[en] Two new photomorphs in the Lobariaceae have been found on the remote island of Reunion in the Mascarene archipelago: the free-living Dendriscocaulon-like cyanomorph of the pantropical Lobaria discolor, and the cyanomorph of Sticta dichotoma, a species apparently endemic to the western parts of the Indian Ocean, known only from its chloromorph. Inferences from three loci demonstrate that the fungus involved in each morph of either pair belongs to the same species. Phylogenetic analyses resolve all genera of the Lobariaceae as polyphyletic, and all Dendriscocaulon-like cyanomorphs within Lobaria, except for D. dendroides, which belongs to Sticta.
Akaike, H. 1974. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19: 716-723.
Aptroot, A. & F. Schumm. 2010. Chimeras occur on the pantropical lichinomycete Phyllopeltula corticola. Lichenologist 42: 307-310.
Armaleo, D. & P. Clerc. 1991. Lichen chimeras: DNA analysis suggests that one fungus forms two morphotypes. Experimental Mycology 15: 1-10.
Bačkor, M., Peksa, O., Škaloud, P. & M. Bačkorova. 2010. Photobiont diversity in lichens from metal-rich substrata based on ITS rDNA sequences. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73: 603-612.
Brodo, I., D. Sharnoff & S. Sharnoff. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London.
Casano, L. M., E. M. del Campo, F. J. Garcia-Breijo, J. Reig- Armiñana, F. Gasulla, A. Del Hoyo, A. Guéra & E. Barreno. 2011. Two Trebouxia algae with different physiological performances are ever-present in lichen thalli Ramalina farinacea. Coexistence versus competition? Environmental Microbiology 13: 806-818.
Castresana, J. 2000. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology & Evolution 17: 540-552. (Pubitemid 30210700)
Cubero, O. F., A. Crespo, J. Fathi & P. D. Bridge. 1999. DNA extraction and PCR amplification method suitable for fresh, herbarium-stored, lichenized, and other fungi. Plant Systematics and Evolution 216: 243-249. (Pubitemid 29207935)
Delise, D. 1825. Histoire de Lichens. Genre Sticta. Caen. [publisher not mentioned].
Doumenge, C. & Y. Renard. 1989. La conservation des écosystèmes forestiers de l'île de La Réunion. UICN, Gland, Switzerland.
Felsenstein, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
Fernández-Mendoza, F., S. Domaschke, M. A. García, M. P. Jordan, M. P. Matín & C. Printzen. 2011. Population structure of mycobionts and photobionts of the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata. Molecular Ecology 20: 1208-1232.
Galloway, D. J. 1994. Studies in Pseudocyphellaria (lichens) IV. Palaeotropical species (excluding Australia). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum 24: 115-159.
-. 2001. Sticta. Pages 78-97. In P. M. McCarthy (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 58A, Lichens 3. ABRS/CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
-. 2007. Flora of New Zealand Lichens. Revised Second Edition Including Lichen-Forming and Lichenicolous Fungi. Volumes 1 and 2. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand.
-, G. Kantvilas & J. A. Elix. 2001. Pseudocyphellaria. Pages 47-77. In P. M. McCarthy (ed.), Flora of Australia. Volume 58A, Lichens 3. ABRS/CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia.
Gardes, M. & T. D. Bruns. 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113-118.
Goffinet, B. & R. J. Bayer. 1997. Characterization of mycobionts of photomorph pairs in the Peltigeraceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences of the nucler ribosomal DNA. Fungal Genetics and Biology 21: 228-237. (Pubitemid 27332205)
- & T. Goward. 1998. Is Nephroma silvae-veteris the cyanomorph of Lobaria oregana? Insights from molecular, chemical and morphological characters. Pages 41-52. In M. G. Glenn, R. C. Harris, R. Dirig & M. S. Cole (eds.), Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson. Mycotaxon, Ithaca, New York.
Guzow-Krzemiska, B. 2006. Photobiont flexibility in the lichen Protoparmeliopsis muralis as revealed by ITS rDNA analyses. The Lichenologist 38: 469-476.
