Levine RA, Schwammenthal E. Ischemic mitral regurgitation on the threshold of a solution. From paradoxes to unifying concepts. Circulation. 2005;112:745-58. (Pubitemid 41099055)
Magne J, Sénéchal M, Dumesnil JG, Pibarot P. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: a complex multifaceted disease. Cardiology. 2009;112:244-59.
Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL. Mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction: a review. Am J Med. 2006;119:103-12. (Pubitemid 43151472)
DePasquale NP, Burch GE. Papillary muscle dysfunction in coronary (ischemic) heart disease. Annu Rev Med. 1971;22:327-42.
Godley R, Wann L, Rogers E, et al. Incomplete mitral leaflet closure in patients with papillary muscle dysfunction. Circulation. 1981;63:565-71. (Pubitemid 11139865)
Kaul S, Spotnitz W, Glasheen W, Touchstone D. Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation: an experimental evaluation. Circulation. 1991;84:2167-80.
Dent JM, Spotnitz WD, Nolan SP, et al. Mechanism of mitral leaflet excursion. Am J Physiol. 1995;269:H2100-8. (Pubitemid 26023229)
Carpentier A. Cardiac valve surgery - the "French correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;86:323-37. (Pubitemid 13002097)
Yiu SF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tribouilloy C, et al. Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative clinical study. Circulation. 2000;102:1400-6.
Agricola E, Oppizzi M, Maisano F, et al. Echocardiographic classification of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation caused by restricted motion according to tethering pattern. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2004;5:326-34. (Pubitemid 39198917)
Soleimani M, Khazalpour M, Cheng G, et al.: Moderate mitral regurgitation accelerates left ventricular remodeling after posterolateral myocardial infarction. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011 (in press).
Chaput M, Handschumacher MD, Guerrero JL, et al.: Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling. Prospective changes in a model of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2009;120 [suppl 1]:S99-103.
Pierard LA, Lancellotti P. The role of ischemic mitral regurgitation in the pathogenesis of acute pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1627-34. (Pubitemid 39350423)
Lancellotti P, Gerard PL, Pierard LA. Long-term outcome of patients with heart failure and dynamic functional mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1528-32. (Pubitemid 41373494)
Pierard LA, Lancellotti P. Stress testing in valve disease. Heart. 2007;93:766-72. (Pubitemid 46808290)
Lapu-Bula R, Robert A, Van CD, et al. Contribution of exerciseinduced mitral regurgitation to exercise stroke volume and exercise capacity in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circulation. 2002;106:1342-8. (Pubitemid 35013036)
McCully RB, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Seward JB. Overestimation of severity of ischemic/functional mitral regurgitation by color Doppler jet area. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:790-3. (Pubitemid 24312972)
Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:777-802. (Pubitemid 37391035)
Lancellotti P, Moura L, Pierard LA, et al. European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11:307-32.
Enriquez-Sarano M, Miller FA, Hayes SN, et al. Effective mitral regurgitation orifice area: clinical use and pitfalls of the proximal isovelocity surface area method. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:703-9.
Lesniak-Sobelga A, Olszowska M, Pienazek P, et al. Vena contracta width as a simple method of assessing mitral valve regurgitation. Comparison with Doppler quantitative methods. J Heart Valve Dis. 2004;13:608-14.
Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2006;114:e84-e231.
Grigioni F, Basmadjian A, Enriquez-Sarano M. Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: impact on outcome and Implications of quantitative measurements. Circulation. 1999;100:I-378.
Nesta F, Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, et al. Leaflet concavity: a rapid visual clue to the presence and mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:1301-8. (Pubitemid 37494280)
Picano E, Pibarot P, Lancellotti P, et al. The emerging role of exercise testing and stress echocardiography in valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:2251-60.
