Increasing coverage and efficiency of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and introducing universal varicella vaccination in Europe : A role for the combined vaccine
[en] Universal mass vaccination according to a 2-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine schedule is recommended by the World Health Organization and is fundamental to the control of these important diseases. Very high coverage (first dose, >= 95%; second dose, >= 80%) is necessary to achieve and sustain high population immunity, and eventually interrupt indigenous transmission of these diseases. In 2006, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices issued a recommendation for 2 doses of varicella vaccine to be given universally to children. Coadministration of MMR and varicella vaccines, though efficacious and well tolerated, can be difficult because of the 2 separate injections and associated compliance issues. In addition to the general advantages of a combined vaccine, recently registered measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccines could facilitate introduction of varicella universal mass vaccination by simplifying administration and providing the potential to achieve high coverage rates for these 4 diseases.
Disciplines :
Immunology & infectious disease
Author, co-author :
Vesikari, Timo; University of Tampere, Finland
Sadzot-Delvaux, Catherine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la vie > Virologie et immunologie
Rentier, Bernard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la vie > Virologie - Immunologie
Gershon, Anne; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Language :
English
Title :
Increasing coverage and efficiency of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine and introducing universal varicella vaccination in Europe : A role for the combined vaccine
Publication date :
July 2007
Journal title :
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
ISSN :
0891-3668
eISSN :
1532-0987
Publisher :
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, United States - Pennsylvania
WHO. Progress towards elimination of measles and prevention of congenital rubella infection in the WHO European Region, 1990-2004. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2005;80:65-76.
Dobson R. Mumps cases on the rise in England and Wales. BMJ. 2005;330:324.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Varicella. In: Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 9th ed. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2006:171-192.
Galil K, Brown C, Lin F, et al. Hospitalizations for varicella in the United States, 1988 to 1999. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002;21:931-935.
Meyer PA, Seward JF, Jumaan AO, et al. Varicella mortality: trends before vaccine licensure in the United States, 1970-1994. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:383-390.
Seward JF, Watson BM, Peterson CL, et al. Varicella disease after introduction of varicella vaccine in the United States, 1995-2000. JAMA. 2002;287:606-611.
Whitley RJ. Varicella-zoster virus. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
Wutzler P. Moving Towards Universal Varicella Vaccination: the German Experience; 2005. Available at: http://www.wave.ulg.ac.be/documents/ WAVE%20meeting%20proceedings.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Hoppenbrouwers K, Roelants M, Hofkens K, et al. Epidemiology and disease burden of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections in daycare centres in Belgium [Abstract]. Presented at: the 23rd Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), May 18-20, 2005, Valencia, Spain.
Theeten H, Van Damme P, De Cock L, et al. Seroepidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases in Belgium, ESEN2 study [Abstract]. Presented at: the 22nd Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), May 26-28, 2004, Tampere, Finland. Abstract 141.
Robert Koch Institute. Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut /Stand: Juli 2004. Epidemiol Bull. 2004;30:235-250.
Valades FJ, Barrasa A, Pena E, et al. Chickenpox outbreak in Herrera del Duque, Badajoz, Spain. Gac Sanit. 2003;17:196-203.
Fleming DM, Schellevis FG, Falcao I, et al. The incidence of chickenpox in the community. Lessons for disease surveillance in sentinel practice networks. Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;17:1023-1027.
Istituto Superiore di Sanità Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia SePdS. Sorveglianza Pediatri Sentinella. 2002. Available at: http://www.spes.iss.it/risu2000.htm. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Rentier B, Gershon AA. European Working Group on Varicella. Consensus: varicella vaccination of healthy children - a challenge for Europe. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:379-389.
Fornaro P, Gandini F, Marin M, et al. Epidemiology and cost analysis of varicella in Italy: results of a sentinel study in the pediatric practice. Italian Sentinel Group on Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18:414-419.
Salmaso S, Bella A, Ciofi Degli Atti ML. SIMInews no. 3. Boll Sist Informatizzato Mal Infet Notiziario dell'lst Superiore Sanita. 2000;13:1-8.
Sentinelles. Surveillance épidémiologique du réseau Sentinelles - Janvier-Décembre 2004. 2004. Available at: http://rhone.b3e.jussieu.fr/senti/docs/bilans/2004/BilanRS_2004_20050314V15.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Rawson H, Crampin A, Noah N. Deaths from chickenpox in England and Wales 1995-7: analysis of routine mortality data. BMJ. 2001;323:1091-1093.
Ross AM, Fleming DM. Chickenpox increasingly affects preschool children. Commun Dis Public Health. 2000;3:213-215.
