Rünger TM. How different wavelengths of the ultraviolet spectrum contribute to skin carcinogenesis: the role of cellular damage responses. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127: 2103-2105.
Pflaum M, Kielbassa C, Garmyn M, Epe B. Oxidative DNA damage induced by visible light in mammalian cells: extent, inhibition by antioxidants and genotoxic effects. Mutat Res 1998; 408: 137-146.
Botta C, Di Giorgio C, Sabatier AS, De Méo M. Genotoxicity of visible light (400-800 nm) and photoprotection assessment of ectoin, Lergothioneine and mannitol and four sunscreens. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 2008; 91: 24-34.
Schroeder P, Haendeler J, Krutmann J. The role of near infrared radiation in photoaging of the skin. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43: 629-632.
Schwartz RA, Briges TM, Butani AK, Ehrlich A. Actinic keratosis: an occupational and environmental disorder. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22: 606-615.
Lichte V, Dennenmoser B, Dietz K, et al. Professional risk for skin cancer development in male mountain guides - a cross-sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24: 797-804.
Nestor MS, Zarraga MB. The incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers and actinic keratoses in South Florida. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2012; 5: 20-24.
Lebwohl M. Actinic keratosis: epidemiology and progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: S31-S33.
Quatresooz P, Henry F, Paquet P, Piérard GE. Photoaging under recreational sunbeds. Skin Res Technol 2011; 17: 309-313.
Ismail F, Mitchell L, Casabonne D, et al. Specialist dermatology clinics for organ transplant recipients significantly improve compliance with photoprotection and levels of skin cancer awareness. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 916-925.
Quatresooz P, Piérard GE, Paquet P, et al. Cutaneous cancers after organ transplantation. Rev Med Liège 2007; 62: 663-668.
Dinchart SM, Nelson-Adesokan P, Cockerell C, et al. Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma derived from actinic keratosis. Cancer 1997; 79: 920-923.
Stockfleth E, Ulrich C, Meyer T, et al. Epithelial malignancies in organ transplant patients. Clinical presentation and new methods of treatment. Recent Results Cancer Res 2002; 160: 251-258.
Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1681-1691.
Chakravarty EF, Michaud K, Wolfe F. Skin cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. J Rheumatol 2005; 32: 130-135.
Patel RV, Clark LN, Lebwohl M, et al. Treatments for psoriasis and the risk of malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: 1001-1017.
Naldi L. Malignancy concerns with psoriasis treatments using phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and biologics: fact and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2010; 28: 88-92.
Askling J, Fahrbach K, Nordstrom B, et al. Cancer risk with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab using patient level data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011; 20: 119-130.
Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE, Quatresooz P. Focus on skin cancer association and progression under TNF antagonist therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11: 1215-1222.
Piérard GE. The quandary of climacteric skin ageing. Dermatology 1996; 193: 273-274.
Piérard GE, Uhoda I, Piérard-Franchimont C. From skin microrelief to wrinkles. An area ripe for investigation. J Cosmet Dermatol 2003; 2: 21-28.
Piérard GE. Ageing across the life span: time to think again. J Cosmet Dermatol 2004; 3: 50-53.
Quatresooz P, Uhoda I, Piérard-Franchimont C, et al. Helioderma, heliophiles and heliophobes. Rev Med Liège 2005; 60: S57-S59.
Petit L, Fogouang L, Uhoda I, et al. Regional variability in mottled photoinduced melanoderma in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38: 327-331.
Hermanns JF, Hermanns-Lê T, Piérard GE. Gaia, light and the biosphere. Rev Med Liège 2005; 60: S15-S20.
Fourtanier A, Bernerd F, Bouillon C, et al. Protection of skin biological targets by different types of sunscreens. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2006; 22: 22-32.
Altsitsiadis E, Undheim T, de Vries E, et al. Health literacy, sunscreen and sunbed use: an uneasy association. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167: 14-21.
Couteau C, Paparis E, El-Bourry-Alami S, Coiffard LJ. Influence of SPF of the quantity of sunscreen product applied. Int J Pharm 2012; 437: 250-252.
Markin JK, Warne CD, Dobbinson SJ, et al. Population and age-group trends in weekend sun protection and sunburn over two decades of the SunSmart program in Melbourne, Australia. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168: 154-161.
Bech-Thomsen N, Wulf HC. Sunbathers application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1993; 9: 242-244.
L'Alloret F, Candau D, Seité S, et al. New combination of ultraviolet absorbers in an oily emollient increases sunscreen efficacy and photostability. Dermatol Ther 2012; 2: 1-10.
Marionnet C, Pierrard C, Lejeune F, et al. Modulations of gene expression induced by daily ultraviolet light can be prevented by a broad spectrum sunscreen. J Photochem Photobiol B 2012; 116: 37-47.
Wang SQ, Tanner PR, Lim HW, Nash JF. The evolution of sunscreen products in the United States - a 12-year cross sectional study. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 12: 197-202.
Kapadia GJ, Subba Rao G, Takayasu J, et al. Evaluation of skin cancer chemoprevention potential of sunscreen agents using the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in vitro assay. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35: 143-148.
Surber C, Ulrich C, Hinrichs B, et al. Photoprotection in immunocompetent and immunocomprosed people. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167: 85-93.
Dodson JM, DeSpain J, Hewett JE, Clark DP. Malignant potential of actinic keratoses and the controversy over treatment. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127: 1029-1031.
Patel RV, Frankel A, Goldenberg G. An update on nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2011; 4: 20-27.
Marks R, Ponsford MW, Selwood TS, et al. Non-melanotic skin cancer and solar keratoses in Victoria. Med J Aust 1983; 2: 619-622.
Green A, Beardmore G, Hart V, et al. Skin cancer in a Queensland population. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 1045-1052.
Marks R, Jolley D, Dorevitch AP, et al. The incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancer in an Australian population: results of a five year prospective study. Med J Aust 1989; 150: 475-478.
Green A, Battistutta D. Incidence and determinants of skin cancer in a highrisk Australian population. Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 356-361.