Lancellotti P, Troisfontaines P, Toussaint AC, Pierard LA. Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2003;108:1713-7. (Pubitemid 37243659)
Lamas G, Mitchell G, Flaker G, et al. Clinical significance of mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997;96:827-33. (Pubitemid 27329616)
Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation. Long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment. Circulation. 2001;103:1759-64. (Pubitemid 32291413)
Ellis SG, Whitlow PL, Raymond RE, Schneider JP. Impact of mitral regurgitation on long-term survival after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:315-8. (Pubitemid 34113793)
Grigioni F, Detaint D, Avierinos JF, et al. Contribution of ischemic mitral regurgitation to congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:260-7. (Pubitemid 40094735)
Rossi A, Dini FL, Faggiano P, et al. Independent prognostic value of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure. A quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischaemic and nonischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2011;97:1675-80.
Grossi EA, Crooke GA, DiGiorgi PL, et al. Impact of moderate functional mitral insufficiency in patients undergoing surgical revascularization. Circulation. 2006;114:I573-6. (Pubitemid 44297210)
Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: the Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:230-68. (Pubitemid 46276943)
Rosario L, Stevenson L, Solomon S, et al. The mechanism of decrease in dynamic mitral regurgitation during heart failure treatment: importance of reduction in the regurgitant orifice size. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1819-24. (Pubitemid 29010440)
Levine A, Muller C, Levine TB. Effects of high-dose lisinoprilisosorbide dinitrate on severe mitral regurgitation and heart failure remodeling. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1299-301.
Lowes BD, Gill EA, Abraham WT, et al. Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular mass, chamber geometry, and mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:1201-5. (Pubitemid 29183917)
Capomolla S, Febo O, Gnemmi M, et al. Beta-blockade therapy in chronic heart failure: diastolic function and mitral regurgitation improvement by carvedilol. Am Heart J. 2000;139:596-608. (Pubitemid 30207784)
St John SM, Pfeffer MA, Moye L, et al. Cardiovascular death and left ventricular remodeling two years after myocardial infarction: baseline predictors and impact of long-term use of captopril: information from the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial. Circulation. 1997;96:3294-9. (Pubitemid 27513397)
Sutton MG, Plappert T, Hilpisch KE, et al. Sustained reverse left ventricular structural remodeling with cardiac resynchronization at one year is a function of etiology: quantitative Doppler echocardiographic evidence from the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). Circulation. 2006;113:266-72.
John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2003;107:1985-90. (Pubitemid 36506071)
Breithardt OA, Sinha AM, Schwammenthal E, et al. Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:765-70. (Pubitemid 36308383)
Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D, et al. A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy: insights from mechanical activation strain mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1619-25. (Pubitemid 39369794)
Ypenburg C, Lancellotti P, Tops LF, et al. Acute effects of initiation and withdrawal of cardiac resynchronization therapy on papillary muscle dyssynchrony and mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:2071-7. (Pubitemid 350087580)
Diaz-Infante E, Mont L, Leal J, Garcia-Bolao I, et al. Predictors of lack of response to resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1436-40. (Pubitemid 40824763)
Ypenburg C, Schalij MJ, Bleeker GB, et al. Impact of viability and scar tissue on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischaemic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:33-41. (Pubitemid 46134955)
Bleeker GB, Kaandorp TA, Lamb HJ, et al. Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation. 2006;113:969-76. (Pubitemid 43879472)
Brandt RR, Reiner C, Arnold R, et al. Contractile response and mitral regurgitation after temporary interruption of long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:187-92. (Pubitemid 43069035)
Lancellotti P, Melon P, Sakalihasan N, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1462-5. (Pubitemid 39556228)
Madaric J, Vanderheyden M, Van Laethem C, et al. Early and late effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on exercise-induced mitral regurgitation: relationship with left ventricular dyssynchrony, remodelling and cardiopulmonary performance. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2134-41. (Pubitemid 47517432)
Pierard LA, Lancellotti P. When and how does cardiac resynchronization therapy reduce dynamic mitral regurgitation? Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2055-6. (Pubitemid 47517449)
D'Andrea A, Caso P, Cuomo S, et al. Effect of dynamic myocardial dyssynchrony on mitral regurgitation during supine bicycle exercise stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 'narrow' QRS. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1004-11. (Pubitemid 47343905)
Pierard LA. Left ventricular dyssynchrony and functional mitral regurgitation: two dynamic conditions. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:924-5. (Pubitemid 47343919)
Tenenbaum A, Leor J, Motro M, et al. Improved posterobasal segment function after thrombolysis is associated with decreased incidence of significant mitral regurgitation in a first inferior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1558-63.
