Group B streptococcal epidemiology and vaccine needs in developed countries

[en] Development of a group B streptococcal vaccine (GBS) vaccine is the most promising approach for the prevention of GBS infections in babies, given the potential adverse effects of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis as well as the need for effective prevention of both adult and late perinatal disease. There are numerous prevention strategies at this time but none are 100% effective in the eradication of neonatal early onset GBS disease and there are no preventative strategies for late onset disease. The need for a GBS vaccine is therefore, of utmost importance. Efforts applying genomics to GBS vaccine development have led to the identification of novel vaccine candidates. The publication of GBS whole genomes coupled with new technologies including multigenome screening and bioinformatics has also allowed researchers to overcome the serotype limitation of earlier vaccine preparations in the search of a universal effective vaccine against GBS. This review brings together the key arguments concerning the potential need of a GBS vaccine in developed countries and describes the current status with GBS epidemiology and microbiology in these countries.

Disciplines :

Pediatrics
Immunology & infectious disease
Reproductive medicine (gynecology, andrology, obstetrics)
Laboratory medicine & medical technology
Public health, health care sciences & services

Author, co-author :

MELIN, Pierrette ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège - CHU > Microbiologie clinique

EFSTRATIOU, Androulla; Public Health England > Microbiology Services Division > WHO Global Collaborating centre for Diphteria and Streptococcal infections

Language :

English

Title :

Group B streptococcal epidemiology and vaccine needs in developed countries

Publication date :

28 August 2013

Journal title :

Vaccine

ISSN :

0264-410X

eISSN :

1873-2518

Publisher :

Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Special issue title :

Prevention of Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Disease through Maternal Immunization

Volume :

Issue :

Supplement 4

Pages :