Kricker A, English DR, Randell PL. Skin cancer in Geraldton, Western Australia: a survey of incidence and prevalence. Med J Aust 1990; 152: 399-407.
Marks R, Jolley D, Lecatsas S, et al. The role of childhood sunlight exposure in the development of solar keratoses and non-melanocytic skin cancer. Med J Aust 1990; 152: 62-65.
Uhoda I, Quatresooz P, Fumal I, et al. Updating trends in cutaneous cancers in south-east Belgium. Oncol Rep 2004; 12: 111-114.
Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. The relationship of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas to solar keratoses. Arch Dermatol 1988; 124: 1039-1042.
Basset-Séguin N. What's new in dermato-oncology? Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138: S253-S262.
Pan Y, Chamberlain AJ, Bailey M, et al. Dermatoscopy aids in the diagnosis of the solitary red scaly patch or plaque-features distinguishing superficial basal cell carcinoma, intraepidermal carcinoma, and psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59: 268-274.
Akay BN, Kocyigit P, Heper AO, Erdem C. Dermatoscopy of flat pigmented facial lesions: diagnostic challenge between pigmented actinic keratosis and lentigo maligna. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163: 1212-1217.
Huerta-Brogeras M, Olmos O, Borbujo J, et al. Validation of dermoscopy as a real-time noninvasive diagnostic imaging technique for actinic keratosis. Arch Dermatol 2012; 148: 1159-1164.
Kaçar N, Sanli B, Zalaudek I, et al. Dermatoscopy for monitoring treatment of actinic keratosis with imiquimod. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37: 567-569.
Zalaudek I, Giacomel J, Schmid K, et al. Dermatoscopy of facial actinic keratosis, intraepidermal carcinoma, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma: a progression model. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66: 589-597.
Piérard-Franchimont C, Hermanns JF, Caucanas M, Delvenne P, Piérard GE. Analytic dermoscopy of superficial basal cell carcinoma. J Case Report Med, in press.
Rosendahl C, Cameron A, Argenziano G, et al. Dermoscopy of squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma. Arch Dermatol 2012; 17: 1-7.
Kleinpenning MM, Wolberink EW, Smits T, et al. Fluorescence diagnosis in actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. Photodermal Photoimmunol Photomed 2010; 26: 297-302.
Quatresooz P, Petit L, Uhoda I, et al. Mosaic subclinical melanoderma. An Achilles heel for UV-related epidermal carcinogenesis? Int J Oncol 2004; 25: 1763-1764.
Sanmartn O, Guillen C. Fluorescence diagnosis of subclinical actinic keratoses. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: e21.
De Leeuw J, Van der Beek N, Neugebauer WD, et al. Fluorescence detection and diagnosis of non-melanoma skin cancer at an early stage. Lasers Surg Med 2009; 41: 96-103.
Quatresooz P, Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Piérard-Franchimont C, et al. Epidermal field carcinogenesis in bald-headed: an attempt at finetuning early noninvasive detection. Oncol Rep 2009; 21: 1313-1316.
Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Quatresooz P. Field melanin mapping of the hairless scalp. Skin Res Technol 2012; 18: 431-435.
Quatresooz P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. The skin ivory spot. A possible indicator for skinfield photocaricnogenesis in recreational sunbed addicts. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2012; 9: 362-369.
Nikkels AF, Piérard GE. Cryoscopy: a novel enhancing method for in vivo skin imaging. Skin Res Technol 2007; 13: 377-384.
Garcia-Uribe A, Zou J, Duvic M, et al. In vivo diagnosis of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer using oblique incidence diffuse reflectance spectrometry. Cancer Res 2012; 72: 2738-2745.
Horn M, Gerger A, Ahlgrimm-Siess V, et al. Discrimination of actinic keratoses from normal skin with reflectance mode confocal microscopy. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34: 620-625.
Ulrich M, Maltusch A, Rius-Diaz F, et al. Clinical applicability of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of actinic keratoses. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34: 610-619.
Ulrich M, Krueger-Corcoran D, Roewert-Huber J, et al. Reflectance confocal microscopy for noninvasive monitoring of therapy and detection of subclinical actinic keratoses. Dermatology 2010; 220: 15-24.
Wurm EM, Curchin CE, Lambie D, et al. Confocal features of equivocal facial lesions on severely sun-damaged skin: four case studies with dermatoscopic, confocal and histopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66: 463-473.
Jorgensen TM, Tycho A, Mogensen M, et al. Machine-learning classification of non-melanoma skin cancers from image features obtained by optical coherence tomography. Skin Res Technol 2008; 14: 364-369.
Forsea AM, Carstea EM, Ghervase L, et al. Clinical application of optical coherence tomography for the imaging of non-melanocytic cutaneous tumors: a pilot multi-modal study. J Med Life 2010; 3: 381-389.
Maier T, Braun-Falco M, Laubender RP, et al. Actinic keratosis in the enface and slice imaging mode of high-definition optical coherence tomography and comparison with histology. Br J Dermatol 2013; 168: 120-128.
Lui H, Zhao J, McLean DI, Zeng H. Real-time Raman spectroscopy for in vivo skin cancer diagnosis. Cancer Res 2012; 72: 2491-2500.
Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Piérard GE. Contrasted skin capacitance imaging of seborrheic keratoses and melanocytic naevi. Dermatology 2006; 212: 394-397.
Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Piérard GE, Quatresooz P. The skin landscape following nonoptical capacitance imaging. Am J Clin Dermatol, 2010; 11: 89-94.
Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Piérard-Frnachimont C, Piérard GE, Quatresooz P. Weathering of the hairless scalp: a study using skin capacitance imaging and ultraviolet light-enhanced visualization. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35: 83-85.
Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. Assessment of aging and actinic damages by cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings. Am J Dermatopathol 1987; 9: 500-509.
Piérard-Franchimont C, Arrese Estrada J, Quatresooz P, Piérard GE. Cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings. In: Textbook of aging skin. Farage M, Miller KW, Maibach HI (eds). Publ. Springer Science, Heidelberg, 2010, pp 393-399.
