[en] Cottonseed by-products arevery high in nutrients and theirchemical composition varieshighly according to the varietiesof cotton and the various treatmentsaiming at extracting oil.Their use in animal nutrition, andparticularly in broilers, is especiallylimited by the free gossypolwhich can damage varioustissues and also decreases theperformances of growth and dietefficiency. The incorporation ofcottonseed meal in broilers dietmay be increased following chemicalbinding of free gossypol,but these methods have drawbacks.Ferrous sulfate denaturesfeed and the use of lysine to bindgossypol is limited by the expensivenessof this product while thebiological fermentation is verycomplex and inapplicable, as tonow, on a large way. Glandlessvarieties could be incorporatedat a very high level in diets andtherefore could contribute todecrease the protein feed requirements.Unfortunately, agronomicconstraints associated to thesecrops have limited the research inthis way. The production of varietiesin which gossypol secretionwould be inhibited before theseed germination should alleviatethe limitations associated to cottonby-products.
Research Center/Unit :
Institut Vétérinaire Tropical
Disciplines :
Animal production & animal husbandry
Author, co-author :
Diaw, Mahamadou Tandiang
Dieng, Abdoulaye
Mergeai, Guy ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Sciences agronomiques > Phytotechnie tropicale et horticulture
Hornick, Jean-Luc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de productions animales > Nutrition animale en milieu tropical
Language :
French
Title :
Les co-produits de la graine de coton en alimentation du poulet de chair
Alternative titles :
[en] Cottonseed by-products on broilers production
Publication date :
2011
Journal title :
Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire
ISSN :
0003-4118
eISSN :
1781-3875
Publisher :
ULg - Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
Volume :
155
Pages :
61-82
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Name of the research project :
l’Amélioration de la rentabilité financière de la filière de coton au Sénégal
Funders :
CUD - Commission Universitaire pour le Développement [BE]
Aduku A.O., Sell J.L. Fungusfermented cottonseed meal effect on growth of broilers. Poult. Sci., 1979, 58, 1030.
Alonso R., Orue E., Zabalza M.J., Grant G., Marzo F. Effect of extrusion cooking on structure and functional properties of pea and kidney bean proteins. J. Sci. Food Agric., 2000, 80, 397-403.
Altschul A.M., Lyman C.M., Thurber F.H. Processed plant protein feedstuffs. Academic Press: NewYork, 1958, 534 p
Alyevand F., Coleman G., Haisman D.R. Fatty odours in food: the reaction between mesityloxide and sulfur compounds in foodstuffs. Chem. Industry, 1967, 37, 1563-1569.
Atteh J.O. Principles and practice of livestock feed manufacturing. Adlek Printers Llorin: Nigeria, 2002, 67 p
Azman M.A., Yilmaz M. The growth performance of broiler chicks fed with diets containing CSM supplemented with Lysine. Rev. Med. Vet., 2005, 156: SUPPL 2, 104-106.
Baliga B.P., Lyman C.M. Preliminary report on the nutritional significance of bound gossypol in cottonseed meal. J. of Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1957, 34, 21-24.
Baliga B.P., Bayliss M.E., Lyman C.M. Determination of free lysine epsilon amino groups in cottonseed meals and preliminary studies in relation to protein quality. Arch. Biochem. Biophysical, 1959, 84, 1-6.
Balogun T.F., Aduku A.O., Dim N.I., Olorunju S.A.A. Undecorticated cottonseed meal as a substitute for soybean meal in diets for weaner and growingfinishing pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1990, 30, 193-201.
Barazza M.L., Copprock C.E., Brooks K.N., Wilks D.L., Saunders R.G., Latimer G.W. Iron sulfate and feed pelleting to detoxify free gossypol in cottonseed diets for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 1991, 74, 3457-3467.
Benbouza H. Introgression chez Gossypium hirsutum L. et cartographie au moyen de marqueurs microsatellites des gènes responsables du caractère « low-gossypol seed and high-gossypol plant » (PhD Thesis). FUSAGx: Gembloux, 2004, 266 p
Bender H.S., Derolf S.Z., Misra H.P. Effects of gossypol on the antioxidant defense system of rat testis. Arch. Andrology, 1988, 21, 59-70.