D31-D42

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 23 August 2013

Statistics

Number of views

86 (7 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

1 (1 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

OpenAlex citations

Bibliography

Schrag S.J., Zywicki S., Farley M.M., et al. Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:15-20.
Baker C. Group B streptococcal infections. Streptococcal infections 2000, 222-237. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. D.L. Stevens, E.L. Kaplan (Eds.).
Centers for Disease Control. Prevention of perinatal Group B streptococcal disease: a public health perspective. MMWR 1996;45(RR-7):1-24.
Schuchat A. Group B streptococcus. Lancet 1999;353:51-6.
Schrag S.J., Zell E.R., Lynsfield R., et al. A population-based comparison of strategies to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:233-239.
Centers for Disease Control. Prevention of perinatal Group B streptococcal disease: revised guidelines from CDC. MMWR 2002;51(RR-11):1-22.
Melin P., Verschraegen G., Mahieu L., Claeys G., De Mol P. Towards a Belgian consensus for prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Indian J Med Res 2004, 119:197-200.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Perinatal group B streptococcal disease after universal screening recommendations United States 2002-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007, 56:701-705.
Lopez Sastre J.B., Fernandez Colomer B., Coto Cotallo G.D., Ramos Aparicio A. Trends in the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission in the era of group B streptococcal prevention. Acta Paediatr 2005, 94:451-457. Grupo de Hospitales Castrillo.
Nizet V., Ferrieri P., Rubens C.E. Molecular pathogenesis of group B streptococcal disease in newborns. Streptococcal infections 2000, 180-221. Oxford University Press, New York. D.L. Stevens, E.L. Kaplan (Eds.).
Van Dyke M.K., Phares C.R., Lynfield R., et al. Evaluation of universal antenatal screening for group B streptococcus. N Engl J Med 2009, 360:2626-2636.
Verani J.R., Schrag S.J. Group B streptococcal disease in infants: progress in prevention and continued challenges. Clin Perinatol 2010, 37:375-392.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of perinatal Group B streptococcal disease. Revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR 2010;59(RR-10):32.
Lopez Sastre J.B., Coto Cotallo G.D., Fernandez Colomer B., Ramos Aparicio A. Neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission: an epidemiological study from the "grupo de Hospitales Castrillo". J Perinat Med 2009, 28:309-315. Grupo de Hospitales Castrillo.
Phares C.R., Lynfield R., Farley M.M., Mohle-Boetani J., Harrison L.H., Petit S., et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA 2008, 299:2056-2065.
Daley A.J., Isaacs D. Ten-year study of the effect of intrapartum antibiotic prphylaxis on early onset group B streptococcal and Escherichia coli neonatal sepsis in Australasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004, 23:630-634. Australasian Study Group for Neonatal Infections.
Bergeron M.G., Menard C., et al. Rapid detection of group B streptococci in pregnant women at delivery. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:175-179.
Heath P.T., Schuchat A. Perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2007, 21:411-424. Epub 2007 March 2.
Poyart C., Reglier-Poupet H., Tazi A., et al. Invasive Group B streptococcal infections in infants, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2008, 14:1647-1649.
Jordan H.T., Farley M.M., Craig A., et al. Revisiting the need for vaccine prevention of late-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease: a multistate, population-based analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27:1057-1064.
Bergseng H., Afset J.E., Radtke A., et al. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of invasive group B streptococcus strains from infants in Norway 2006-2007. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009, 12:1182-1185. 1-4 Research note.
Berardi A., Lugli L., Baronciani D., Creti R., Rossi K., Ciccia M., et al. Group B streptoccal infections in a northern region of Italy. Pediarics 2007, 120:e487-E493.
Baker C.J., Kasper D.L. Correlation of maternal antibody deficiency with susceptibility to neonatal group B streptococcal infection. N Engl J Med 1976, 294:753-756.
Skoff T.H., Farley M.M., Petit S., et al. Increasing burden of invasive group B streptococcal disease in non pregnant adults, 1990-2007. CID 2009, 49:85-92.