WHO-UNICEF. WHO-UNICEF joint statement on strategies to reduce measles mortality worldwide. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2002;77:224-228.
WHO-UNICEF. Measles mortality reduction and regional elimination, strategic plan 2001-2005. 2001. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccines- documents/DocsPDF01/www573.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
WHO Europe. Strategic plan for measles and congenital rubella infection in the European region of the WHO. 2003. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/ document/e81567.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
WHO. Health 21 - The Health for All Policy Framework for the WHO European Region. 1999. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/document/health21/ wa540ga199heeng.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Hinman AR, Orenstein WA, Papania MJ. Evolution of measles elimination strategies in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2004;189(suppl 1):S17-S22.
CDC. Recommended immunization schedules for persons aged 0-18 years - United States, 2007. MMWR. 2007;55(51/52):Q1-Q4.
Zhou F, Reef S, Massoudi M, et al. An economic analysis of the current universal 2-dose measles-mumps-rubella vaccination program in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2004;189(suppl 1):131-145.
Miller E. MMR vaccine: review of benefits and risks. J Infect. 2002;44:1-6.
Peltola H, Davidkin I, Paunio M, et al. Mumps and rubella eliminated from Finland. JAMA. 2000;284:2643-2647.
de Quadros CA, Olive JM, Hersh BS, et al. Measles elimination in the Americas. Evolving strategies. JAMA. 1996;275:224-229.
de Quadros CA. Eradication of measles: successes and challenges [Abstract]. Presented at: the 22nd Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), May 26-28, 2004, Tampere, Finland.
de Quadros CA, Izurieta H, Venczel L, et al. Measles eradication in the Americas: progress to date. J Infect Dis. 2004;189(suppl 1):S227-S235.
Hellenbrand W, Siedler A, Tischer A, et al. Progress toward measles elimination in Germany. J Infect Dis. 2003;187(suppl 1):S208-S216.
Teichman D, Krause G, Reich A, et al. Measles outbreak in the district of Nordfriesland, Germany, 2001. Presented at: Program and abstracts of the Annual Conference of the German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology, 2001, Aachen, Germany.
Arenz S, Schmitt HJ, Tischer A, et al. Effectiveness of measles vaccination after household exposure during a measles outbreak: a household contact study in Coburg, Bavaria. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:697-699.
Harling R, White JM, Ramsay ME, et al. The effectiveness of the mumps component of the MMR vaccine: a case control study. Vaccine. 2005;23:4070-4074.
Vandermeulen C, Roelants M, Vermoere M, et al. Outbreak of mumps in a vaccinated child population: a question of vaccine failure? Vaccine. 2004;22:2713-2716.
Gupta RK, Best J, MacMahon E. Mumps and the UK epidemic 2005. BMJ. 2005;330:1132-1135.
UK National Statistics. Preventive Measures: Turning Point in MMR Vaccinations? 2004. Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=923. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Cilla G, Basterretxea M, Artieda J, et al. Interruption of measles transmission in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country), Spain. Euro Surveill. 2004;9:7-8.
Hahné SJ, Ward M, Abbink F, et al. Large ongoing rubella outbreak in religious community in the Netherlands since September 2004. Euro Surveill. 2005;10:E050303.2.
Hahné S, Macey J, Tipples G, et al. Rubella outbreak in an unvaccinated religious community in the Netherlands spreads to Canada. Euro Surveill. 2005;10:E050519.1.
Huerta M, Davidovitch N, Ankol OE, et al. Declining seroprevalence of rubella antibodies among young Israeli adults: a 12-year comparison. Prev Med. 2004;39:1223-1226.
Robert Koch Institute. Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut/Stand: Juli 2006. Epidemiol Bull. 2006;30:235-254.
Muscat M, Falkenhorst G, Bang H. Decline in measles in WHO European Region but rubella remains high. Euro Surveill. 2005;10:E050324.3.
EUVAC. MMR Vaccination Schedules in European Countries. 2007. Available at: http://www.euvac.net/graphics/euvac/vaccination/mmr.html. Accessed January 21, 2007.
Robert Koch Institute. Interventionsprogramm Masern, Mumps, Röteln (MMR) Konzept für ein nationales Programm zur Eliminierung der Masern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (September 1999). 1999;45:333-341.
Schmitt H-J. MMR-vaccination: rationale for a 2-dose schedule; the German experience [Abstract]. Presented at: the 22nd Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), May 26-28, 2004, Tampere, Finland.
Dippelhofer A, Meyer C, Kamtsiuris P, et al. Erste Ergebnisse zum Impfstatus aus der Pilophase des Kinder - und Jugendgesundheitssurveys. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2002;45:332-337.