Berardi L.C., Goldblatt L.A. Gossypol. In: Lienner IE (Ed.), Toxic constituents of plant foodstuffs. Academic Press: New York and London, 1969, 211-266.
Blackstaffe L., Shelly M.D., Fish R. G. Cytotoxity of gossypol enantiomers and its quinone metabolite gossypolone in melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res., 1997, 7, 364-372.
Boling S.D., Edwards H.M., Emmert J.L., Biehl R.R., Baker D.H. Bioavailability of iron in cottonseed meal, ferric sulfate, and two ferrous sulfate by-products of the galvanizing industry. Poult. Sci., 1998, 77, 1388-1392.
Boatner C.H., Castillon L.E., Hall C.M., Neely J.W. Gossypol and gossypurpurin in cottonseed of different varieties of G. Barabadense and G. hirsutum and variation of the pigments during storage of the seed. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1949, 26, 19-25.
Botsoglou N.A. High performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of free gossypol in chiken liver. J. Chromatogr., 1991, 587, 333-337.
Botsoglou N.A., Spais A.B. Ionpair, liquid chromatographic analysis of total gossypol in chicken liver. J. Chromatogr., 1992, 33, 174-176.
Braham J.E., Jarquin R., Bressani R., Gonzalez J.M., Elias L.G. Effect of gossypol on the iron-binding capacity of serum in swine. J. Nutr., 1967, 93, 241-248.
Branckaert R., Favier J.C., Vallerand E. Utilisation du tourteau de coton dans l'alimentation animale. Zootech., 1968, 17: Suppl 1, 42-50.
Bressani R. Elias L.G., Braham J.E. All-vegetable protein mixture for human feeding. 15. Studies in dogs on the absorption of gossyol from cottonseed flour containing vegetable protein mixtures. J. Nutr., 1964, 83, 209-217.
Bruinsma, W. Entomologie appliquée. Le cotonnier. Département de formation en protection des végétaux: Niamey, 1987, 89 p
Calhoun M.C., Kuhlmann S.W., Baldwin B.C.Jr. Cotton feed product composition and gossypol availability and toxicity. In: Eastridge, M. L. (Ed.), Proceeding of National Invitational Symposium on Alternative Feeds for Dairy and Beef Cattle, St Louis, Sept. 24-26, 1995a, 125-145.
Calhoun M.C., Kuhlmann S.W., Baldwin B.C.Jr. Assessing the gossypol status of cattle fed cotton feed products. In: Proceedings of the pacific Northest Animal Nutrition Conference, Portland, 1995b, 147A-158A
Campbell L.D. Canola meal as a substitute for cottonseed meal in the diet of broiler chickens. Nutr. Rep. Internat., 1988, 37, 371- 377.
Canella M., Sodini G. Extraction of gossypol and oligosaccharides from oil seed meals. J. food Sci., 1977, 42, 1218-1219.
Card I.E. Poultry production. Lea and Febiger: Philadelphia, 1952, 225 p
Cass Q.B., Tiritan E., Matlin S.A., Freire E.C. Gossypol enantiomer ratios in cotton seeds. Phytochem., 1991, 30, 2655-2657.
Chamruspollert M., Pesti G.M., Bakalli R.I. Dietary interrelationships among arginine, methionine, and lysine in young broiler chicks. Br. J. Nutrit., 2002, 88, 655-660.
Chen Q.Q., Chen H., Lei H.P. Comparative study on the metabolism of optical gossypol in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol, 1987, 20, 31-37.
Cherry J.P., Gray S. Méthylene chloride extraction of gossypol cottonseed products. J. Food Sci., 1981, 46, 1726-1733.
Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., Doreau M. Contrôle de la qualité nutritionnelle des matières grasses du lait par l'alimentation des vaches laitières: acides gras trans, polyinsaturés, acide linoléique conjugué. INRA Prod. Anim., 2001, 14, 323-335.
Clawson A.J., Smith F.H. Effect of dietary iron on gossypol and on residues of gossypol in porcine liver. J. Nutr., 1966, 89, 307-310.