Final Report DEVANI project DEVANI: Vaccine against neonatal infections: design of a vaccine to immunize neonates against GBS infections through a durable maternal response. ; [accessed 26.03.13]. http://www.devaniproject.org/.
Gibson R.L., Nizet V., Rubens C.E. Group strepto β-hemolysin promotes injury of lung microvascular endothelial cells. Pediatr Res 1999, 45:626-634.
Rosa-Fraile M., Rodríguez-Granger J., Haidour-Benamin A., Cuerva J.M., Sampedro A. Granadaene: proposed structure of the group B streptococcus polyenic pigment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72:6367-6370.
Brodeur B.R., Boyer M., Charlebois I., Hamel J., Couture F., Rioux C.R., et al. Identification of group B streptococcal Sip protein, which elicits cross-protective immunity. Infect Immun 2000, 68:5610-5618.
Lauer P., Rinaudo C.D., Soriani M., Margarit I., Maione D., Rosini R., et al. Genome analysis reveals pili in group B streptococcus. Science 2005, 309:105.
Margarit I., Rinaudo C.D., Galeotti C.L., Maione D., Ghezzo C., Buttazzoni E., et al. Preventing bacterial infections with pilus-based vaccines: the group B streptococcus paradigm. J Infect Dis 2009, 199:108-115. 10.1086/595564.
Telford J.L., Barocchi M.A., Margarit I., Rappuoli R., Grandi G. Pili in gram-positive pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006, 4:509-519.
Kreikemeyer B., Gamez G., Margarit I., et al. Genomic organization, structure, regulation and pathogenic role of pilus constituents in major pathogenic streptococci and enterococci. Int J Med Microbiol 2011, 301:240-251.
Wennekamp J., Henneke P. Induction and termination of inflammatory signaling in group B streptococcal sepsis. Immunol Rev 2008, 225:114-127. 10.1111/j.1600 065X.2008.00673.x.
Superior Health Council. Guidelines from the Belgian Health Council, 2003 (SHC 7721): Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infections. Brussels, Belgium: Service Public Federal SantE publique, Securite de la Chaine alimentaire et Environnement, 2003. (In English, in French, in Dutch).
Stoll B.J., Schuchat A. Maternal carriage of group B streptococci in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998, 17:499-503.
Desa D.J., Trevenen C.L. Intrauterine infections with group β-haemolytic streptococci. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984, 91:237-239.
Katz V., Bowes W.A. Perinatal group B streptococcal infections across intact amniotic membranes. J Reprod Med 1988, 33:445-449.
Anthony B.F., Okada D.M., Hobel C.J. Epidemiology of the group B streptococcus: maternal and nosocomial sources for infant acquisitions. J Pediatr 1979, 95:431-436.
Queensland Maternity and Neonatal Clinical Guidelines Program Early Onset Group B streptococcal disease. MN10.20-V2-R15 2010, 1-16.
Sakata H. Evaluation of itrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal infection. J Infect Chemother 2012, 18:853-857.
Boyer K.M., Gotoff S.P. Prevention of early-onset neonatal disease with selective intrapartum chemoprophylaxis. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:1665-1669.
Dillon H.C., Khare S., Gray B.M., Group B streptococcal carriage and disease: a 6-year prospective study. J Pediatr 1987, 110:31-36.
Carstensen H., Christensen K.K., Grennert L., Person K., Polberger S. Early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal septicaemia in siblings. J Infect 1988, 17:201-204.
Christensen K.K., Dahlander K., Linden V., Svenningsen N., Christensen P. Obstetrical care in future pregnancies after fetal loss in group B streptococcal septicemia. A prevention program based on bacteriological and immunological follow-up. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1981, 12:143-150.
Faxelius G., Bremme K., Kvist-Christensen K., Christensen P., Ringertz S. Neonatal septicemia due to group B streptococci - perinatal risk factors and outcome of subsequent pregnancies. J Perinat Med 1988, 16:423-430.
Fluegge K., Siedler A., Heinrich B., et al. Incidence and clinical presentation of invasive neonatal group B streptococcal infections in Germany. Pediatrics 2006, 117(6.).
Godambe S., Shah P.S., Shah V. Breast milk as a source of late onset neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005, 24:381-382.
Gagneur A., Héry-Arnaud G., Croly-Labourdette S., et al. Infected breast milk associated with late-onset and recurrent group B streptococcal infection in neonatal twins: a genetic analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2009, 168:1155-1158.