Stern RS, Bolshakov S, Nataraj AJ, et al. p53 mutation in nonmelanoma skin cancers occurring in psoralen ultraviolet A-treated patients: evidence for heterogeneity and field cancerisation. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119: 522-526.
Braakhuis BJ, Tabor MP; Kummer JA, et al. A genetic explanation of Slaughter's concept of field cancerisation: evidence and clinical implications. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 1727-1730.
Braakhuis BJ, Brakenhoff RH, Leemans CR. Second field tumours: a new opportunity for cancer prevention? Oncologist 2005; 10: 493-500.
Uhoda I, Quatresooz P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. Nudging epidermal field cancerogenesis by imiquimod. Dermatology 2003; 206: 357-360.
Vatve M, Ortonne JP, Birch-Marchin MA, Gupta G. Management of field change in actinic keratosis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: S21-S24.
Guenthner ST, Hurwitz RM, Buckel LJ, Gray HR. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas consistently show histologic evidence of in situ changes a clinicopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41: 443-448.
Bosset S, Bonnet-Duquennoy M, Barre P, et al. Decreased expression of keratinocytes beta 1 integrins in chronically sun-exposed skin in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 770-778.
Kwon OS, Yoo HG, Han JH, et al. Photoaging-associated changes in epidermal proliferative cell fractions in vivo. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300: 47-52.
Webb A, Li A, Kaur P. Location and phenotype of human adult keratinocyte stem cells of the skin. Differentiation 2004; 72: 387-395.
Schreder A, Piérard GE, Paquet P, et al. Facing towards epidermal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2010; 26: 171-174.
Long CC, Turner RJ, Marks R. Actinic keratoses the bald facts. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 1132-1133.
Slaughter DP, Southwick WH, Smejkal W. Field cancerisation in oral stratified squamous epithelium: clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 1953; 6: 963-968.
Dakubo GE, Jakupciak JP, Birch-Machin MA, Parr RL. Clinical implications and utility of field cancerisation. Cancer Cell Int 2007; 7: 2.
Carlson JA, Scott D, Wharton J, Sell S. Incidental histopathologic pattern possible evidence of "field cancerization" surrounding skin tumors. Am J Dermatopathol 2001; 23: 494-497.
Petit L, Piérard-Franchimont C, Saint Léger D, et al. Subclinical speckled perifollicular melanosis of the scalp. Eur J Dermatol 2002; 12: 465-568.
Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Paquet P, Quatresooz P. Emerging therapies for ionizing radiation-associated skin field carcinogenesis. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10: 813-821.
Quatresooz P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. The thousand and one facets of skin stem cells. The future has found new roots. Rev Med Liège 2012; 67: 143-146.
Marks R, Selwood TS. Solar keratoses - the association with erythemal ultraviolet radiation in Australia. Cancer 1985; 56: 2332-2336.
Quatresooz P, Paquet P, Piérard GE. Actinic keratosis in tune with field photocarcinogenesis. A revisited concept. Rev Med Liège 2010; 65: 619-622.
Grizzle WE, Srivastava S, Manne U. The biology of incipient, pre-invasive or intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Biomark 2011; 9: 21-39.
Mroz EA, Rocco JW. MATH, a novel measure of intratumor genetic heterogeneity, is high in poor-outcome classes of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2012; S1368-8375.
Ratushny V, Gober MD, Hick R, et al. From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modelling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2012; 122: 464-472.
Kanellou P, Zaravinos A, Zioga M, et al. Genomic instability, mutations and expression analysis of the tumour suppressor genes p14 (ARF), p15 (INK4b), p16 (INK4a) and p53 in actinic keratosis. Cancer Lett 2008; 264: 145-161.
Hengge UR, Emmert S. Clinical features of xeroderma pigmentosum. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 637: 10-18.
Iordanov MS, Magun BE. Different mechanisms of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1) activation by ultraviolet-B radiation and by oxidative stressors. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 25801-25806.
Hironobu I. P38 MAPK inhibitors in dermatology. Exp Rev Dermatol 2007; 2: 403-407.
Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C. The MAP kinase cascade. A key target for treatments in skin cancerology. Rev Med Liège, in press.
Einspahr JG, Calvert V, Alberts DS, et al. Functional protein pathway activation mapping of the progression of normal skin to squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res 2012; 5: 403-413.
Qian Y, Takeuchi S, Dugu L. Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1, mitogenactivated protein/extracellular signal-related protein kianse kinase kinase 1, and phosphomitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 are overexpressed in extramammary Paget disease. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33: 681-686.
Qian Y, Chen SY, Chu SJ, et al. Overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinase family proteins associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Int J Dermatol, in press.
Quinn AG, Sikkink S, Rees JL. Basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of human skin show distinct patterns of chromosome loss. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4756-4759.
Naruke Y, Nakashima M, Suzuki K, et al. Alteration of p53-binding protein 1 expression during skin carcinogenesis: association with genomic instability. Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 946-951.
Spencer JM, Kahn SM, Jian W, et al. Activated ras genes occur in human actinic keratoses, premalignant precursors of squamous cell carcinomas. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131: 796-800.
Kreimer-Erlacher H, Seidl H, Back B, et al. High mutation frequency at HA-ras exons 1-4 in squamous cell carcinomas from PUVA-treated patients. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74: 323-330.
Mortier L, Marchetti P, Delaporte E, et al. Progression of actinic keratoses to squamous cell carcinomas of the skin correlates with deletion of 9p21 region encoding the p16 (INK4a) tumour suppressor. Cancer Lett 2002; 176: 205-214.
Berhane T, Halliday GM, Cooke B, Barnetson RS. Inflammation is associated with progression of actinic keratoses to squamous cell carcinomas in humans. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 810-815.
Boshakov S, Walker CM, Strom SS, et al. p53 mutations in human aggressive and nonaggressive basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 228-234.
Stanimirovic A, Cupic H, Bosnjak B, et al. Expression of p53, bcl-2 and growth hormone receptor in actinic keratosis, hypertrophic type. Arch Dermatol Res 2003; 295: 102-108.