Le Feuvre C, Metzger JP, Lachurie ML, et al. Treatment of severe mitral regurgitation caused by ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction: indications for coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J. 1992;123:860-5.
Shawl FA, Forman MB, Punja S, Goldbaum TS. Emergent coronary angioplasty in the treatment of acute ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term results in five cases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:986-91. (Pubitemid 19250588)
Kang DH, Sun BJ, Kim DH, et al. Percutaneous versus surgical revascularization in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2011;124(Suppl):S156-62.
Hamner CE, Sundt III TM. Trends in the surgical management of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2003;5:116-24. (Pubitemid 38914932)
Bax JJ, Braun J, Somer ST, Klautz R, et al. Restrictive annuloplasty and coronary revascularization in ischemic mitral regurgitation results in reverse left ventricular remodeling. Circulation. 2004;110:II103-8. (Pubitemid 39263707)
Braun J, Bax JJ, Versteegh MI, et al. Preoperative left ventricular dimensions predict reverse remodeling following restrictive mitral annuloplasty in ischemic mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27:847-53. (Pubitemid 40585680)
Mihaljevic T, Lam BK, Rajeswaran J, et al. Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty combined with revascularization in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2191-201. (Pubitemid 46817809)
Jones RH. Adding mitral valve annuloplasty to surgical revascularization does not benefit patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2202-3.
Diodato MD, Moon MR, Pasque MK, et al. Repair of ischemic mitral regurgitation does not increase mortality or improve longterm survival in patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization: a propensity analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:794-9. (Pubitemid 39164777)
Ryden T, Bech-Hanssen O, Brandrup-Wognsen G, et al. The importance of grade 2 ischemic mitral regurgitation in coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:276-81. (Pubitemid 32706608)
Lam BK, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, et al. Importance of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:462-70. (Pubitemid 40186538)
Penicka M, Linkova H, Lang O, et al. Predictors of improvement of unrepaired moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients undergoing elective isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 2009;120:1474-81.
Prifti E, Bonacchi M, Frati G, et al. Should mild-to-moderate and moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation be corrected in patients with impaired left ventricular function undergoing simultaneous coronary revascularization? J Card Surg. 2001;16:473-83. (Pubitemid 34242388)
Wong DR, Agnihotri AK, Hung JW, et al. Long-term survival after surgical revascularization for moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:570-7. (Pubitemid 41019482)
Kang DH, Kim MJ, Kang SJ, et al. Mitral valve repair versus revascularization alone in the treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2006;114:I499-503.
Lancellotti P, Donal E, Cosyns B, et al. Effects of surgery on ischaemic mitral regurgitation: a prospective multicenter registry (SIMRAM registry). Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9:26-30. (Pubitemid 351664795)
Green GR, Dagum P, Glasson JR, et al. Restricted posterior leaflet motion after mitral ring annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:2100-6. (Pubitemid 30027831)
Magne J, Pibarot P, Dagenais F, Hachicha Z, Dumesnil JG, Sénéchal M. Preoperative posterior leaflet angle accurately predicts outcome after restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2007;115:782-91.
Zhu F, Otsuji Y, Yotsumoto G, et al. Mechanism of persistent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty. Importance of augmented posterior mitral leaflet tethering. Circulation. 2005;112: I-396-401.
Hung J, Papakostas L, Tahta SA, et al. Mechanism of recurrent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty: continued LV remodeling as a moving target. Circulation. 2004;110:II85-90. (Pubitemid 39263704)
Serri K, Bouchard D, Demers P, et al. Is a good perioperative echocardiographic result predictive of durability in ischemic mitral valve repair? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:565-73.