Edmond K.E., Kortsalioudaki C., Scott S., Schrag S.J., Zaidi A.K.M., Cousens S., et al. Group B streptococcal disease in infants aged younger than 3 months: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012, 379:547-556.
Rodriguez-Granger J., et al. Prevention of group B streptococcal neonatal disease revisited. The DEVANI European project. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012, 31(9):2097-2104.
Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) report, emerging infections program network, group B streptococcus, 2010. (ORIG). Available via ; 2012. http://cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/gbs10-orig.pdf.
Heath P.T., et al. Group B streptococcal disease in UK and Irish infants younger than 90 days. Lancet 2004, 363:292-294.
de la Rosa Fraile M., Cabero L., Andreu A., Rao G.G. Prevention of group B streptococcal neonatal disease, a plea for a European consenus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001, 7:25-27.
Vahakuopus S., Siljander T., Vaara M., Vuento R., Salmenlinna S. Vuopio Streptococcus agalactiae in Finland: serotype distributions of invasive and carriage strains. XVII Lancefield international symposium on streptococci and streptococcal diseases, September 2011, Abstract page 146.
Brzchczy-Wloch M., Gosiewski T., Bodaszewska-Lubas M., Pabian W., Heczko P.B. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Streptococcus agalacties (GBS) in Poland. Lancefield international symposium on streptococci and streptococcal diseases, September 2011, Abstract page 147.
Martins E.R., Andreu A., Correia P., Juncosa T., Bosch J., Ramirez M., et al. Group B streptococci causing neonatal infections in Barcelona are a stable clonal population: 18-year surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2011, 49:2911-2918.
Lovbrand J., Hentz E., Berg S., Kawash S., Trollfors B. GBS serotype distribution in neonates and children. Lancefield international symposium on streptococci and streptococcal diseases, September 2011, Abstract page 153.
Poyart C., Tazi A., Morand P., Poupet H., Dmytruk N., Billoet A., et al. French national reference center for streptococci (CNR-Strep). Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in France during 2007-2010. Lancefield International symposium on streptococci and streptococcal diseases, September 2011, Abstract page 158.
Sorensen U.B., Poulsen K., Ghezzo C., Margarit I., Kilian M. Emergence and global dissemination of host-specific Streptococcus agalactiae clones. MBio 2010, 1:1-9.
Bellais S., Six A., Fouet A., Longo M., Dmytruk N., Glaser P., et al. Capsular switching in group B streptococcus CC17 hypervirulent clone: a future challenge for polysaccharide vaccine development. J Infect Dis 2012, 206:1745-1752.
Imperi M., Rinaudo D., Creti R., Pataracchia M., Rosini R., et al. Lancefield International symposium on streptococci and streptococcal diseases, September 2011, Abstract page 141.
Martins E.R., Andreu A., Melo-Cristino J., Ramirez M. Distribution of pilus islands in Streptococcus agalactiae that cause human infections: insights into evolution and implication for vaccine development. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2013, 20:313-316.
Baker C.J., Rench M.A., McInnes P. Immunization of pregnant women with group B streptococcal type III capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2003, 21:3468-3472.
Baker C.J., Paoletti L.C., Rench M.A., Guttormsen H.K., Edwards M.S., Kasper D.L. Immune response of healthy women to 2 different group B streptococcal type V capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis 2004, 189:1103-1112.
Dahesh S., Hensler M.E., Van Sorge N.M., Gertz R.E., Schrag S., Nizet V., et al. Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52:2915-2918.
Kimura K., Suzuki S., Wachino J., Kurokawa H., Yamane K., Shibata N., et al. First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52:2890-2897. Epub 2008 May 19. 10.1128/AAC.00185-08.
Melin P. Table 3O resistance of Streptococcus agalactiae in Belgium. The Sanford guide to antimicrobial therapy: 23rd Edition of the Belgian/Luxembourg Version 2012, 178-179. SBIMC-BVIKM (Societe Belge d'Infectiologie et de Microbiologie Clinique - Belgische Vereniging voor Infectiologie en Klinische Microbiologie), Brussels, Belgium. 23rd ed.
Back E.E., O'Grady E.J., Back J.D. High rates of perinatal group B streptococcus clindamycin and erythromycin resistance in an upstate New York hospital. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012, 56:739-742.
Tazi A., Morand P.C., Réglier-Poupet H., Dmytruk N., Billoët A., Antona D., et al. Invasive group B streptococcal infections in adults, France (2007-2010). Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17:1587-1589.
