[en] Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFAS) were determined in liver, kidney, muscle, brain, and blubber samples of 31 harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena relicta) of different age and sex stranded along the Ukrainian coast of the Black Sea. In all individuals and in all tissues, PFOS was the predominant PFAS, accounting for on average 90% of the measured PFAS load. PFOS concentrations were the highest in liver (327 +/- 351 ng/g wet wt) and kidney (147 +/- 262 ng/g wet wt) tissue, and lower in blubber (18 +/- 8 ng/g wet wt), muscle (41 +/- 50 ng/g wet wt), and brain (24 +/- 23 ng/g wet wt). No significant differences could be determined between males and females, nor between juvenile and adult animals (p > 0.05). Perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, and perfluorododecanoic acid could be detected in liver tissue of approximately 25% of the individuals. Perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorobutanoic acid, and perfluorooctanoic acid were not detected in any of the porpoise livers. Although we investigated a potential intraspecies segregation according to the source of prey, using stable isotopes, no statistically significant correlation between PFOS concentrations and stable isotopes could be determined. It is, however, noteworthy that the contamination by PFOS in the Black Sea harbor porpoises is comparable to levels found in porpoises from the German Baltic Sea and from coastal areas near Denmark and, therefore, might pose a threat to this population.
Research center :
MARE - Centre Interfacultaire de Recherches en Océanologie - ULiège
De Coen, Wim; Universiteit Antwerpen - UA > Department of Biology
Language :
English
Title :
Occurrence of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated alkylated substances in harbor porpoises from the Black Sea
Publication date :
2007
Journal title :
Environmental Science and Technology
ISSN :
0013-936X
eISSN :
1520-5851
Publisher :
Amer Chemical Soc, Washington, United States - Washington
Volume :
41
Issue :
1
Pages :
315-320
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Funders :
FWO - Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen [BE] F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [BE] Project PERFORCE (NEST-508967); European Union
Hu, W. Y.; Jones, P. D.; De Coen, W.; King, L.; Fraker, P.; Newsted, J.; Giesy, J. P. Alterations in cell membrane properties caused by perfluorinated compounds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C 2003, 135, 77-88.
Renner, R. Growing concern over perfluorinated chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35 (7), 154A-160A.
Lau, C.; Butenhoff, J. L.; Rogers, J. M. The developmental toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids and their derivatives. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 198, 231-241.
Sohlenius, A.-K.; Messing Eriksson, A.; Högström, C.; Kimland, M.; DePierre, J. W. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid is a potent inducer of peroxisomal fatty acidβ-oxidation and other activities known to be affected by peroxisome proliferators in mouse liver. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1993, 72, 90-93.
Giesy, J. P.; Kannan, K. Global Distribution of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Wildlife. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35 (7), 1339-1342.
Houde, M.; Martin, J. W.; Letcher, R. J.; Solomon, K. R.; Muir, D. C. G. Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3463-3473.
Taniyasu, S.; Kannan, K.; So, M. K.; Gulkowska, A.; Sinclair, E.; Okazawa, T.; Yamashita, N. Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols, fluorotelomer acids, and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1093 (1-2), 89-97.
Martin, J. W.; Muir, D. C. G.; Kwan, W. C.; Moody, C. A.; Ellis, D. A.; Solomon, K. R.; Mabury, S. A. Collection of airborne fluorinated organics and analysis by gas chromatography-chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 584-590.
Houde, M.; Bujas, T. A. D.; Small, J.; Wells, R. S.; Fair, P. A.; Bossart, G. D.; Solomon, K. R.; Muir, D. C. G. Biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl compounds in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) food web. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 4138-4144.
Kannan, K.; Corsolini, S.; Falandysz, J.; Oehme, G.; Focardi, S.; Giesy, J. P. Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 3210-3216.
Martin, J. W.; Smithwick, M. M.; Braune, B. M.; Hoekstra, P. F.; Muir, D. C.; Mabury, S. A. Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the Canadian Arctic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 30, 373-380.