Kongsaerepong V, Shiota M, Gillinov AM, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of successful versus unsuccessful mitral valve repair in ischemic mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:504-8. (Pubitemid 44162877)
Calafiore AM, Gallina S, Di Mauro M. Mitral valve procedure in dilated cardiomyopathy: repair or replacement? Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:1146-53.
Lee AP, Acker M, Kubo SH, et al. Mechanisms of recurrent functional mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: importance of distal anterior leaflet tethering. Circulation. 2009;119:2606-14.
Gelsomino S, van Garsse L, Lucà F, et al.: Impact of preoperative anterior leaflet tethering on the recurrence of ischemic mitral regurgitation and the lack of left ventricular reverse remodeling after restrictive annuloplasty. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
Roshanali F, Mandegar MH, Yousefnia MA, et al. A prospective study of predicting factors in ischemic mitral regurgitation recurrence after ring annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:745-9. (Pubitemid 47285056)
McGee EC, Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, et al. Recurrent mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty for functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;128:916-24. (Pubitemid 39575298)
Gelsomino S, Lorusso R, De Cicco G, et al. Five-year echocardiographic results of combined undersized mitral ring annuloplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting for chronic ischaemic mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2007;29:231-40.
Magne J, Sénéchal M, Mathieu P, et al. Restrictive annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation may induce functional mitral stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1692-701. (Pubitemid 351626415)
Daimon M, Fukuda S, Adams DH, et al. Mitral valve repair with Carpentier-McCarthy-Adams IMR ETlogix annuloplasty ring for ischemic mitral regurgitation: early echocardiographic results from a multicenter study. Circulation. 2006;114(suppl):I-588-93.
Borger MA, Murphy PM, Alam A, et al. Initial results of the chordal-cutting operation for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:1483-92.
de Varennes B, Chaturvedi R, Sidhu S, et al. Initial results of posterior leaflet extension for severe type IIIb ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2009;119:2837-43.
Langer F, Kunihara T, Hell K, et al.: Ring+String. Successful repair technique for ischemic mitral regurgitation with severe leaflet tethering. Circulation. 2009;120[suppl 1]:S85-91.
Jensen H, Jensen MO, Smerup MH, et al.: Impact of papillary muscle relocation as adjunct procedure to mitral ring annuloplasty in functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2009;120 [suppl 1]:S92-8.
Reece BT, Tribble CG, Ellman PI, et al. Mitral repair is superior to replacement when associated with coronary artery disease. Ann Surg. 2004;239:671-7. (Pubitemid 38525638)
Al-Radi OO, Austin PC, Tu JV, et al. Mitral repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1260-7. (Pubitemid 40431849)
Thourani VH, Weintraub WS, Guyton RA, et al. Outcomes and long-term survival for patients undergoing mitral valve repair versus replacement. Effect of age and concomittant artery bypass grafting. Circulation. 2003;108:298-304. (Pubitemid 36899020)
Vassileva CM, Boley T, Markwell S, et al. Meta-analysis of shortterm and long-term survival following repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;39:295-303.
Cohn L, Rizzo R, Adams D, et al. The effect of pathophysiology on the surgical treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation: operative and late risks of repair versus replacement. Eur J Cardiothor Surg. 1995;9:568-74.
Gillinov AM,Wierup PN, Blackstone EH, et al. Is repair preferable to replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122:1125-41. (Pubitemid 35470910)
Magne J, Girerd N, Sénéchal M, et al. Mitral repair versus replacement for ischemic mitral regurgitation. Comparison of short-term and long-term survival. Circulation. 2009;120([suppl 1]):S104-11.
Chan V, Ruel M, Mesana TG: Mitral valve replacement is a viable alternative to mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral regurgitation: a case-matched study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:1358-66.
Grossi EA, Goldberg JD, LaPietra A, et al. Ischemic mitral valve reconstruction and replacement: comparison of long-term survival and complications. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122:1107-24.
Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DD, et al. Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1395-406.
Schofer J, Siminiak T, Haude M, et al. Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation. Results of the CARILLON Mitral Annuloplasty Device European Union Study. Circulation. 2009;120:326-33.