Stanimirovic A, Cupic H, Bosnjak B, et al. Expression of p53, bcl-2 and growth hormone receptor in atrophic type of actinic keratosis. J Dermatol Sci 2004; 34: 49-53.
Luo X, Ruhland MK, Pazolli E, et al. Osteopontin stimulates preneoplastic cellular proliferation through activation of the MAPK pathway. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9: 1018-1029.
Uribe P, Gonzalez S. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: molecular bases for EGFR-targeted therapy. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207: 337-342.
Marks R, Rennie G, Selwood TS. Malignant transformation of solar keratoses to squamous cell carcinoma. Lancet 1988; i: 795-797.
Hong DS, Reddy SB, Prieto VG, et al. Multiple squamous cell carcinomas of the skin after therapy with sorafenib combined with tipifarnib. Arch Dermatol 2008; 144: 779-782.
Zamirska A, Matusiak L, Dziegiel P, et al. Expression of metallothioneins in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 18: 849-855.
Cabral LS, Festa Neto C, Sanches JA Jr, Ruiz IR. Genomic instability in human actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. Clinics 2011; 66: 523-528.
Ra SH, Li X, Binder S. Molecular discrimination of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma from actinic keratosis and normal skin. Mod Pahtol 2011; 24: 963-973.
Oberholzer PA, Kee D, Dziunycz P, et al. RAS mutations are associated with the development of cutaneous squamous cell tumors in patients treated with RAF inhibitors. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 316-321.
Su F, Viros A, Milagre C, et al. RAS mutations in cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 207-215.
Mattei PL, Alora-Pailli MB, Kraft S, et al. Cutaneous effects of BRAF inhibitor therapy: a case series. Ann Oncol 2013; 24: 530-537.
Gordon-Thomson C, Gupta R, Tongkao-On W, et al. 1α, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) enhances cellular defences against UV-induced oxidative and other forms of DNA damage in skin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11: 1837-1847.
Barton SP, Pearse ADS, Marks R. Derivation of a dysplasia index for epidermal neoplasia. Dermatology 1992; 185: 190-195.
Traianou A, Ulrich M, Apalla Z, et al. Risk factors for actinic keratosis in eight European centres: a case-control study. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167: 36-42.
Lim HW, Cooper K. The health impact of solar radiation and prevention strategies: report of the environment council, American Academy of Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 4: 81-99.
Criscione VD, Weinstock MA, Naylor MF, et al. Actinic keratoses: natural history and risk of malignant transformation in the Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial. Cancer 2009; 115: 2523-2530.
Moy RL. Clinical presentation of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma. J. Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 8-10.
Salasche SJ. Epidemiology of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 4-7.
Smit P, Plomp E, Neumann HA, et al. The influence of the location of the lesion on the absolute risk of the development of skin cancer in a patient with actinic keratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012, Epub Oct 12.
Frost C, Williams G, Green A. High incidence and regression rates of solar keratosis in a Queensland community. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115: 273-277.
Czarnecki D, Meehan CJ, Bruce F, Culjak G. The majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas arise in actinic keratosis. J Cut Med Surg 2002; 6: 207-209.
Hurt MA. The nature of solar (actinic) keratosis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156: 408-409.
Cook BA, Gravely AA, Nelson DB, Washaw EM. Is tenderness a reliable predictor for differentiating squamous cell carcinomas from actinic keratoses? J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65: 211-212.
Marks R, Foley P, Goodman G, et al. Spontaneous remission of solar keratoses: the case for conservative management. Br J Dermatol 1986; 115: 649-655.
Stockfleth E, Kerl H. Guideline subcommittee of the European dermatology forum. Guidelines for the management of actinic keratoses. Eur J Dermatol 2006; 16: 599-606.
Quatresooz P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Paquet P, et al. Crossroads between actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma, and novel pharmacological issues. Eur J Dermatol 2008; 18: 6-10.
Harvey I, Frankel S, Marks R, et al. Non-melanoma skin cancer and solar keratoses. 1- Methods and descriptive results of the South Wales skin cancer study. Br J Cancer 1996; 74: 1302-1307.
Quaedvlieg PJF, Tirsi E, Thissen MR, Krekels GA. Actinic keratosis: how to differentiate the good from the bad ones. Eur J Dermatol 2006; 16: 335-339.
Smoller BR. Squamous cell carcinoma from precursor lesions to high-risk variants. Modern Pathol 2006; 19: S88-S92.
Cockerell CJ. Histopathology of incipient intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma ("actinic keratosis"). J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 11-17.
Fu W, Cockerell CJ. The actinic (solar) keratosis: a 21st century perspective. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 66-70.
Ackerman AB, Mones JM. Solar (actinic) keratosis is squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 9-22.
Ackerman AB, Mones JM. Squamous-cell carcinoma in situ is a fiction! J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 74-75.
Petit A. Actinic keratoses are still actinic keratoses. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2008; 135: 93-96.
Nixon RL, Dorevitch AP, Marks R. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: accuracy of clinical diagnosis and outcome of follow-up in Australia. Med J Aust 1986; 144: 235-239.
Chen S, Takahara M, Kido M, et al. Increased expression of an epidermal stem cell marker, cytokeratin 19, in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 952-955.
Epstein E. Quantifying actinic keratosis: assessing the evidence. Am J Clin Dermatol 2004; 5: 141-144.
Koehler MJ, Zimmermann S, Springer S, et al. Keratinocyte morphology of human skin evaluated by in vivo multiphoton laser tomography. Skin Res Technol 2011; 17: 479-486.
Bataille V, Sasieni P, Grulich A, et al. Solar keratoses: a risk factor for melanoma but negative association with melanocytic naevi. Int J Cancer 1998; 78: 8-12.
Whiteman DC, Watt P, Purdie DM, et al. Melanocytic nevi, solar keratoses, and divergent pathways to cutaneous melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 806-812.
Lacouture ME, Desai A, Soltani K, et al. Inflammation of actinic keratoses subsequent to therapy with sorafenib, a multitargeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 31: 783-785.