Högnabba, F., S. Stenroos & A. Thell. 2009. Phylogenetic relationship and evolution of photobiont associations in the Lobariaceae (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). Bibliotheca Lichenologica 100: 157-187.
Hur, J. S., L. S. Wang, S. O. Oh, G. H. Kim, K. M. Lim, J. S. Jung & Y. J. Koh. 2005. Highland macrolichen flora of Northwestern Yunnan, China. Journal of Microbiology [Korea] 43: 228-236.
Kauff, F. & F. Lutzoni. 2002. Phylogeny of the Gyalectales and Ostropales (Ascomycota, Fungi): among and within order relationships based on nuclear ribosomal RNA small andlarge subunits. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 138-156. (Pubitemid 35169398)
Kelly, L. J., P. M. Hollingsworth, B. J. Coppins, C. J. Ellis, P. Harrold, J. Tosh & R. Yahr. 2011. DNA barcoding of lichenized fungi demonstrates high identification success in a floristic context. New Phytologist 191: 288-300.
Krog, H. 2000. Corticolous macrolichens of low montane rainforests and moist woodlands of eastern Tanzania. Sommerfeltia 28: 1-75.
James, P. W. & A. Henssen. 1976. The morphological and taxonomic significance of cephalodia. Pages 27-77. In D. H. Brown, D. L. Hawksworth & R. H. Bailey (eds.), Lichenology: Progress and Problems. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.
Joshi, M. & D. D. Awasthi. 1982. The lichen family Stictaceae in India and Nepal. Biological Memoirs 7: 165-190.
Lohtander, K., I. Oksanen & J. Rikkinen. 2002. A phylogenetic study of Nephroma (lichen-forming Ascomycota). Mycological Research 106: 777-787. (Pubitemid 35197636)
Maddison, D. & W. Maddison. 2002. MacClade version 4.03PPC: analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Miller, M. A., W. Pfeiffer & T. Schwartz. 2010. Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetics trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 nov. 2010, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1-8.
Nelsen, M. P. & A. Gargas. 2008. Dissociation and horizontal transmission of codispersing lichen symbionts in the genus Lepraria (Lecanorales: Stereocaulaceae). New Phytologist 177: 264-275. (Pubitemid 350221993)
Nylander, J. A. A. 2004. MrModeltest-version 2. Available from the author (http://www.abc.se/, nylander/ )
Nylander, W. 1885. Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Continuatio quadragesima quarta. Flora 68: 295-301.
-, F. Ronquist, J. P. Huelsenbeck & J. Nieves-Aldrey. 2004. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology 53: 47-67. (Pubitemid 38370420)
Peksa, O. & P. Škaloud. 2011. Do photobionts influence the ecology of lichens? A case study of environmental preferences in symbiotic green alga Asterochloris (Trebouxiophyceae). Molecular Ecology 20: 3936-3948.
Piercey-Normore, M. D. 2006. The lichen-forming ascomycete Evernia mesomorpha associates with multiple genotypes of Trebouxia jamesii. New Phytologist 169: 331-344.
Posada, D. & T. Buckley. 2004. Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Systematic Biology 53: 793-808. (Pubitemid 39568279)
Rambaut, A. 2009. FigTree v1.2.3., available http://tree.bio.ed. ac.uk/software/figtree/
- & A. J. Drummond. 2007. Tracer v1.4, available from http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/
Tracer Rehner, S. A. & G. J. Samuels. 1994. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium analyzed by large subunit rDNA sequences. Mycological Research 98: 625-634. (Pubitemid 2085829)
Rikkinnen, J., I. Oksanen & K. Lohtander. 2002. Lichens guilds share related cyanobacterial symbionts. Science 297: 357. (Pubitemid 34790757)
Rodríguez, F., J. L. Oliver, A. Marín & J. R. Medina. 1990. The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 142: 485-501. (Pubitemid 20108270)
Ronquist, F. & J. P. Huelsenbeck. 2003. MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572-1574. (Pubitemid 37038874)
Sanders, W. B. 2001. Composite lichen thalli of Sticta sp. from Brazil, with morphologically similar lobes containing either a chlorobiont or a cyanobiont layer. Symbiosis 31: 47-55. (Pubitemid 32665106)
-. 2010. Together and separate: reconstructing life histories of lichen symbionts. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 105: 1-16.