Domelier A.S., van der Mee-Marquet N., Arnault L., Mereghetti L., Lanotte P., Rosenau A., et al. Molecular characterization of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 62:1227-1233.
Pinheiro S., Radhouani H., Coelho C., Gonçalves A., Carvalho E., Carvalho J.A., et al. Prevalence and mechanisms of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae from healthy pregnant women. Microb Drug Resist 2009, 15:121-124.
Imperi M., Gherardi G., Berardi A., Baldassarri L., Pataracchia M., Dicuonzo G., et al. Invasive neonatal GBS infections from an area-based surveillance study in Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011, 17(12). 1834-9.
Gygax S.E., Schuyler J.A., Kimmel L.E., Trama J.P., Mordechai E., Adelson M.E. Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in group B streptococcal clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50:1875-1877.
de Azavedo J.C., McGavin M., Duncan C., Low D.E., McGeer A. Prevalence and mechanisms of macrolide resistance in invasive and noninvasive group B streptococcus isolates from Ontario, Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:3504-3508.
Desjardins M., Delgaty K.L., Ramotar K., Seetaram C., Toye B. Prevalence and mechanisms of erythromycin resistance in group A and group B Streptococcus: implications for reporting susceptibility results. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42:5620-5623.
Castor M.L., Whitney C.G., Como-Sabetti K., Facklam R.R., Ferrieri P., Bartkus J.M., et al. Antibiotic resistance patterns in invasive group B streptococcal isolates. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2008, 1-5. 10.1155/2008/727505.
Seo Y.S., Srinivasan U., Oh K.Y., Shin J.H., Chae J.D., Kim M.Y., et al. Changing molecular epidemiology of group B streptococcus in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2010, 25:817-823.
Janapatla R.P., Ho Y.R., Yan J.J., Wu H.M., Wu J.J. The prevalence of erythromycin resistance in group B streptococcal isolates at a University Hospital in Taiwan. Microb Drug Resis 2008, 14:293-297.
Granlund M., Axemo P., Bremme K., Bryngelsson A.L., Carlsson Wallin M., Ekström C.M., et al. Antimicrobial resistance in colonizing group B streptococci before the implementation of a Swedish intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis program. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010, 29:1195-1201. Epub 2010 Aug 13. 10.1007/s10096-010-0877-3.
Leclercq R. Mechanisms of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides: nature of the resistance elements and their clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:482-492.
Malbruny B., Werno A.M., Anderson T.P., Murdoch D.R., Leclercq R. A new phenotype of resistance to lincosamide and streptogramin A-type antibiotics in Streptococcus agalactiae in New Zealand. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004, 54:1040-1044.
Faccone D., Lalonardi F., Abel S., Machain M., Errecalde L., Littvik A., et al. Multiple-clones of Streptococcus agalactiae harbouring lnuB gene. J Infect Dev Ctrie 2010, 4:580-582.
Achard A., Villers C., Pichereau V., Leclercq R. New lnu© gene conferring resistance to lincomycin by nucleotidylation in Streptococcus agalactiae UCN36. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49:2716-2719.
Ialonardi F., Faccone D., Abel S., Machain M., Errecalde L., Litvik A. Multiple-clones of group-B streptococci clinical isolates with an unusual erythromycin-susceptible and clindamycin-resistant phenotype. 26th international congress of chemotherapy and infection 2009.
Bell J.M., Lee K., Kim M.N., Kim E.C., Hsueh P.R., Jones R.N. Emergene of MLSB L-phenotype and lnu(B) resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae in Asia Pacific. 49 thICAAC 2009, Poster C1-620a.
Descy J., Ackermans Y., Boreux R., Meex C., Remont L., Rodriguez Cuns G., et al. Phenotypical and genotypical surveillance of macrolide and lincosamide resistance in group B streptococcus in Belgium. American Society for Microbiology (ASM), Program and abstracts of the 52nd intersciences conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2012 (poster 2084) 2012.
Dogan B., Schukken Y.H., Santisteban C., Boor K.J. Distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance genes among Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from bovine and human hosts. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:5899-5906.