Hoff, P. T.; Van de Vijver, K. I.; Van Dongen, W.; Esmans, E. L.; Blust, R.; De Coen, W. Perfluorooctane sulfonate in bib (Trisopterus luscus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) from the Western Scheldt and the Belgian North Sea: distribution and biochemical effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22, 608-614.
Van de Vijver, K. I.; Hoff, P.; Van Dongen, W.; Esmans, E.; Blust, R.; De Coen, W. Exposure patterns of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic invertebrates from the Western Scheldt estuary and the Southern North Sea. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22 (9), 2037-2041.
Van de Vijver, K. I.; Hoff, P. T.; Das, K.; Van Dongen, W.; Esmans, E. L.; Jauniaux, T.; Bouquegneau, J.-M.; Blust, R.; De Coen, W. M. Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 5545-5550.
Smithwick, M.; Muir, D.; Mabury, S. A.; Solomon, K. R.; Martin, J. W.; Sonne, C.; Born, E. W.; Letcher, R. J.; Dietz, R. Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in liver tissue from east Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2005, 24, 981-986.
Smithwick, M.; Mabury, S. A.; Solomon, K. R.; Sonne, C.; Martin, J. W.; Born, E. W.; Dietz, R.; Derocher, A. E.; Letcher, R. J.; Evans, T. J.; Gabrielsen, G. W.; Nagy, J.; Stirling, I.; Taylor, M. K.; Muir, D. Circumpolar study of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 5517-5523.
Mee, L. D. The Black Sea in crisis: a need for concerted international action. Ambio 1992, 21 (4), 278-286.
Tuncer, G.; Karakas, T.; Balkas, T. I.; Görkay, C. F.; Aygnn, S.; Yurteri, C.; Tuncel, G. Land-based sources of pollution along the Black Sea coasts of Turkey: concentrations and annual loads to the Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1998, 36, 409-423.
Bakan, G.; Büyülgüngör, H. The Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2000, 41, 24-43.
Tanabe, S.; Madhusree, B.; Öztürk, A. A.; Tatsukawa, R.; Miyazaki, N.; Özdamar, E.; Aral, O.; Samsun, O.; Öztürk, B. Persistent Organochlorine Residues in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1997, 34 (5), 338-347.
Tanabe, S.; Madhusree, B.; Öztürk, A. A.; Tatsukawa, R.; Miyazaki, N.; Özdamar, E.; Aral, O.; Samsun, O.; Öztürk, B. Isomer-specific analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1997, 34, 712-720.
Joiris, C.; Holsbeek, L.; Bolba, D.; Gascard, C.; Stanev, T.; Komakhidze, A.; Baumgärtner, W.; Birkun, A. Total and organic mercury in the Black Sea harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena relicta. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2001, 42, 905-911.
Das, K.; Holsbeek, L.; Browning, J.; Siebert, U.; Birkun, A.; Bouquegneau, J. M. Trace metal and stable isotope measurements (δ13C and δ15N) in the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena relicta from the Black Sea. Environ. Pollut. 2004, 131, 197-204.
Birkun, A., Jr. Cetacean direct killing and live capture in the Black Sea. In Cetaceans of the Mediterranean and Black Seas: State of knowledge and conservation strategies; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Ed.; A report to the ASCOBAMS Secretariat, Monaco, February 2002; Section 6, 10 pp.
Müller, G.; Wünschman, A.; Baumgärtner, W.; Birkun, A.; Komakhidze, A.; Stanev, T.; Joiris, C. R. Immunohistological investigations of morbillivirus infection in Black Sea harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Vet. Microbiol. 2002, 87, 183-190.
Madhusree, B.; Tanabe, S.; Öztürk, A. A.; Tatsukawa, R.; Miyazaki, N.; Özdamar, E.; Aral, O.; Samsun, O.; Öztürk, B. Contamination by butyltin compounds in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1997, 359, 244-249.
Van de Vijver, K. I.; Hoff, P. T.; Das, K.; Van Dongen, W.; Esmans, E. L.; Siebert, U.; Bouquegneau, J.-M.; Blust, R.; De Coen, W. M. Baseline study of perfluorochemicals in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Northern Europe. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2004, 48, 992-997.