Ooi T, Barnetson RS, Zhuang L, et al. Imiquimod-induced regression of actinic keratosis is associated with infiltration by T lymphocytes and dendritic cells: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154: 72-78.
Berhane T, Halliday GM, Cooke B, et al. Inflammation is associated with progression of actinic keratoses to squamous cell carcinomas in humans. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 810-815.
Susser WS, Whitaker-Worth DL, Grand-Kels JM. Mucocutaneous reactions to chemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 367-398.
Higa GM, Kovach RF, Abraham J. Actinic keratosis and capecitabine therapy. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2005; 11: 151-153.
Wyatt JA, Leonard GD, Sachs DL. Cutaneous reactions to chemotherapy and their management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006; 7: 45-63.
Al-Niaimi F, Lyon C. Resolving actinic keratoses: an expected side-effect of capecitabine therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37: 68-69.
Stanciu M, Aubut N, Gagné E, et al. Capecitabine-induced inflammation of actinic keratosis: case report and literature review. J Cutan Med Surg 2012; 16: 298-299.
Kwon NH, Kim SY, Kim GM. A case of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma arising from actinic cheilitis. Ann Dermatol 2011; 23: 101-103.
Grachtchouk M, Pero J, Yang SH, et al. Basal cell carcinomas in mice arise from hair follicle stem cells and multiple epithelial progenitor populations. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 1768-1781.
Wang GY, Wang J, Mancianti ML, et al. Basal cell carcinomas arise from hair follicle stem cells in Ptch1 (+/-) mice. Cancer Cell 2011; 19: 114-124.
Youssef KK, Van Keymeulen A, Lapouge G, et al. Identification of the cell lineage at the origin of basal cell carcinoma. Nature Cell Biol 2010; 12: 299-305.
Bartels PH, Krouse RS, Prasad AR, et al. Actinic damage in histopathologically normal skin. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2008; 30: 316-322.
Röwert-Huber J, Patel MJ, Forschner T, et al. Actinic keratosis is an early in situ squamous cell carcinoma: a proposal for reclassification. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156: S8-S12.
Goldberg LH, Joseph AK, Tschen JA. Proliferative actinic keratosis. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33: 341-345.
Ramos-Ceballos FI, Ounpraseuth ST, Horn TD. Diagnostic concordance among dermatopathologists using a three-tired keratinocytic intraepithelial neoplasia grading scheme. J Cutan Pahtol 2008; 35: 386-391.
Krouse RS, Alberts DS, Prasad AR, et al. Progression of skin lesions from normal skin to squamous cell carcinoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 17-25.
Mittelbronn MA, Mullins TL, Ramos-Caro FA, Flowers FP. The frequency of pre-existing actinic keratosis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Dermatol 1998; 37: 677-681.
Delvenne P, Renoux VM, Arafa M, et al. Virus-induced cancers: interplay between genetics and environment. Rev Med Liège 2012; 67: 381-389.
Weissenborn SJ, Nindl I, Purdie K, et al. Human papillomavirus-DNA loads in actinic keratoses exceed those in non-melanoma skin cancers. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 125: 93-97.
Alotaibi I, Provost N, Gagnon S, et al. Diversity of cutaneous human papillomavirus types in individuals with and without skin lesion. J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 133-140.
Struijk L, Hall L, van der Meijden E, et al. Markers of cutaneous human papillomavirus infection in individuals with tumor-free skin, actinic keratoses, and squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prev 2006; 15: 529-535.
Arnold AW, Hofauer GF. Human papillomavirus and squamous cell cancer of the skin- epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated human papillomavirus revisited. Curr Probl Dermatol 2012; 43: 49-56.
Feltkamp MC, Broer R, Di Summa FM, et al. Seroreactivity to epidermodysplasia verruciformis-related human papillomavirus types is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 2695-2700.
Hengge UR. Role of viruses in the development of squamous cell cancer and melanoma. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 624: 169-186.
Lebwohl MG, Rosen T, Stockfleth E. The role of human papillomavirus in common skin conditions: current viewpoints and therapeutic options. Cutis 2010; 86: S1-S11.
Masini C, Fuchs PG, Gabrielli F, et al. Evidence for the association of human papillomavirus infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in immunocompetent individuals. Arch Dermatol 2003; 139: 890-894.
Karagas MR, Nelson HH, Sehr P, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and incidence of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas of the skin. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 389-395.
Bouwes-Bavinck JN, Euvrad S, Naldi L, et al. Keratotic skin lesions and other risk factors are associated with skin cancer in organ transplant recipients: a case-control study in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127: 1647-1656.
Dianzani C, Pierangeli A, Chiricozzi A, et al. Cutaneous human papillomaviruses as recurrence factor in actinic keratoses. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21: 145-152.
Vasiljevic N, Hazard K, Dillner J, Forslund O. Four novel human betapapillomaviruses of species 2 preferentially found in actinic keratosis. J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 2467-2474.
Rajaram N, Reichenberg JS, Migden MR, et al. Pilot clinical study for quantitative spectral diagnosis of non-melanoma skin cancer. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42: 716-727.
Martin G. The impact of the current United States guidelines on the management of actinic keratosis: is it time for an update? J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2010; 3: 20-25.
Frankel A, Goldenberg G. What's new in the treatment of actinic keratoses? Cutis 2011; 87: 62-64.
Ermertcan AT, Hellings PW, Cingi C. Nonmelanoma skin cancer of the head and neck: nonsurgical treatment. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2012; 20: 445-454.
Feldman SR, Fleischer AB Jr. Progerssion of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma revisited: clinical and treatment implications. Cutis 2011; 87: 201-207.
Ulrich C, Christophers E, Sterry W, et al. Skin diseases in organ transplant patients. Hautarzt 2002; 53: 524-533.
Ferrandiz L, Ruiz-de-Casas A, Trakatelli M, et al. Assessing physicians' preferences on skin cancer treatment in Europe. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167: S29-S35.
Slaughter DP. The multiplicity of origin of malignant tumors: collective review. Int Abstr Surg 1944; 79: 89-98.