Kawamura Y., Fujiwara H., Mishima N., et al. First Streptococcus agalactiae isolates highly resistant to quinolones, with point mutations in gyrA and parC. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003, 47:3605-3609.
Wu H., Janapatla R., Ho Y., et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in group B streptococcal isolates in Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52:1888-1890.
Kimura K., Nagano N., Nagano Y., Suzuki S., Wachino J., Shibayama K., et al. High frequency of fluoroquinolone- and macrolide-resistant streptococci among clinically isolated group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013, 68(March (3)):539-542. Epub 2012 Oct 30. 10.1093/jac/dks423.
Nagano N., Nagano Y., Toyama M., Kimura K., Tamura T., Shibayama K., et al. Nosocomial spread of multidrug-resistant group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility belonging to clonal complex 1. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67:849-856. Epub 2011 Dec 29. 10.1093/jac/dkr546.
Singh P., Cody Springman A.C., Dele Davies H., Manning S.D. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing of a colonizing multilocus sequence type 17 Streptococcus agalactiae strain. J Bacteriol 2012, 194:6005-6006.
Lim D.V., Morales W.J., Walsh A.F., Kazanis D. Reduction of morbidity and mortality rates for neonatal group B streptococcal disease through early diagnosus and chemoprophylaxis. J Clin Microbiol 1986, 23:489-492.
Tuppurainen N., Hallman M. Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease: intrapartum detection and chemprophylaxis of heavily colonized parturients. Obstet Gynecol 1989, 73:583-587.
Easmon C.S., Hastings M.J., Deeley J., Bloxham B., Rivers R.P., Marwood R. The effect of intrapartum chemoprophylaxis on the vertical transmission of group B streptococci. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983, 90:633-635.
Alós Cortés J.I., Andreu Domingo A., Arribas Mir L., Cabero Roura L., de Cueto López M., López Sastre J., et al. Prevention of neonatal group B sreptococcal infection. Spanish recommendations. Update 2012. SEIMC/SEGO/SEN/SEQ/SEMFYC consensus document. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2013, 31(3):159-172. Epub 2012 June 2, Spanish. 10.1016/j.eimc.2012.03.013.
ANAES. Agence Nationale d'Accréditation et d'Evaluation en Santé. Prévention anténatale du risque infectieux bactérien néonatal précoce. Available at ; 2001. http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/Antenatal_prevention.pdf.
Leitlinien der Gesellschaft für Neonatologie und Pädiatrische Intensivmedizin (GNPI), Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe, Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie (DGPI), und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Perinatale Medizin (DGPM). Prophylaxe der Neugeborensepsis - frühe Form - durch Streptokokken Streptokokken der Gruppe B. Available at: ; 2008. http://www.uniuesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/024-020.htm.
Nederlandse Vereniging voor Obstetrie en Gynaecologie. NVGO. 2008. Preventie Van Neonatale Groep-B-Streptokokkenziekte (Gbs-Ziekte). Versie 2.0. Available at: 2008. http://www.nvogdocumenten.nl/richrtlijn/item/pagina.php?id=26959%38richtlijn_id=827;.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention of early onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. R Coll Obstet Gynecol Guideline 2003;36:1-10.
Trijbels-Smeulders M.A.J.M., Kolee L.A.A., Adriaanse A.H., Kimpen J.L.L., Gerards L.J. Neonatal group B streptococcal infection: incidence and strategies for prevention in Europe. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004, 23:172-173.
The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Screening and treatment for Group B streptococcus in pregnancy. College Statement C-Obs 19. Available from: ; 2009 [cited 17.02.10]. http://www.ranzcog.edu.au/publications/statements/C-obs19.pdf.
Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists GBS Hokinshindan to toriatsukai ha?. Guidelines for Obstetric and gynecologic practice-obstetrics 2011 2011, 239-241. Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo, (in Japanese).
Lorquet S., Melin P., Minon J.M., Carpentier M., Gerday C., Rigo J., et al. Group B streptococcus in the antenatal clinic and in the delivery room: a matter of systematic attitude. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 2005, 34:115-127. (in French).
Bergeron M.G., Danbing K. New DNA-based PCR approaches for rapid real-time detection and prevention of group B streptococcal infections in newborns and pregnant women. Reprod Medi Rev 2004, 11:25-41.