Couch J.R., Chang W.Y., Lyman C.M. The effect of free gossypol on chick growth. Poult. Sci., 1955, 34, 178-183.
Cox G., Dodds J.M.L., Wigman H.B., Murphy F.J. The effects of high doses of aluminium and iron on phosphorus metabolism. In: Scientific Proceedings of the XXV meeting of the Society of Biological Chemists. J. of Biol. Chem., 1931, 92, 11.
DEVELOPPEMENT DES AGROINDUSTRIES DU SUD. Chronique des huiles végétales et de leurs dérivés (no1). [en ligne] (12/2006a) Adresse URL http:// www.dagris.fr/huilecoton.html, consulté le 22/02/2007.
DEVELOPPEMENT DES AGROINDUSTRIES DU SUD. La lettre de Dagris No18: Coup de tonnerre à l'OMC. [en ligne] (08/2006b) Adresse URL http://www.dagris. fr/images/lettre18.pdf, consulté le 22/02/2007.
Dale N.M., Fuller H.L. Effects of low temperature, diet density, and pelleting on the preference of broilers for high fat rations. Poult. Sci., 1979, 58, 1337-1339.
Damaty S., Hudson B.J.F. Preparation of low gossypol cottonseed flour. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1975, 26, 109-115.
Dao V.T., Gaspard C., Mayer M., Werner G.H., NguyenS.N., Michelot R.J. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of gossypol related compounds. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2000, 35, 805-813.
Demjanec B., Merchen N.R., Cremin J.R., Aldrich C.G., Berger L.L. Effect of roasting on site and extent of digestion of soybean meal by sheep: I. Digestion of nitrogen and amino acids. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 73, 824-834.
Demol, J. La connaissance de la plante. Administration Générale de la Coopération au Développement: Bruxelles, 1992, 247 p
Deobald H.J., Elvehjem C.A. The effect of feeding high amounts of soluble iron and aluminium salts. Am. J. Physiol., 1935, 111, 118-123.
Diouf B. Contribution à l'étude de l'introgression du caractère « inhibition de la synthèse du gossypol uniquement dans la graine » chez le cotonnier cultivé, par la caractérisation de la descendance BC2S1 et BC2S3 de l'hybride trispécifique (HRS) Gossypium hirsutum x G. raimondii x G. sturtianum. (Mémoire). Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agriculture: Thiès, 2006, 60 p.
El Boushy A.R., Raterink R. Replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed meal and peanut meal or both in low energy diets for broilers. Poult. Sci., 1989, 68, 799-804.
Elangovan A.V. Mandal A.B., Johri T.S. Comparative performance of broilers fed diets containing processed meals of Bt, parental Non-BT or commercial cottonseeds. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2003, 16, 57-62.
Estur G. Le marché mondial du coton: évolution et perspectives. Agric., 2006, 15, 9-14.
Ewing D.L., Johnson D.E., Rumpler W.V. Corn particle passage and size reduction in the rumen of beef steers. J. Anim. Sci., 1986, 63, 159-1515.
Ferguson T.M., Couch J.R., Rigdon R.H. Histopathology of animal reactions to pigment compounds-chickens. In: Proc. Conf. Chem. Structure and reactions of gossypol and non-gossypol pigments of cottonseed. National cottonseed products Assoc., Memphis, 1959, 131-141.
Fernandez S.R., Zhang Y, Parson C.M. Effect of overheating on the nutritional quality of cottonseed meal. Poult. Sci., 1994, 73, 1563-1571.
Fernandez S.R., Zhang Y, Parson C.M. Dietary formulation with cottonseed meal on a total amino-acid versus a digestible amino acid basis. Poult. Sci., 1995, 74, 1168-1179.
Fletcher J.L., Barrentine B.F., Dreeson L.J., Hill J.E., Shawyer C.B. The use of ferrous sulfate to inactivate gossypol in the diets of laying hens. Poult. Sci., 1953, 32, 740-742.
Forster L.A.Jr., Calhoun M.C. Nutrient values for cottonseed products deserve new look. Feedstuffs, 1995, 67, 44.
