[en] Thioredoxins are small, ubiquitous redox enzymes that reduce protein disulfide bonds by using a pair of cysteine residues present in a strictly conserved WCGPC catalytic motif. The Escherichia coli cytoplasm contains two thioredoxins, Trx1 and Trx2. Trx2 is special because it is induced under oxidative stress conditions and it has an additional N-terminal zinc-binding domain. We have determined the redox potential of Trx2, the pKa of the active site nucleophilic cysteine, as well as the stability of the oxidized and reduced form of the protein. Trx2 is more oxidizing than Trx1 (–221 mV versus –284 mV, respectively), which is in good agreement with the decreased value of the pKa of the nucleophilic cysteine (5.1 versus 7.1, respectively). The difference in stability between the oxidized and reduced forms of an oxidoreductase is the driving force to reduce substrate proteins. This difference is smaller for Trx2 (ΔΔG°H2O = 9 kJ/mol and ΔTm = 7. 4 °C) than for Trx1 (ΔΔG°H2O = 15 kJ/mol and ΔTm = 13 °C). Altogether, our data indicate that Trx2 is a significantly less reducing enzyme than Trx1, which suggests that Trx2 has a distinctive function. We disrupted the zinc center by mutating the four Zn2+-binding cysteines to serine. This mutant has a more reducing redox potential (–254 mV) and the pKa of its nucleophilic cysteine shifts from 5.1 to 7.1. The removal of Zn2+ also decreases the overall stability of the reduced and oxidized forms by 3.2 kJ/mol and 5.8 kJ/mol, respectively. In conclusion, our data show that the Zn2+-center of Trx2 fine-tunes the properties of this unique thioredoxin.
Disciplines :
Biochemistry, biophysics & molecular biology
Author, co-author :
El Hajjaji, Hayat; de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
Dumoulin, Mireille ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la vie > Enzymologie et repliement des protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines
Matagne, André ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la vie > Enzymologie et repliement des protéines, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines
Colau, Didier; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
Messens, Joris; Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
Collet, Jean-Francois; de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
Language :
English
Title :
The Zinc Center Influences the Redox and Thermodynamic Properties of Escherichia coli Thioredoxin 2
Berndt C., Lillig C.H., and Holmgren A. Thioredoxins and glutaredoxins as facilitators of protein folding. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1783 (2008) 641-650
Holmgren A., and Bjornstedt M. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Methods Enzymol. 252 (1995) 199-208
Rietsch A., Bessette P., Georgiou G., and Beckwith J. Reduction of the periplasmic disulfide bond isomerase, DsbC, occurs by passage of electrons from cytoplasmic thioredoxin. J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 6602-6608
Russel M., and Model P. Thioredoxin is required for filamentous phage assembly. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82 (1985) 29-33
Mossner E., Huber-Wunderlich M., Rietsch A., Beckwith J., Glockshuber R., and Aslund F. Importance of redox potential for the in vivo function of the cytoplasmic disulfide reductant thioredoxin from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 25254-25259
Krause G., and Holmgren A. Substitution of the conserved tryptophan 31 in Escherichia coli thioredoxin by site-directed mutagenesis and structure-function analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 4056-4066
Cheng Z., Arscott L.D., Ballou D.P., and Williams Jr. C.H. The relationship of the redox potentials of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase from Drosophila melanogaster to the enzymatic mechanism: reduced thioredoxin is the reductant of glutathione in Drosophila. Biochemistry 46 (2007) 7875-7885
Katti S.K., LeMaster D.M., and Eklund H. Crystal structure of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli at 1.68 Å resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 212 (1990) 167-184
Holmgren A., Soderberg B.O., Eklund H., and Branden C.I. Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli thioredoxin-S2 to 2. 8 Å resolution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 72 (1975) 2305-2309
Dyson H.J., Holmgren A., and Wright P.E. Assignment of the proton NMR spectrum of reduced and oxidized thioredoxin: sequence-specific assignments, secondary structure, and global fold. Biochemistry 28 (1989) 7074-7087
Eklund H., Cambillau C., Sjoberg B.M., Holmgren A., Jornvall H., Hoog J.O., and Branden C.I. Conformational and functional similarities between glutaredoxin and thioredoxins. EMBO J. 3 (1984) 1443-1449
Kemmink J., Darby N.J., Dijkstra K., Nilges M., and Creighton T.E. Structure determination of the N-terminal thioredoxin-like domain of protein disulfide isomerase using multidimensional heteronuclear 13C/15N NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 35 (1996) 7684-7691
Tian G., Xiang S., Noiva R., Lennarz W.J., and Schindelin H. The crystal structure of yeast protein disulfide isomerase suggests cooperativity between its active sites. Cell 124 (2006) 61-73
Nishida M., Harada S., Noguchi S., Satow Y., Inoue H., and Takahashi K. Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli glutathione S-transferase complexed with glutathione sulfonate: catalytic roles of Cys10 and His106. J. Mol. Biol. 281 (1998) 135-147
Martin J.L., Bardwell J.C., and Kuriyan J. Crystal structure of the DsbA protein required for disulphide bond formation in vivo. Nature 365 (1993) 464-468
Messens J., and Collet J.F. Pathways of disulfide bond formation in Escherichia coli. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 38 (2006) 1050-1062