Robert Koch Institute. Bekämpfung der Mäsern und konnatalen Röteln: WHO-Strategie in der Europäischen Region und aktueller Stand in Deutschland. Epidemiol Bull. 2004;10:79-83.
Reiter S. Ausgewälhlte Daten zum Impf - und Immunstatus in Deutschland. Bundesgesundheitsblatt GesundheitsforschungGesundheitsschutz. 2004;47:1144-1150.
WHO. WHO Vaccine Preventable Disease Monitoring System: Immunization Schedules by Antigen, Selection Centre. 2006. Available at: http://www.who.int/ immunization_monitoring/en/globalsummary/scheduleselect.cfm. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Bundesamt für Gesundheit. Impfplan für routinemässige Schutzimpfungen. Stand August 2001. Ordner "Infektionskrank-heiten - Diagnose und Bekämpfung." Bull BAG. 2001;Supplementum VIII: 1-6.
Austrian Ministry of Health. Vaccination Schedule, 2007. 2007. Available at: http://www.bmgf.gv.at/cms/site/attachments/1/4/0/CH0016/CMS1038913010412/ impfplan_2007_final_korr.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Institut de Veille Sanitaire. Bulletin épidémiologique hebdomadaire. Calendrier vaccinal 2005 et autres avis du conseil supérieur d'hygiène publique de France relatifs à la vaccination. 2005;142:29-30.
Miller E. Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and the development of autism. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2003;14:199-206.
Vesikari T, Baer G, Willems P. Immunogenicity and safety of a second dose of measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine in healthy children aged 5-6 years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:153-158.
GACVS. Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 16-17 December 2002. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2003;78:17-20.
WHO. The WHO position paper on varicella vaccines. 1998. Available at: http://www.who.int/immunization/wer7332varicella_Aug98_position_paper. pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Macartney KK, Beutels P, McIntyre P, et al. Varicella vaccination in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005;41:544-552.
Pinot de Moira A, Nardone A. Varicella zoster virus vaccination policies and surveillance strategies in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2005;10:43-45.
Sociedade Brasileira de Immunizacões. Vaccination schedule. 2007. Available at: http://www.sbim.org.br/programas.htm. Accessed January 4, 2007.
NACI. National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) update on varicella. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2004;30:1-26.
Robert Koch Institute. Neuerungen in den aktuellen Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am RKI vom Juli 2006. Epidemiol Bull. 2006;32:235-254.
Passwell JH, Hemo B, Levi Y, et al. Use of a computerized database to study the effectiveness of an attenuated varicella vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:221-226.
Ministero Salute. Italian Vaccination Calendar. 2007. Available at: http://www.ministerosalute.it/promozione/malattie/sezMalattie.jsp?id= 15&label=vac. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Infectious Disease Surveillance Centre. Immunisation Schedule, Japan 2005. 2005. Available at: http://idsc.nih.go.jp/yosoku/ImmEN_05-3.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Zdrowia M. Komunikat Glównego Inspektora Sanitarnego w sprawie zasad przeprowadzania szczepien ochronnych przeciw chorobom zakaznym w 2006 r. 2006. Available at: http://www.mz.gov.pl/wwwmz/index?mr=q491&ms=0&ml= pl&mi=49&mx=0&mt=&my=s49&ma=05837. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Spanish Association of Pediatrics. Childhood immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics 2003. An Pediatr (Barc). 2003;58:257-262.
Bundesamt für Gesundheit. Übertragbare Krankheiten. Varizellenimpfung. Empfehlungen der Schweizerischen Kommission für Impffragen (SKIF) und des Bundesamtes für Gesundheit (BAG). Bull BAG. 2004;45:846-848.
Taiwan CDC. Epidemiology Study of Varicella in Taiwan. 2004. 2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov.tw/website_en/Programs%20&%20Campaigns/ Research%20&%20Development/Abstract%20of%20Technology%20Project/ DOH93-DC-1024.doc. Accessed January 4, 2007.
WHO. WHO Vaccine Preventable Diseases Monitoring System: 2005 Global Summary. 2005. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccines/globalsummary/ immunization/countryprofileselect.cfm. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Quian DJ, Romero C, Dall Orso P, et al. Resultados de la vacunación universal a niños de un año con vacuna de varicela en Montevideo, Uruguay. Arch Pediatr Urug. 2003;74:259-267.
ACIP. Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1996;45:1-36.
ACIP/AAP/AAFP. Combination vaccines for childhood immunization. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1999;48(RR05):1-15.
CDC. National state and urban area vaccination coverage among children aged 19-35 months - United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54:717-721.