Frank A.W. Food uses of cottonseed protein. Dev. Food Proteins, 1985, 5, 31-80.
Gamboa D.A., Calhoun M.C., Kuhlmann S.W., Haq A.U., Bailey C.A. Use of expander cottonseed meal in broiler diets formulated on a digestible Amino acid Basis. Poult. Sci., 2001a, 80, 789-794.
Gamboa D.A., Calhoun M.C., Kuhlmann S.W., Haq A.U., Bailey C.A. Tissue distribution of gossypol Enantiomers in broilers fed various cottonseed meals. Poult. Sci., 2001b, 80, 920-925.
Goetsch A.L., Owens F.N. The effects of commercial processing method of cottonseed meal on site and extent of digestion in cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 1985, 60, 803-813.
Henry M.H., Pesti G.M., Bakalli R., Lee J., Toledo R.T., Eitenmiller R.R., Phillips R.D. The performance of Broiler chicks fed diets containing extruded cottonseed meal with Lysine. Poult. Sci., 2001, 80, 762-768.
Hermes I.H., Asher N.R., Shulkamy M.T., Sherskl E. The effect of using different levels of decorticated cottonseed meal on the performance of chicks: Growth and feed efficiency of starting chicks. Ann. Agric. Sci. Ain Shams Univ. (Egypt), 1983, 28, 1415-1428.
Heywang B.W., Bird H.R. Relationship between the weight of chicks and levels of dietary free gossypol supplied by different cottonseed products. Poult. Sci., 1955, 34, 1239-1247.
Heywang B.W., Kemmerer A.R., Effect of gossypol source and level on chicks growth. Poult. Sci., 1966, 45, 1429-1430.
Hill C.W., Matrone G. Studies on copper and iron deficiencies in growing chickens. J. Nutr. 1961, 73, 425-431.
Hron R.J., Wan P.J., Keek M.S. Ethanol vapor deactivation of gossypol in cottonseed meal. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1994, 73, 1337-1339.
Hsu J.T., Satter L.D. Procedures for measuring the quality of heattreated soybeans. J. Dairy Sci., 1995, 78, 1353-1361.
Huang L., Zheng D.K., SI Y.K. Resolution of racemic gossypol. J. Ethnopharmacol, 1987, 20, 13-20.
Husby F.M., Kroening G. H. Energy value of cottonseed meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci., 1971, 33, 592-603.
Janero D.R., Burghardt B. Protection of rat myocardial phospholipids against peroxidative injury through superoxide (Xantine oxidase)-dependent iron promoted fenton chemistry by the male contraceptive gossypol. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1988, 37, 3335-3342.
Jones L.A. Nutritional values for cottonseed meal. Feedstuffs, 1981, 53, 19-21.
Jones L.A. Gossypol chemistry and plant distribution. In: Jones L.A. (Ed.), Male Fertility and its Regulation. MTP Press Ltd: Lancaster, 1985, 93-110.
Joseph A.E., Matlin S.A., Knox P. Cytotoxycity of enantiomers of gossypol. Br. J. Cancer, 1986, 54, 511-513.
Kétékou A., Intérêt biologique de l'huile de graine de coton. In: Ketekou A. (Ed), Le cotonnier sans gossypol, une nouvelle ressource alimentaire. IDESSA: Abidjan, 1985, 58-62.
King T.J., De Silva L.B. Optically active gossypol from Thespesia populnea. Tetrahedron Lett., 1968, 3, 261-263.
Lane A.G., Stuart R.I. Gossypol intake may affect vitamin status of dairy cattle. Feedstuffs, 1990, 62, 13.
Leclercq B., Escartin R. Further investigations on the effects of metabolisable energy content of diet on broiler performances. Arch. Geflugelk., 1987, 51, 93-96.
Lemme A., ravindran v., bryden w.L. Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for broilers. World Poult. Sci. J., 2004, 60, 423-438.
Lennerts L. Oil cakes and oil seeds as raw material for the production of feed mixtures. Seven feedstuffs made from cottonseed. Olk. Ols Roh. Misch. Prod., 1988, 129, 504-505.