Stewart E.J., Aslund F., and Beckwith J. Disulfide bond formation in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm: an in vivo role reversal for the thioredoxins. EMBO J. 17 (1998) 5543-5550
Ritz D., Patel H., Doan B., Zheng M., Aslund F., Storz G., and Beckwith J. Thioredoxin 2 is involved in the oxidative stress response in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 2505-2512
Carmel-Harel O., and Storz G. Roles of the glutathione- and thioredoxin-dependent reduction systems in the Escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae responses to oxidative stress. Annu. Rev. Microbio. 54 (2000) 439-461
Pomposiello P.J., and Demple B. Redox-operated genetic switches: the SoxR and OxyR transcription factors. Trends Biotechnol. 19 (2001) 109-114
Miranda-Vizuete A., Damdimopoulos A.E., Gustafsson J., and Spyrou G. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel Escherichia coli thioredoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 30841-30847
Collet J.F., D'Souza J.C., Jakob U., and Bardwell J.C. Thioredoxin 2, an oxidative stress-induced protein, contains a high affinity zinc binding site. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 45325-45332
Ilbert M., Graf P.C., and Jakob U. Zinc center as redox switch-new function for an old motif. Antioxid. Redox Signal 8 (2006) 835-846
Jakob U., Muse W., Eser M., and Bardwell J.C. Chaperone activity with a redox switch. Cell 96 (1999) 341-352
Ye J., Cho S.H., Fuselier J., Li W., Beckwith J., and Rapoport T.A. Crystal structure of an unusual thioredoxin protein with a zinc finger domain. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 34945-34951
Roos G., Garcia-Pino A., Van Belle K., Brosens E., Wahni K., Vandenbussche G., et al. The conserved active site proline determines the reducing power of Staphylococcus aureus thioredoxin. J. Mol. Biol. 368 (2007) 800-811
Aslund F., Berndt K.D., and Holmgren A. Redox potentials of glutaredoxins and other thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin superfamily determined by direct protein-protein redox equilibria. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 30780-30786
Collet J.F., Riemer J., Bader M.W., and Bardwell J.C. Reconstitution of a disulfide isomerization system. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 26886-26892
Kortemme T., and Creighton T.E. Ionisation of cysteine residues at the termini of model alpha-helical peptides. Relevance to unusual thiol pKa values in proteins of the thioredoxin family. J. Mol. Biol. 253 (1995) 799-812
Nelson J.W., and Creighton T.E. Reactivity and ionization of the active site cysteine residues of DsbA, a protein required for disulfide bond formation in vivo. Biochemistry 33 (1994) 5974-5983
Kallis G.B., and Holmgren A. Differential reactivity of the functional sulfhydryl groups of cysteine-32 and cysteine-35 present in the reduced form of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 255 (1980) 10261-10265
Chivers P.T., Prehoda K.E., Volkman B.F., Kim B.M., Markley J.L., and Raines R.T. Microscopic pKa values of Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Biochemistry 36 (1997) 14985-14991
Dyson H.J., Jeng M.F., Tennant L.L., Slaby I., Lindell M., Cui D.S., et al. Effects of buried charged groups on cysteine thiol ionization and reactivity in Escherichia coli thioredoxin: structural and functional characterization of mutants of Asp 26 and Lys 57. Biochemistry 36 (1997) 2622-2636
Dyson H.J., Tennant L.L., and Holmgren A. Proton-transfer effects in the active-site region of Escherichia coli thioredoxin using two-dimensional 1H NMR. Biochemistry 30 (1991) 4262-4268
Stefankova P., Kollarova M., and Barak I. Thioredoxin - structural and functional complexity. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 24 (2005) 3-11
Reutimann H., Straub B., Luisi P.L., and Holmgren A. A conformational study of thioredoxin and its tryptic fragments. J. Biol. Chem. 256 (1981) 6796-6803
Kuwajima K. The molten globule state as a clue for understanding the folding and cooperativity of globular-protein structure. Proteins: Struct. Funct. Genet. 6 (1989) 87-103
Lin T.Y., and Kim P.S. Urea dependence of thiol-disulfide equilibria in thioredoxin: confirmation of the linkage relationship and a sensitive assay for structure. Biochemistry 28 (1989) 5282-5287
Hiraoki T., Brown S.B., Stevenson K.J., and Vogel H.J. Structural comparison between oxidized and reduced Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Proton NMR and CD studies. Biochemistry 27 (1988) 5000-5008
Storz G., Tartaglia L.A., and Ames B.N. Transcriptional regulator of oxidative stress-inducible genes: direct activation by oxidation. Science 248 (1990) 189-194
Laurent T.C., Moore E.C., and Reichard P. Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. IV. Isolation and characterization of thioredoxin, the hydrogen donor from Escherichia coli B. J. Biol. Chem. 239 (1964) 3436-3444
Wunderlich M., and Glockshuber R. Redox properties of protein disulfide isomerase (DsbA) from Escherichia coli. Protein Sci. 2 (1993) 717-726
Mossner E., Huber-Wunderlich M., and Glockshuber R. Characterization of Escherichia coli thioredoxin variants mimicking the active-sites of other thiol/disulfide oxidoreductases. Protein Sci. 7 (1998) 1233-1244
Pace C.N. Determination and analysis of urea and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation curves. Methods Enzymol. 131 (1986) 266-280
Pace C.N. Conformational stability of globular proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 15 (1990) 14-17
Consalvi V., Chiaraluce R., Giangiacomo L., Scandurra R., Christova P., Karshikoff A., et al. Thermal unfolding and conformational stability of the recombinant domain II of glutamate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima. Protein Eng. 13 (2000) 501-507