Hansen, K. J.; Clemen, L. A.; Ellefson, M. E.; Johnson, H. O. Compound-Specific, Quantitative Characterisation of Organic Fluorochemicals in Biological Matrices. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35 (4), 766-770.
Das, K.; Lepoint, G.; Leroy, Y.; Bouquegneau, J. M. Marine mammals from the Southern North Sea: Feeding ecology data from δ13C and δ15N measurements. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2003, 263, 287-298.
Read, A. J.; Wiepkema, P. R.; Nachtigall, P. E. The biology of the harbour porpoise; The Spil Publishers: Woerden, The Netherlands, 1997; pp 3-6.
Kleivane, L.; Skaare, J. U.; Bjørge, A.; de Ruiter, E.; Reijnders, P. J. H. Organochlorine pesticide residue and PCBs in Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) incidentially caught in Scandinavian waters. Environ. Pollut. 1995, 89 (2), 137-146.
Bruhn, R.; Kanman, N.; Petrick, G.; Schulz-Bull, D. E.; Duinker, J. C. Persistent chlorinated organic contaminants in harbour porpoises from the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and Arctic waters. Sci. Total Environ. 1999, 237/238, 351-361.
Jones, P. D.; Hu, W.; De Coen, W. M.; Newsted, J. L.; Giesy, J. P. Binding of perfluorinated fatty acids to serum proteins. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22, 2639-2649.
Van de Vijver, K. I.; Hoff, P.; Das, K.; Braseur, S.; Van Dongen, W.; Esmans, E.; Reijnders, P.; Blust, R.; De Coen, W. Tissue distribution of perfluorinated chemicals in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Dutch Wadden Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (18), 6978-6984.
Verreault, J.; Houde, M.; Gabrielsen, G. W.; Berger, U.; Haukäs, M.; Letcher, R. J.; Muir, D. C. G. Perfluorinated alkyl substances in plasma, liver, brain and eggs of glaucus gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 39, 7439-7445.
Kannan, K.; Koistinen, J.; Beckmen, K.; Evans, T.; Gorzelany, J. F.; Hansen, K. J.; Jones, P. D.; Helle, E.; Nyman, M.; Giesy, J. P. Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammals. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 1593-1598.
Austin, M. E.; Kasturi, B. S.; Barber, M.; Kannan, K.; MohanKumar, P. S.; MohanKumar, S. M. J. Neuroendocrine effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111, 1485-1489.
Houde, M.; Balmer, B. C.; Brandsma, S.; Wells, R. S.; Rowles, T. K.; Solomon, K. R.; Muir, D. C. G. Perfluoroalkyl compounds in relation to life-history and reproductive parameters in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25, 2405-2412.
Inoue, K.; Okada, F.; Ito, R.; Kato, S.; Sasaki, S.; Nakjima, S.; Uno, A.; Saijo, Y.; Sata, F.; Yoshimura, Y.; Kishi, R.; Nakazawa, H. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112 (11), 1204-1207.
Kelly, J. F. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology. Can. J. Zool. 2000, 78, 1-27.
DeNiro, M. J.; Epstein, S. Influence of the diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1981, 45, 341-351.
Hobson, K. A.; Welch, H. E. Determination of trophic relationships within a high Arctic marine food web using 13C and 15N analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 84, 9-18.
Martin, J. W.; Mabury, S. A.; Solomon, K. R.; Muir, D. C. G. Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22, 196-204.
Tomy, G. T.; Budakowski, W.; Halldorson, T.; Helm, P. A.; Stern, G. A.; Friesen, K.; Pepper, K.; Tittlemier, S. A.; Fisk, A. T. Fluorinated organic compounds in an eastern arctic marine food web. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 6475-6481.
Bossi, R.; Riget, F. F.; Dietz, R.; Sonne, C.; Fauser, P.; Dam, M.; Vorkamp, K. Preliminary screening of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in fish, birds and marine mammals from Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Environ. Pollut. 2005, 136, 323-329.
Bossi, R.; Riget, F. F.; Dietz, R. Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Greenland. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (19), 7416-7422.
