Air survey around MSW landfills in Wallonia: feedback of 8 years field measurements

For more than 8 years, an interdisciplinary air survey was achieved by ISSeP around 10
municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Wallonia (Belgium). Surveying campaigns include
4 axes of investigations: landfill gas (LFG) surface emissions detection, ambient air quality
control, odours annoyance assessment and measurements on exhaust fumes from LFG
valorisation units. Especially the first 3 domains closely interact.
Monitoring of landfill surface gas-emissions is performed by a simple low-cost method[1].
Portable FID measurements are taken on landfill surface along regular and dense grids.
Krigging measured CH4 concentrations furnish continuous maps which localize higher and
lower emission zones, assuming that, at a medium observation scale, high fluxes zones create
high methane concentrations in the upper part of landfill capping.
Air surveying campaigns on each landfill include ambient air quality measurement. During
several weeks, 8 tracers parameters are analysed continuously by on site monitoring devices.
They are placed near exploitation, downwind or in direction of the nearest neighbours.
Measured values are compared to health threshold values. Local wind directions are
simultaneously recorded in order to create “pollution roses”. These graphs show, for each
sector of wind direction, the mean concentration of a tracer at the measured point when wind
comes from the sector. This dual approach allows controlling that air quality remains safe for
human health and checking if possible anomalies are produced by the landfill or not.
Evaluating the odour annoyance created by a wide, heterogeneous diffuse and multiple
sources such as MSW landfills is a difficult challenge. Classical flux chamber method
combined with dynamic olfactometry does not allow apprehending the unique perception of
an observer created by a so complex odour emitter. An interesting alternative approach,
developed by the Environmental Monitoring Research Group, University of Liège, was
applied to the wallonian landfills[2]. Field observers first delineate the regions in which odour
impact is experienced. Emission rates are then manipulated in a dispersion model until the
predicted size of the impact zone matches the one observed in the field, taking into account of
measured meteorological conditions. Such back-calculation assesses global odour emission
rates.
In situ odour campaigns may guide the positioning of air monitoring devices. Inversely,
analysing odorous compounds near a neighbour can corroborate its annoyance by analytical
evidences. Knowing the intensity and localisation of LFG emissions often help to better
understand LFG odour in the neighbourhood, and motivate the placement of H2S sensor at
right place, for example. Finally, by combining results from three fields of investigation, one
can obtain a really efficient and complete environmental impact study of a landfill on its
surrounding ambient air.