El Helali N., Giovangrandi Y., Guyot K., Chevet K., Gutmann L., Durand-Zaleski I. Cost and effectiveness of intrapartum group B streptococcus polymerase chain reaction screening for term deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2012, 119:822-829. 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31824b1461.
Connelian M., Wallace E.M. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: screening practice in public hospitals in Victoria. MJA 2000, 172:317-320.
Melin P, Schmitz M, Heinrichs I, Hayette MP, Foidart JM, De Mol P. Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease in Belgium: hospital policy, obstetricians practices and laboratory processing. In American Society of Microbiology (Ed.), Program and Abstracts of the 40th Intersciences Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2000 (pp. 1746). Washington, USA: American Society for Microbiology (ASM). http://hdl.handle.net/2268/62868.
Stade B., Shah V., Ohlsson A. Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection. Cochr Database Syst Rev (Online) 2004, (3):CD003520.
Bloom S.L., Cox S.M., Bawdon R.E., Gilstrap L.C. Ampicillin for neonatal group B streptococcal prophylaxis: how rapidly can bactericidal concentrations be achieved?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 175:974-976.
Illuzzi J.L., Bracken M.B. Duration of intrapartum prophylaxis for neonatal group B streptococcal disease: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2006, 108:1254-1265.
Barber E.L., Zhao G., Buhimschi I.A., Illuzzi J.L. Duration of intrapartum prophylaxis and concentration of penicillin G in fetal serum at delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2008, 112(2 Pt 1):265-270.
Bloom S.L., Cox S.M., Bawdon R.E., Gilstrap L.C. Ampicillin for neonatal group B streptococcal prophylaxis: how rapidly can bactericidal concentrations be achieved?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 175(4 Pt 1):974-976.
Colombo D.F., Lew J.L., Pedersen C.A., Johnson J.R., Fan-Havard P. Optimal timing of ampicillin administration to pregnant women for establishing bactericidal levels in the prophylaxis of group B streptococcus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 194:466-470.
Badri M.S., Zawaneh S., Cruz A.C., Mantilla G., Baer H., Spellacy W.N., et al. Rectal colonization with group B Streptococcus: relation to vaginal colonization of pregnant women. J Infect Dis 1977, 135:308-312.
Dillon H.C., Gray E., Pass M.A., Gray B.M. Anorectal and vaginal carriage of group B streptococci during pregnancy. J Infect Dis 1982, 145:794-799.
Rosa-Fraile M., Camacho-Munoz E., Rodriguez-Granger J. Specimen storage in transport medium and detection of group B streptococci by culture. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:928-930.
Gilbert G.L., Isaacs D., Burgess M.A., et al. Prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis: is routine antenatal screening appropriate. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1995, 35:120-126.
Yancey M.K., Schuchat A., Brown L.K., Ventura V.L., Markenson G.R. The accuracy of late antenatal screening cultures in predicting genital group B streptococcal colonization at delivery. Obstet Gynecol 1996, 88:811-815.
Melin P, Schmitz M, Tsobo C, Hayette MP, De Mol P. Rapid intrapartum test (Strep B OIA) and prenatal cultures for identification of group B streptococcal carriers at delivery: a prospective study. In American Society of Microbiology (Ed.), Program and Abstracts of the 40th Intersciences Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2000 (pp. 357 session 30). Washington, USA: American Society for Microbiology (ASM). http://hdl.handle.net/2268/36477.
de la Rosa M., Perez M., Carazo C., Pareja L., Peis J.I., Hernandez F. New Granada medium for detection and identification of group B streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 1992 Apr, 30:1019-1021.
Tazi A., Reglier-Poupet H., Dautezac F., Raymond J., Poyart C. Comparative evaluation of Strepto B ID chromogenic medium and Granada media for the detection of group B Streptococcus from vaginal samples of pregnant women. J Microbiol Methods 2008, 73:263-265.
Melin P, Huynen P, Meex C, De Mol P. Evaluation of the StrepB Select agar for the detection of group B streptococci from vaginal and recto-vaginal specimens. In ESCMID (Ed.), Program and Abstracts book of the 18th ECCMID 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2268/65821.
Melin P., Group B Streptococcal disease in the newborn - maternal screening methods and antimicrobial prophylaxis. Eur Obst Gyn 2008, 3:58-62.
