adverse food reaction; allergens; contamination; pet food; microscopy analysis; PCR
Abstract :
[en] Failure to respond to commercial limited antigen diets can occur in dogs kept on a dietary trial for the diagnosis of adverse food reaction (AFR). The aim of this study was to assess twelve canine dry limited antigen diets (eleven novel protein diets and one hydrolysed diet) for potential contamination by ingredients of animal origin not mentioned on the label. The validity of the two methods adopted for the detection of such food antigens was also evaluated. Each dietary product was analysed by microscopy analysis using the official method described in Commission Regulation EC 152/2009 with the aim of identifying bone fragments of different zoological classes (mammalian, avian and fish) and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of DNA of animal origin. Discrepancies between the results obtained by PCR and/or microscopy analysis and the ingredients listed on pet food packages were found. Only in two pet foods did the results of both analyses match the ingredients listed on the label. In the remaining ten samples, microscopy detected bone fragments from one or two unpredicted zoological classes, revealing avian fragments in six of ten samples followed by those of fish in five of ten and mammalian fragments in four of ten. In two samples, microscopy analysis identified a contamination that would have otherwise passed unobserved if only PCR had been used. However, PCR confirmed the presence of all the zoological classes detected by microscopy and also identified the DNA of an additional unexpected zoological class in two samples. Dogs might fail to respond to commercial limited antigen diets because such diets are contaminated with potential allergens. Both PCR and microscopy analysis are required to guarantee the absence of undeclared animal sources in pet foods. Before ruling out AFR, a novel protein home-made diet should be considered if the dog is unresponsive to a commercial regimen.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Ricci, Rebecca; Dpt of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Italy
Granato, A; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
Vascellari, M; stituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
Boscarato, M; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
Palagiano, Cl.; Dpt of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Italy
Andrighetto, I; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
Diez, Marianne ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de productions animales > Nutrition des animaux de compagnie
Mutinelli, F; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
Language :
English
Title :
Identification of undeclared sources of animal origin in canine dry foods used in dietary elimination trials
Publication date :
2013
Journal title :
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
ISSN :
0931-2439
eISSN :
1439-0396
Publisher :
Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom
Volume :
97
Pages :
32-38
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Funders :
Dpt of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed. OJ L 54, 26.2.2009, 1-130.
Biourge, V. C.; Fontaine, J.; Vroom, M. W., 2004: Diagnosis of adverse reactions to food in dogs: efficacy of a soy-isolate hydrolyzate-based diet. The Journal of Nutrition 134, 2062S-2064S.
Bloom, P., 2005: Adverse food reactions. In: L. N. Gotthelf (ed), Small Animal Ear Diseases: An Illustrated Guide, 2nd edn. W.B. Saunders Company, MO, USA, pp 127-139.
Cave, N. J., 2006: Hydrolyzed protein diets for dogs and cats. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 36, 1251-1268.
Chesney, C. J., 2002: Food sensitivity in the dog: a quantitative study. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 43, 203-207.
Chiappini, B.; Brambilla, G.; Agrimi, U.; Vaccari, G.; Aarts, H. J.; Berben, G.; Frezza, D.; Giambra, V., 2005: Real-time polymerase chain reaction approach for quantitation of ruminant-specific DNA to indicate a correlation between DNA amount and meat and bone meal heat treatments. Journal of AOAC International 88, 1399-1403.
Crevel, R. W.; Kerkhoff, M. A.; Koning, M. M., 2000: Allergenicity of refined vegetable oils. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 38, 385-393.
Dalmasso, A.; Fontanella, E.; Piatti, P.; Civera, T.; Rosati, S.; Bottero, M. T., 2004: A multiplex PCR assay for the identification of animal species in feedstuffs. Molecular and Cellular Probes 18, 81-87.
Hird, H.; Goodier, R.; Hill, M., 2003: Rapid detection of chicken and turkey in heated meat products using the polymerase chain reaction followed by amplicon visualisation with vistra green. Meat Science 65, 1117-1123.