Shaffelburg M. Treatment of actinic keratoses with sequential use of photodynamic therapy and imiquimod 5% cream. J Drugs Dermatol 2009; 8: 35-39.
Sachse MM, Zimmermann J, Bahmer FA. Efficiency of topical imiquimod 5% cream in the management of chronic radiation dermatitis with multiple neoplasia. Eur J Dermatol 2006; 16: 56-58.
Stockfleth E, Christophers E, Benninghoff B, Sterry W. Low incidence of new actinic keratoses after topical 5% imiquimod cream treatment: a longterm follow-up study. Arch Dermatol 2004; 140: 1542.
Stockfleth E, Ferrandiz C, Grobb JJ, et al. Development of a treatment algorithm for actinic keratoses: a European consensus. Eur J Dermatol 2008; 18: 651-659.
Nelson CG. Diclofenac gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 7: 207-211.
Batra R, Sundararajan S, Sandramouli S. Topical diclofenac gel for the management of periocular actinic keratosis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 28: 1-3.
Lagler CN, Freitag SK. Management of periocular actinic keratosis: a review of practice patterns among ophthalmic plastic surgeons. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 28: 277-281.
Balkrishnan R, Cayce KA, Kulkarni AS, et al. Predictors of treatment choices and associated outcomes in actinic keratoses: results from a national physician survey study. J Dermatol Treat 2006; 17: 162-166.
Berman B, Amini S. Pharmacotherapy of actinic keratosis: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012; 13: 1847-1871.
Elmets CA, Viner JL, Pentland AP, et al. Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer with celecoxib: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 1835-1844.
Berman B, Amini S, Valins W, Block S. Pharmacotherapy of actinic keratosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10: 3015-3031.
Amini S, Viera MH, Valins W, Berman B. Nonsurgical innovations in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2010; 3: 20-34.
Berman B, Cohen DE, Amini S. What is the role of field-directed therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis? Part 2: commonly used field-directed and lesion-directed therapies. Cutis 2012; 89: 294-301.
Marmur ES, Nolan KA, Henry M. Intraoperative photodynamic therapy: a description of a new adjuvant technique for patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38: 1073-1076.
Fecker LF, Stockfleth E, Nindl I, et al. The role of apoptosis in therapy and prophylaxis of epithelial tumours by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Br J Dermatol 2007; 156: S25-S33.
Jang TJ. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is correlated with COX-2 expression but not with the presence of stromal macrophages or CD10-expressing cells. Virchows Arch 2012; 460: 481-487.
Rivers JK, Arlette S, Shear N, et al. Topical treatment of actinic keratoses with 3% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 94-100.
Kose O, Koc E, Erbil AH, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of 3% diclofenac sodium gel and 5% imiquimod cream in the treatment of actinic keratosis. J Dermatol Treat 2008; 19: 159-163.
Berlin JM, Rigel DS. Diclofenac-sodium 3% gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses postcryosurgery. J Drugs Dermatol 2008; 7: 669-673.
Mastrolonardo M. Topical diclofenac 3% gel plus cryotherapy for treatment of multiple and recurrent actinic keratoses. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34: 33-35.
Bagatin E. 5-fluorouracil for actinic keratoses. Expert Rev Dermatol 2010; 5: 131-139.
Jorizzo J, Stewart D, Bucko A, et al. Randomized trial evaluating a new 0.5% fluorouracil formulation demonstrates efficacy after 1-, 2-, or 4-week treatment in patients with actinic keratosis. Cutis 2002; 10: 335-339.
Loven K, Stein L, Furst K, Levy S. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of 0.5% fluorouracil cream and 5% fluorouracil cream applied to each side of the face in patients with actinic keratosis. Clin Ther 2002; 24: 990-1000.
Tutrone WD, Saini R, Caglar S, et al. Topical therapy for actinic keratose. I- 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod. Cutis 2003; 71: 365-370.
Gupta A, Davey V, McPhail H. Evaluation of the effectiveness of imiquimod and 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of actinic keratosis: critical review and meta-analysis of efficacy studies. J Cutan Med Surg 2005; 9: 209-214.
Menter A, Vamvakias, Jorizzo J. One-week treatment with once-daily fluorouracil cream 0.5% in participants with actinic keratoses. Cutis 2008; 81: 509-516.
Yentzer B, Hick J, Williams L, et al. Adherence to a topical regimen of 5- fluorouracil, 0.5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses. Arch Dermatol 2009; 145: 203-205.
Rhavar M, Lamel SA, Maibach HI. Randomized, vehicle-controlled trials of topical 5-fluorouracil therapy for actinic keratosis treatment: an overview. Immunotherapy 2012; 4: 939-945.
Krawtchenko N, Roewert-Huber J, Ulrich M, et al. A randomized study of topical 5% imiquimod versus topical 5-fluoro-uracil versus cryosurgery in immunocompetent patients with actinic keratoses: a comparison of clinical and histological outcomes, including 1-year follow-up. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: S34-S40.
Stockfleth E, Kerl H, Zwingers T, Willers C. Low-dose-5-fluorouracil in combination with salicylic acid as a new lesion-directed option to treat topically actinic keratoses: histological and clinical study results. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165: 1101-1108.
Martin G. Prospective, case-based assessment of sequential therapy with topical fluorouracil cream 0.5% and ALA-PDT for the treatment of actinic keratosis. J Drugs Dermatol 2011; 10: 372-378.
Hengge UR, Benninghoff B, Ruzicka T, Goos M. Topical immunomodulators-progress towards treating inflammation, infection, and cancer. Lancet Infect Dis 2001; 1: 189-198.
Stockfleth E, Sterry W, Cary-Yard M, Bichel J. Multicentre, open-label study using imiquimod 5% cream in one or two 4-week courses of treatment for multiple actinic keratoses on the head. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: S41-S46.
Schön MP, Schön M. Imiquimod: mode of action. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: S8-S13.
Dinehart SM. The treatment of actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 42: 25-28.
Yokogawa M, Takaishi M, Nakajima K, et al. Imiquimod attenuates the growth of UVB-induced SCC in mice through Th1/Th17 cells. Mol Carcinog 2012, Epub Mar 16.