Gershon A. Varicella vaccine in the United States. 2005. Available at: http://www.wave.ulg.ac.be/documents/WAVE%20meeting%20proceedings.pdf. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Nguyen HQ, Jumaan AO, Seward JF. Decline in mortality due to varicella after implementation of varicella vaccination in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:450-458.
Seward J. Fears, facts and myths about varicella vaccination [Abstract]. Presented at 23rd Annual Meeting of the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), May 18-20, 2005, Valencia, Spain.
Banz K, Wagenpfeil S, Neiss A, et al. The cost-effectiveness of routine childhood varicella vaccination in Germany. Vaccine. 2003;21:1256-1267.
Banz K, Wagenpfeil S, Neiss A, et al. The burden of varicella in Germany: potential risks and economic impact. Eur J Health Econ. 2004;5:46-53.
Coudeville L, Brunot A, Szucs TD, et al. The economic value of childhood varicella vaccination in France and Germany. Value Health. 2005;8:209-222.
Hammerschmidt T, Banz K, Wagenpfeil S, et al. Economic evaluation of varicella vaccination programmes: a review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004;22:133-138.
Hammerschmidt T, Goertz A, Wagenpfeil S, et al. Validation of health economic models: the example of EVITA. Value Health. 2003;6:551-559.
Thiry N, Beutels P, Van Damme P, et al. Economic evaluations of varicella vaccination programmes: a review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003;21:13-38.
Wutzler P, Wagenpfeil S, Hammerschmidt T, et al. Effectiveness and cost-benefit-analysis of the proposed recommendation for universal varicella vaccination of children in Germany [Abstract]. Presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), May 26-28, 2004, Tampere, Finland.
Wutzler P, Neiss A, Banz K, et al. Can varicella be eliminated by vaccination? Potential clinical and economic effects of universal childhood varicella immunisation in Germany. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2002;191:89-96.
Seward JF, Jumaan AO, Galil K. Varicella vaccine and shingles. JAMA. 2002;287:2211-2212.
Brisson M, Edmunds WJ. The cost-effectiveness of varicella vaccination in Canada. Vaccine. 2002;20:1113-1125.
Jumaan AO, Yu O, Jackson LA, et al. Incidence of herpes zoster, before and after varicella-vaccination-associated decreases in the incidence of varicella, 1992-2002. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:2002-2007.
Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2271-2284.
Izurieta HS, Strebel PM, Blake PA. Postlicensure effectiveness of varicella vaccine during an outbreak in a child care center. JAMA. 1997;278:1495-1499.
Lee BR, Feaver SL, Miller CA, et al. An elementary school outbreak of varicella attributed to vaccine failure: policy implications. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:477-483.
Tugwell BD, Lee LE, Gillette H, et al. Chickenpox outbreak in a highly vaccinated school population. Pediatrics. 2004;113:455-459.
Galil K, Lee B, Strine T, et al. Outbreak of varicella at a day-care center despite vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1909-1915.
Dworkin MS, Jennings CE, Roth-Thomas J, et al. An outbreak of varicella among children attending preschool and elementary school in Illinois. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:102-104.
Kuter B, Matthews H, Shinefield H, et al. Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:132-137.
Watson B, Boardman C, Laufer D, et al. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in healthy children after one or two doses of varicella vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:316-319.
Vazquez M, LaRussa PS, Gershon AA, et al. Effectiveness over time of varicella vaccine. JAMA. 2004;291:851-855.
Vesikari T, Ohrling A, Baer M, et al. Evaluation of live attenuated varicella vaccine (Oka-RIT strain) and combined varicella and MMR vaccination in 13-17-month-old children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991;80:1051-1057.
FDA. ProQuad: Product Approval Information - Licensing Action. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cber/products/mmrvmer090605.htm. Accessed January 4, 2007.
Paul Ehrlich Institute. Bundesanzeiger-Veröffentlichung 14. 10. 2006; Bundesanzeiger Nr. 194; S. 6714. Bekanntmachung Nr. 300 über die Zulassung von Sera und Impfstoffen sowie andere Amtshandlungen vom 14. September 2006. Available at: http://www.pei.de/cln_048/nn_154446/SharedDocs/Downloads/ bekanntmachungen/2006/zul-banz-194-14-10-2006-s6714-bekannt-300,templateId=raw, property=publicationFile.pdf/zul-banz-194-14-10-2006-s6714-bekannt-300.pdf. Accessed 4 January, 2007.
Knuf M, Habermehl P, Zepp F, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of two doses of tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine in healthy children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:12-18.
Shinefield H, Black S, Digilio L, et al. Evaluation of a quadrivalent measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine in healthy children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:665-669.
Goh P, Lim FS, Han HH, Willems P. Safety and immunogenicity of early vaccination with two doses of tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine in healthy children from 9 months of age. In press.