Intermittent thermal manipulations of broiler embryos during late incubation and their immediate effect on the embryonic development and hatching process.

Intermittent high (+3 degrees C) and low (-3 degrees C) temperature treatments for 4 h on embryonic day (E) 16, E17, and E18 showed differential effects on embryonic metabolism, without influencing embryonic growth or hatchability. Embryos in the high-temperature group shifted to a more anaerobic metabolism, as indicated by a lower partial pressure of O(2) and a higher partial pressure of CO(2) in the air cell, lower blood pH, and higher lactic acid production. Three hours after the end of the high-temperature treatment, a decrease in metabolism was observed, as indicated by the lower partial pressure of CO(2) and higher partial pressure of O(2) in the air cell and increased plasma triglyceride levels. The embryos in the low-temperature group responded by temporarily slowing down their metabolism, especially the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, as indicated by altered air cell gases, a higher relative yolk weight, higher plasma triglyceride level, and higher liver glycogen level. Three hours after the end of the temperature treatment, the metabolism of embryos in the low-temperature treatment had increased to the level of the control temperature group. However, for both temperature treatments, during the hatching process, all the shortages and excesses created were restored to control levels, which would explain the lack of change in embryo growth and hatchability and the slight delay in the hatching process. These mild consequences of the intermittent temperature treatment indicate that the different metabolic shifts made by the embryos seem to be efficient in overcoming the challenges of the intermittent high- or low-temperature treatment during late incubation.