Schön M, Schön MP. The antitumoral mode of action of imiquimod and other imidazoquinolines. Curr Med Chem 2007; 14: 681-687.
Lebwohl M, Dinehart S, Whiting D, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results from two phase III, randomized double-blind, parallel group, vehicle-congrolled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50: 714-721.
Caperton C, Berman B. Safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of imiquimod for topical treatment of actinic keratoses. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2011; 4: 35-40.
Zeichner JA, Stern DW, Uliasz A, et al. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized pilot study of imiquimod 5% cream applied once per week for 6 months for the treatment of actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: 59-62.
Ulrich C, Bichel J, Euvrard S, et al. Topical immunomodulation under systemic immunosuppression: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy study of imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses in kidney, heart, and liver transplant patients. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: S25-S31.
Quist SR, Gollnick HP. Imiquimod 3.75% cream (Zyclara) for the treatment of actinic keratoses. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12: 451-461.
Akarsu S, Aktan S, Atahan A, et al. Comparison of topical 3% diclofenac sodium gel and 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011; 36: 479-484.
Krawtchenko N, Roewert-Huber J, Ulrich M, et al. A randomised study of topical 5% imiquimod vs. topical 5-fluorouracil vs. cryosurgery in immunocompentent patients with actinic keratoses: a comparison of clinical and histological outcomes including 1-year follow-up. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157, S34-S40.
Serra-Guillén C, Nagore E, Hueso L, et al. A randomized pilot comparative study of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy versus imiquimod 5% versus sequential application of both therapies in immunocompentent patients with actinic keratosis: clinical and histologic outcomes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 66: e131-137.
Keating GM. Ingenol mebutate gel 0.015% and 0.05%: in actinic keratosis. Drugs 2012; 24: 2397-2405.
Berman B. New developments in the treatment of actinic keratosis: focus on ingenol mebutate gel. Clin Cosmet Invest Dermatol 2012; 5: 111-122.
Fallen RS, Gooderham M. Ingenol mebutate: an introduction. Skin Ther Lett 2012; 17: 1-3.
Lebwohl M, Swanson N, Anderson LL, et al. Ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1010-1019.
Rosen RH, Gupta AK, Tyring SK. Dual mechanism of action of ingenol mebutate gel for topical treatment of actinic keratoses: rapid lesion necrosis followed by lesion-specific immune response. J Am Acad Demratol 2012; 66: 486-493.
Martin G, Swanson N. Clinical findings using ingenol mebutate gel to treat actinic keratoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: S39-S48.
Surjana D, Halliday GM, Martin AJ, et al. Oral nicotinamide reduces actinic keratoses in phase II double-blinded randomized controlled trials. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132: 1497-1500.
Moloney F, Vestergaard M, Radojkovic B, et al. Randomized, doubleblinded, placebo controlled study to assess the effect of topical 1% nicotinamide on actinic keratoses. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162: 1138-1139.
Paolino D, Celia C, Trapasso E, et al. Paclitaxel-loaded ethosomes®: potential treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, a malignant transformation of actinic keratoses. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81: 102-112.
Paolino D, Celia C, Trapasso E, et al. Paclitaxel-loaded ethosome®: potential treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, a malignant transformation of actinic keratoses. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81: 102-112.
Szeimies RM, Bichel J, Ortonne JP, et al. A phase II dose-ranging study of topical resiquimod to treat actinic keratosis. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 205-210.
Meyer T, Surber C, French LE, Stockfleth E. Resiquimod, a topical drug for viral skin lesions and skin cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22: 149-159.
Odom R. Managing actinic keratoses with retinoids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: S74-S78.
Galitzer BE. Effect of retinoid pretreatment on outcomes of patients treated by photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis of the hand and forearm. J Drugs Dermatol 2011; 10: 1124-1132.
Weinstock MA, Bingham SF, Digiovanna JJ, et al. Tretinoin and the prevention of keratinocyte carcinoma (basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin): a veterans affairs randomized chemoprevention trial. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132: 1583-1590.
Cafardi JA, Elmets CA. T4 endonuclease V: review and application to dermatology. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8: 829-838.
DeBoyes T, Kouba D, Ozog D, et al. Reduced number of actinic keratoses with topical application of DNA repair enzyme creams. J Drugs Dermatol 2010; 9: 1519-1521.
Kaminaka C, Yamamoto Y, Yonei N, et al. Phenol peels as a novel therapeutic approach for actinic keratosis and Bowen disease: prospective pilot trial with assessment of clinical, histologic and immunohistochemical correlations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: 615-625.
Szepetiuk G, Piérard-Franchimont C, Paquet P, et al. How I treat ... some skin conditions by cooling. Rev Med Liège 2010; 65: 606-610.
Chiarello SE. Cryopeeling (extensive cryosurgery) for treatment of actinic keratoses: an update and comparison. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26: 728-732.
Foley P, Merlin K, Cumming S, et al. A comparison of cryotherapy and imiquimod for treatment of actinic keratoses: lesion clearance, safety, and skin quality outcomes. J Drugs Dermatol 2011; 10: 1432-1438.
Morton CA. Can photodynamic therapy reverse the signs of photoageing and field cancerization? Br J Dermatol 2012; 167: 2.
Szeimies RM, Torezan L, Niwa A, et al. Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of human skin field cancerization before and after photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol 2012, 167: 150-159.
Smits T, Van Laarhoven AI, Staassen A, et al. Induction of protoporphyrin IX by aminolaevulinic acid in actinic keratosis, psoriasis and normal skin: preferential porphyrin enrichment in differentiated cells. Br J Dermatol 2009; 160: 849-857.
Lapidoth M, Adatto M, Halachmi S. Treatment of actinic keratoses and photodamage with non-contact fractional 1540-nm laser quasi-ablation: an ex vivo and clinical evaluation. Lasers Med Sci 2012, Epub Apr 27.
Ibbootson SH, Ferguson J. Ambulatory photodynamic therapy using low irradiance inorganic light-emitting diodes for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: an open study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2012; 28: 235-239.