Stamatakis, A. 2006. RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihoodbased phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688-2690. (Pubitemid 44642609)
-, P. Hoover & J. Rougemont. 2008. A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Systematic Biology 57: 758-771.
Stenroos, S., E. Stocker-Wörgötter, I. Yoshimura, L. Myllys, A. Thell & J. Hyvönen. 2003. Culture experiments and DNA sequence data confirm the identity of Lobaria photomorphs. Canadian Journal of Botany 81: 232-247. (Pubitemid 36704407)
Swinscow, T. D. V. & H. Krog. 1988. Macrolichens of East Africa. British Museum (Natural History), London, United Kingdom.
Swofford, D. L. 2002. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Takahashi, K., L.-S. Wang, H. Tsubota & H. Deguchi. 2006. Photosymbiodemes Sticta wrightii and Dendriscocaulon sp. (lichenized Ascomycota) from Yunnan, China. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 783-796. (Pubitemid 44884642)
Thomas, M. A., D. J. Ryan, K. J. F. Farnden & D. J. Galloway. 2002. Observations on phylogenetic relationships within Lobariaceae Chevall. (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) in New Zealand, based on ITS-5.8S molecular sequence data. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 82: 123-138.
Tønsberg, T. & J. Holtan-Hartwig. 1983. Phycotype pairs in Nephroma, Peltigera and Lobaria in Norway. Nordic Journal of Botany 3: 681-688.
-T. Goward. 2001. Sticta oroborealis sp. nov. and other Pacific North American lichens forming dendriscocauloid cyanotypes. The Bryologist 104: 12-23. (Pubitemid 32398681)
van den Boom, P. P. G., M. Brand, D. Ertz, K. Kalb, N. Magain, D. Masson, U. Schiefelbein, H. J. M. Sipman & E. Sérusiaux. 2011. Discovering the lichen diversity of a remote tropical island: a working list of species collected onReunion (Mascarene archipelago, Indian Ocean). Herzogia 24: 325-349.
Vilgalys, R. & M. Hester. 1990. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238-4246. (Pubitemid 20236711)
Wedin, M., P. M. Jørgensen, E. Wiklund & E. 2007. Massalongiaceae fam. nov., an overlooked monophyletic group among the cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 39: 61-67. (Pubitemid 46025325)
-, - & S. Ekman. 2011. Vahliellaceae, a new family of cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes). Lichenologist 43: 67-72.
White, F. J. & P. W. James. 1988. Studies on the genus Nephroma II. The southern temperate species. Lichenologist 20: 103-166.
White, T. J., T. Bruns, S. Lee & J. W. Taylor. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. Pages 315-322. In M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky & T. J. White (eds.), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
Wiklund, E. & M. Wedin. 2003. The phylogenetic relationships of the cyanobacterial lichens in the Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae. Cladistics 19: 419-431. (Pubitemid 37316982)
Yahr, R., R. Vilgalys & P. T. DePriest. 2006. Geographic variation in algal partners of Cladonia subtenuis (Cladoniaceae) highlights the dynamic nature of a lichen symbiosis. New Phytologist 171: 847-860. (Pubitemid 44175204)
Yoshimura, I. 1971. The genus Lobaria of eastern Asia. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 34: 231-364.
-. 1998. Lobaria in Latin America: taxonomic, geographic and evolutionary aspects. Pages 129-134. In M. P. Marcelli & M. R. D. Seaward (eds.), Lichenology in Latin America: History, Current Knowledge and Applications. CETESB, Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental. Estado de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
-. 2002. Lobariella. Pages 270-272. In T. H. Nash III, B. D. Ryan, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. I. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
Zoller, S., C. Scheidegger & C. Sperisen. 1999. PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes. Lichenologist 31: 511-516. (Pubitemid 29532221)