Jackson, H. A., 2001: Diagnostic techniques in dermatology: the investigation and diagnosis of adverse food reactions in dogs and cats. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 16, 233-235.
Jeffers, J. G.; Shanley, K. J.; Mayer, E. K., 1991: Diagnostic testing of dogs for food hypersensitivity. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198, 245-250.
Leistra, M.; Willemse, T., 2002: Double-blind evaluation of two commercial hypoallergenic diets in cats with adverse food reactions. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 4, 185-188.
Leistra, M. H.; Markwell, P. J.; Willemse, T., 2001: Evaluation of selected-protein-source diets for management of dogs with adverse reactions to foods. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 219, 1411-1414.
Loeffler, A.; Lloyd, D. H.; Bond, R.; Kim, J. Y.; Pfeiffer, D. U., 2004: Dietary trials with a commercial chicken hydrolysate diet in 63 pruritic dogs. The Veterinary Record 154, 519-522.
Loeffler, A.; Soares-Magalhaes, R.; Bond, R.; Lloyd, D. H., 2006: A retrospective analysis of case series using home-prepared and chicken hydrolysate diets in the diagnosis of adverse food reactions in 181 pruritic dogs. Veterinary Dermatology 17, 273-279.
Mane, B. G.; Mendiratta, S. K.; Tiwari, A. K., 2009: Polymerase chain reaction assay for identification of chicken in meat and meat products. Food Chemistry 116, 806-810.
Olivry, T.; Bizokova, P., 2010: A systematic review of the evidence of reduced allergenicity and clinical benefit of food hydrolysates in dogs with cutaneous adverse food reactions. Veterinary Dermatology 21, 32-41.
Olszewski, A.; Pons, L.; Moutété, F.; Aimone-Gastin, I.; Kanny, G.; Moneret-Vautrin, D. A.; Guéant, J. L., 1998: Isolation and characterization of proteic allergens in refined peanut oil. Clinical and Experimental Allergy: Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 28, 850-859.
Poms, R. E.; Anklam, E.; Kuhn, M., 2004: Polymerase chain reaction techniques for food allergen detection. Journal of AOAC International 87, 1391-1397.
Raditic, D. M.; Remillard, R. L.; Tater, K. C., 2010: ELISA testing for common food antigens in four dry dog foods used in dietary elimination trials. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 95, 90-97.
Ricci, R.; Berlanda, M.; Tenti, S.; Bailoni, L., 2009: Study of the chemical and nutritional characteristics of commercial dog foods used as elimination diet for the diagnosis of canine food allergy. Italian Journal of Animal Science 8, 328-330.
Ricci, R.; Hammerberg, B.; Paps, J.; Contiero, B.; Jackson, H., 2010: A comparison of the clinical manifestations of feeding whole and hydrolysed chicken to dogs with hypersensitivity to the native protein. Veterinary Dermatology 21, 358-366.
Roudebush, P.; Cowell, C. S., 1992: Results of a hypoallergenic diet survey of veterinarians in North America with a nutritional evaluation of homemade diet prescriptions. Veterinary Dermatology 3, 23-28.
Scott, D. W.; Miller, W. H. Jr, 1993: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the management of canine allergic pruritus. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 64, 52-56.
Scott, D. W.; Miller, W. H.; Griffin, C. E., 2001: Mueller & Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology, 6th edn. W.B. Saunders Company, PA, USA.
Stephan, O.; Vieths, S., 2004: Development of a real-time PCR and a sandwich ELISA for detection of potentially allergenic trace amounts of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in processed foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, 3754-3760.
Tapp, T.; Griffin, C.; Rosenkrantz, W.; Muse, R.; Boord, M., 2002: Comparison of a commercial limited-antigen diet versus home-prepared diets in the diagnosis of canine adverse food reaction. Veterinary Therapeutics: Research in Applied Veterinary Medicine 3, 244-251.
Zitouni, N.; Errahali, Y.; Metche, M.; Kanny, G.; Moneret-Vautrin, D. A.; Nicolas, J. P.; Fremont, S., 2000: Influence of refining steps on trace allergenic protein content in sunflower oil. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 106, 962-967.