Basset-Seguin N, Baumann-Conzett K, Gerritsen MJ, et al. Photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis in organ transplant patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 27: 57-66.
Paoli J, Halldin C, Ericson MB, Wennberg AM. Nerve blocks provide effective pain relief during topical photodynamic therapy for extensive facial actinic keratoses. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33: 559-564.
Stangeland KS, Kroon S. Cold air analgesia as pain reduction during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 849-854.
Gholam P, Weberschock T, Denk K, Enk A. Treatment with 5- aminolaevulinic acid methylester is less painful than treatment with 5- aminolaevulinic acid nanoemulsion in topical photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis. Dermatology 2011; 222: 358-362.
Hohwy T, Andersen KE, Solvsten H, Somerlund M. Allergic contact dermatitis to methylaminolevulinate after photodynamic therapy in 9 patients. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 57: 321-323.
Jungersted JM, Dam TN, Bryld LE, Agner T. Allergic reactions to Metvix® (ALA-ME). Contact Dermatitis 2008; 58: 184-186.
Kaufmann R, Spelman L, Weightman W, et al. Multicentre intraindividual randomized trial of topical methyl aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy vs cryotherapy for multiple actinic keratoses on the extremities. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 94-99.
Pariser D, Loss R, Jarratt M, et al. Topical methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy using red light-emitting diode light for treatment of multiple actinic keratoses: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59: 569-576.
Wennberg AM, Stenquist B, Stockfleth E, et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate for prevention of new skin lesions in transplant recipients: a randomized study. Transplantation 2008; 86: 423-429.
Hauschild A, Popp G, Stockfleth E, et al. Effective photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses on the head and face with a novel, self-adhesive 5- aminolaevulinic acid patch. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18: 116-121.
Nakano A, Tamada Y, Watanabe D, et al. A pilot study to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy for Japanese patients with actinic keratosis in relation to lesion size and histological severity. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009; 25: 37-40.
Braathen LR, Morton CA, Basset-Seguin N, et al. Photodynamic therapy for skin field cancerization: an international consensus. International Society for Photodynamic therapy in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 1063-1066.
Wiegell SR, Fabricius S, Gniadecka M, et al. Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy of moderate to thick actinic keratoses of the face and scalp - a randomized multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166: 1327-1332.
Wiegell SR, Wulf HC, Szeimies RM, et al. Daylight photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis: an international consensus: international society for photodynamic therapy in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 673-679.
Sotiriou E, Apalla Z, Chovarda E, et al. Single vs, fractionated photodynamic therapy for face and scalp actinic keratoses: a randomized, intraindividual comparison trial with 12-month follow-up. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 36-40.
Dirschka T, Radny P, Dominicus R, et al. Photodynamic therapy with BF-200 ALA for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, observer-blind phase III study in comparison with a registered methyl-5-aminolaevulinate cream and placebo. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166: 137-146.
Hauschild A. Photodynamic therapy for actinic keratoses: procedure matters? Br J Dermatol 2012; 166: 3-5.
Hadley J, Tristani-Firouzi P, Hull C, et al. Results of an investigatorinitiated single-blind split-face comparison of photodynamic therapy and 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of actinic keratoses. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38: 722-727.
Haddad A, Santos ID, Gragnani A, Ferreira LM. The effect of increasing fluence on the treatment of actinic keratosis and photodamage by photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29: 427-432.
Haedersdal M, Katnelson J, Sakamoto FH, et al. Enhanced uptake and photoactivation of topical methyl aminolevulinate after fractional CO2 laser pretreatment. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43: 804-813.
Togsverd-Bo K, Haak CS, Thaysen-Petersen D, et al. Intensified photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with fractional CO(2) laser, a randomized clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166: 1262-1269.
Wollina U, Kornad H, Karamfilov T. Treatment of common warts and actinic keratoses by Er:YAG laser. J Cutan Laser Ther 2001; 3: 63-66.
Ostertag JU, Quaedvlieg PJ, Neumann MH, Krekels GA. Recurrence rates and long-term follow-up after laser resurfacing as a treatment for widespread actinic keratosis on the face and scalp. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32: 261-267.
Yu TC, Rahman Z, Ross BS. Actinic keratoses - surgical and physical therapeutic modalities. Cutis 2003. 71: 381-384.
Gupta AK, Paquet M, Villanueva E, Brintnell W. Interventions for actinic keratoses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12:CD004415.
De Berker D, McGregor JM, Hughes BR, et al. Guidelines for the management of actinic keratoses. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156: 222-230.
Shoimer I, Rosen N, Muhn C. Current management of actinic keratoses. Skin Therapy Lett 2010; 15: 5-7.
Neidecker MV, DaviAjami ML, Balkrishnan R, et al. Pharmacoeconomic considerations in treating actinic keratosis. Pharmacoeconomics 2009; 27: 451-464.
Gupta AK. The management of actinic keratoses in the United States with topical fluorouracil: a pharmacoeconomic evaluation. Cutis 2002; 70: S30-S36.
Muston D, Downs A, Rives V. An economic evaluation of topical treatments for actinic keratosis. J Dermatol Treat 2009; 20: 266-275.
Caekelbergh K, Annemans L, Lamber J, et al. Economic evaluation of methyl aminolaevulinate-based photodynamic therapy in the management of actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 784-790.
Freeman M, Vinciullo C, Francis D, et al. A comparison of photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix) with single cycle cryotherapy in patients with actinic keratosis: a prospective, randomized study. J Dermatol Treat 2003; 14: 99-106.
Wilson EC. Cost effectiveness of imiquimod 5% cream compared with methyl aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy in the treatment of non-hyperkeratotic, non-hypertrophic actinic (solar) keratoses: a decision tree model. Pharmacoeconomics 2010; 28: 1055-1064.
Reschner A, Bontems S, Le Gac S, et al. Ruthenium oligonucleotides, targeting HPV16 E6 oncogene, inhibit the growth of cervical cancer cells under illumination by a mechanism involving p53. Gene Therapy 2013; 20: 435-443.
