart disease from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy attributable to a sarcomeric gene mutation. Eur Radiol 2011;21:1383-1389.
Puntmann VO, Jahnke C, Gebker R, Schnackenburg B, Fox KF, Fleck E, Paetsch I. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish hypertensive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2010;106:1016-1022.
Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gattobigio R, Sardone M, Porcellati C. Asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in essential hypertension: prevalence, determinants, and prognostic value. Hypertension 2005;45:412-418.
Gerdts E, Okin PM, Boman K, Wachtell K, Nieminen MS, Dahlof B, Devereux RB. Association of heart failure hospitalizations with combined electrocardiography and echocardiography criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Hypertens 2012;25:678-683.
Cuspidi C, Negri F, Muiesan ML, Capra A, Lonati L, Milan A, Sala C, Longo M, Morganti A. Prevalence and severity of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients in clinical practice. Blood Press 2011;20:3-9.
Fogari R, Mugellini A, Destro M, Corradi L, Lazzari P, Zoppi A, Preti P, Derosa G. Losartan and amlodipine on myocardial structure and function: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Diabet Med 2012;29:24-31.
Peterson GE, de Backer T, Contreras G, Wang X, Kendrick C, Greene T, Appel LJ, Randall OS, Lea J, Smogorzewski M, Vagaonescu T, Phillips RA. Relationship of left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function with cardiovascular and renal outcomes in African Americans with hypertensive chronic kidney disease. Hypertension 2013;62:518-525.
Vinereanu D, Florescu N, Sculthorpe N, Tweddel AC, Stephens MR, Fraser AG. Differentiation between pathologic and physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy by tissue Doppler assessment of long-axis function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or systemic hypertension and in athletes. Am J Cardiol 2001;88: 53-58.
Kato TS, Noda A, Izawa H, Yamada A, Obata K, Nagata K, Iwase M, Murohara T, Yokota M. Discrimination of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy on the basis of strain rate imaging by tissue Doppler ultrasonography. Circulation 2004;110:3808-3814.
Faber L, Heemann A, Surig M, Michalowski Z, Gleichmann U, Klempt HW. Outflow acceleration assessed by continuous-wave doppler echocardiography in left ventricular hypertrophy: an analysis of 103 consecutive cases. Cardiology 1998;90: 220-226.
Zywica K, Jenni R, Pellikka PA, Faeh-Gunz A, Seifert B, Attenhofer JostCH. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction evoked by exercise echocardiography: prevalence and predictive factors in a prospective study. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9:665-671.
Savage DD, Seides SF, Clark CE, Henry WL, Maron BJ, Robinson FC, Epstein SE. Electrocardiographic findings in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1978;58:402-408.
Montgomery JV, Harris KM, Casey SA, Zenovich AG, Maron BJ. Relation of electrocardiographic patterns to phenotypic expression and clinical outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:270-275.
McLenachan JM, Henderson E, Morris KI, Dargie HJ. Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med 1987;317: 787-792.
Siegel D, Cheitlin MD, Black DM, Seeley D, Hearst N, Hulley SB. Risk of ventricular arrhythmias in hypertensive men with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:742-747.
Hennersdorf MG, Strauer BE. Arterial hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. J Hypertens 2001;19:167-177.
Binder J, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ, Van Driest SL, Tajik AJ, Nishimura RA, Ackerman MJ. Echocardiography-guided genetic testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: septal morphological features predict the presence of myofilament mutations. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:459-467.
Konishi C, Shiraishi J, Muraguchi N, Ohtsuki K, Inoue M, Tatsumi T, Azuma A, Matsubara H. Beneficial effect of cibenzoline on left ventricular pressure gradient with sigmoid septum. Circ J 2004;68:968-971.
Ranasinghe I, Yeoh T, Yiannikas J. Negative ionotropic agents for the treatment of left ventricularoutflow tract obstruction due to sigmoid septum and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Heart Lung Circ 2011;20:579-586.
Tuseth N, Cramariuc D, Rieck AE, Wachtell K, Gerdts E. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy-a marker of hypertension in aortic stenosis (a SEAS substudy). Blood Press 2010;19:140-144.
Dweck MR, Joshi S, Murigu T, Gulati A, Alpendurada F, Jabbour A, Maceira A, Roussin I, Northridge DB, Kilner PJ, Cook SA, Boon NA, Pepper J, Mohiaddin RH, Newby DE, Pennell DJ, Prasad SK. Left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012;14:50.
Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, Borger MA, Carrel TP, De Bonis M, Evangelista A, Falk V, Iung B, Lancellotti P, Pierard L, Price S, Schafers HJ, Schuler G, Stepinska J, Swedberg K, Takkenberg J, Von Oppell UO, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Zembala M. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J 2012;33:2451-2496.
Di Tommaso L, Stassano P, Mannacio V, Russolillo V, Monaco M, Pinna G, Vosa C. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy in patients with severe aortic stenosis: the usefulness of associated septal myectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:171-175.
Kar AK, Roy S, Panja M. Aortic regurgitation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Assoc Physicians India 1993;41:576-578.
Shiota T, Sakamoto T, Takenaka K, Amano K, Hada Y, Hasegawa I, Suzuki J, Takahashi H, Sugimoto T. Aortic regurgitation associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a colour Doppler echocardiographic study. Br Heart J 1989;62: 171-176.
Roberts WC, Kishel JC, McIntosh CL, Cannon RO III, Maron BJ. Severe mitral or aortic valve regurgitation, or both, requiring valve replacement for infective endocarditis complicating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19: 365-371.
Brown PS Jr., Roberts CS, McIntosh CL, Clark RE. Aortic regurgitation after left ventricular myotomy and myectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:585-592.
Sasson Z, Prieur T, Skrobik Y, Fulop JC, Williams WG, Henderson MA, Gresser C, Wigle ED, Rakowski H. Aortic regurgitation: acommon complication after surgery for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:63-67.
Lancellotti P, Moura L, Pierard LA, Agricola E, Popescu BA, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Monin JL, Badano L, Zamorano JL. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur J Echocardiogr 2010; 11:307-332.
Spirito P, Rapezzi C, Bellone P, Betocchi S, Autore C, Conte MR, Bezante GP, Bruzzi P. Infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, incidence, and indications for antibiotic prophylaxis. Circulation 1999;99:2132-2137.
Alessandri N, Pannarale G, del Monte F, Moretti F, Marino B, Reale A. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and infective endocarditis: a report of seven cases and a review of the literature. Eur Heart J 1990;11:1041-1048.
Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, Thuny F, Prendergast B, Vilacosta I, Moreillon P, de Jesus AM, Thilen U, Lekakis J, Lengyel M, Muller L, Naber CK, Nihoyannopoulos P, Moritz A, Zamorano JL. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2369-2413.
Vijgen J, Botto G, Camm J, Hoijer C J, Jung W, Le Heuzey JY, Lubinski A, Norekval TM, Santomauro M, Schalij M, Schmid JP, Vardas P. Consensus statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association: updated recommendations for driving by patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2010;9:3-14.
Smith D, Toff W, Joy M, Dowdall N, Johnston R, Clark L, Gibbs S, Boon N, Hackett D, Aps C, Anderson M, Cleland J. Fitness to fly for passengers with cardiovascular disease. Heart 2010;96 Suppl 2:ii1-16.
Bos JM, Towbin JA, Ackerman MJ. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of genetic testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54: 201-211.