Davies H.D., Miller M.A., Faro S., Gregson D., Kehl S.C., Jordan J.A. Multicenter study of a rapid molecular-based assay for the diagnosis of group B Streptococcus colonization in pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:1129-1135.
Daniels J., Gray J., Pattison H., et al. Intrapartum tests for group B streptococcus: accuracy and acceptability of screening. BJOG 2011, 118:257-265.
Hager W.D., Schuchat A., Gibbs R., Sweet R., Mead P., Larsen J.W. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infection: current controversies. Obstet Gynecol 2000, 96:141-145.
Moore M.R., Schrag S.J., Schuchat A. Effects of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of group B streptococcal disease on the incidence and ecology of early onset neonatal sepsis. Lancet Infect Dis 2003, 3:201-213.
Sutkin G., Krohn M.A., Heine R.P., et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis and non group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis. Obstet Gynecol 2005, 105:581-586.
Tanaka S., Kobayashi K., Songjinda P., et al. Influence of antibiotic exposure in the early postnatal period on the development of intestinal microbiota. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009, 56:80-87.
Puopolo K.M., Madoff L.C., Eichenwald E.C. Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in the era of maternal screening. Pediatrics 2005, 115:1240-1246.
Baker C., Edwards M., Group B streptococcal conjugate vaccines. Arch Dis Child 2003, 88:375-378.
Paoletti L.C., Madoff L.C., Kasper D.L. Surface structures of group B streptococcus important in human immunity. Gram-positive pathogens 2000, 137-153. ASM Press, Washington, DC. V.A. Fischetti, R.P. Novick, J. Ferretti, D.A. Portony, J.I. Rood (Eds.).
Heath P.T., Feldman R.G. Vaccination against group B streptococcus. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005, 4:207-218.
Edwards M.S., Group B streptococcal conjugate vaccine: a timely concept for which the time has come. Human Vaccines 2008, 4:444-448.
Kasper D.L., Paoletti L.C., Wessels M.R., et al. Immune response to type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. J Clin Invest 1996, 98:2308-2314.
Baker C.J., Paoletti L.C., Wessels M.R., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of capsular polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccines for group B streptococcal types Ia and Ib. J Infect Dis 1999, 179:142-150.
Paoletti L.C., Kasper D.L. Glycoconjugate vaccines to prevent group B streptococcal infections. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003, 3:975-984.
Davies H.D., Raj S., Adair C., Robinson J., McGeer A. Population-based active surveillance for neonatal group B streptococcal infections in Alberta, Canada: implications for vaccine formulation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001, 20:879-884.
Cheng Q., Carlson B., Pillai S., Elby R., Edwards L., Olmsted S.B., et al. Antibody against surface-bound C5a peptidaseis opsonic and initiates macrophage killing of group B streptococci. Infect Immun 2002, 70:6409-6415.
Martin D., Rioux S., Gagnon E., Boyer M., Hamel J., Charland N., et al. Protection from group B streptococcal infection in neonatal mice by maternal immunization with recombinant Sip protein. Infect Immun 2002, 70:4897-4901.
Bagnoli F., Norais N., Ferlenghi I., Scarselli M., Donati C., Savino S., et al. Designing vaccines in the era of genomics. Vaccine design: innovative approaches and novel strategies 2011, 21-53. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK. R. Rappuoli, F. Bagnoli (Eds.).
Maione D., Margarit I., Rinaudo C.D., Masignani V., Mora M., Scarselli M., et al. Identification of a universal group B streptococcus vaccine by multiple genome screen. Science 2005, 309:148-150.
Pezzicoli A., Santi I., Lauer P., Rosini R., Rinaudo D., Grandi G., et al. Pilus backbone contributes to group B streptococcus paracellular translocation through epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 2008, 198:890-898.
Rinaudo C.D., Rosini R., Galeotti C.L., Berti F., Necchi F., Reguzzi V., et al. Specific involvement of pilus type 2a in biofilm formation in group B streptococcus. PLoS One 2010, 5:e9216.
O'Brien K.L., Wolfson L.J., Watt J.P., et al. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumonia in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009, 374:893-902.
Trotter C.L., McVernon J., Ramsay M.E., et al. Optimising the use of conjugate vaccines to prevent disease caused by Haemophilus influenza type b, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine 2008, 26:4434-4445.