Lipstein B., Bornstein S. Studies with acidulated cottonseed oil soapstock. 2. Attempts to reduce its gossypol content. Poultr. Sci., 1964, 43, 694-701.
Liu F.K., Jou S.Y., Jung L.Y. A new method of detoxification of cottonseed by means of mixed solvent extraction. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1981, 58, 93-96.
Lodhi G.N., Malik N.S., Ichhponani J.S. Metabolizable energy, nitrogen absorbability and feeding value of expeller processed mustard cake for chicks. Br. Poultr. Sci., 1974, 15, 459- 465.
Lyman C.M., Baliga B.P., Slay M.W. Reactions of proteins with gossypol. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1959, 84, 486-497.
Marchlewski L., J. Prakt. Chem., 1899, 60, 84.
Marquié C., Eric H. Le coton glandless: une sécurité alimentaire en période de soudure. Bulletin du réseau TPA 11 CIRAD-CA, 1995, [en ligne] (04/1995) Adresse URL http://infotpa.gret.org/fileadmin/ bulletin/bulletin11/b11p20a21. htm Consulté le 23/03/07.
MARTIN S.D. Gossypol effects in animal feeding can be controlled. Feedstuffs, 1990, 62, 14-17.
Mathur C.R., Ahmed M.T. The feeding value of cottonseed meal screenings in chicks rations. Indian Vet. J., 1969, 46, 804-806.
Matrone G., Haruman R.H., Clawson A.J. Studies of a manganese-iron antagonism in the nutrition of rabbits and baby pigs. J. Nutr., 1959, 67, 309-317.
Mayorga H., Gonzalez J., Menchu J.F., Rolz C. Preparation of a low free gossypol cottonseed flour by dry and continuous processing. J. Food Sci., 1975, 40, 1270-1274.
McKinnon J.J., Olubobokun J.A., Mustafa A., Cohen R.D.H. Influence of dry heat treatment of canola meal on site and extent of nutrient disappearance in ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci Technol., 1995, 56, 243-252.
McNaughton J.L., Reece F.N. Factors affecting pelleting response: Influence of dietary energy in broiler starter diets. Poult. Sci., 1984, 63, 682-685.
Mc Donald P., Edwards R.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D. Nutrient requirements of laying hens. In: Feeding Standards for Reproduction and Lactation. Longman: London, 1981, 304 p
MC GHEE F., CREGER C.R., COUCH J.R. Copper and iron toxicity. Poult. Sci., 1965, 44, 310-312.
Mergeai G. Forty years of Genetic improvement of cotton through interspecific hybridisation at Gembloux Agriculture University: Achievement and prospects. In: Swanepoel A (Ed), Cotton production for the new millennium-proceedings of the World cotton Research Conference-3, Cape Town, 9-13 March 2003. Agricultural research council; Institute for industrial crops: Pretoria, 2004.
Morgan S.E., Stair E.L., Martin T.M., Edwards W.C., Morgan L. Clinical, clinicopathologic, pathologic, and alterations associated with gossypol toxicosis in feeder lambs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 1988, 49, 493-499.
Moss A., Allison R., Stroud A., Collins C. Evaluation of heat-treated lupins, beans, and rapeseed meal as protein sources for dairy cows. Home Grown Cereals Authority: Londres, 2000, 45 p
Nagalakshmi D., Sastry V.R.B., Agrawal D.K., Katiyar R.C.H. Haematological and immunological response in lambs fed on raw and variously processed cottonseed meal. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 2001, 14, 21-29.
Nagalakshmi D., Sastry V.R.B., Agrawal D.K. Detoxification of undecorticated cottonseed meal by various physical and chemical methods. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol., 2002, 2, 117-126.
Nagalakshmi D., Savaran V., Rama R., Arun K. P., Vadali R. B. S. Cottonseed meal in poultry diets: A review. Int. J. Poult Sci., 2007, 44, 119-134.
Narain R., Lyman C.M., Deyoe C.W., Couch J.R. Effect of protein level of the diet on free gossypol tolerance in chicks. Poult. Sci., 1960, 39, 1556-1559.
Narain R., Lyman C.M., Deyoe C.W., Couch J.R. Paper electrophoresis and albumin/globulin ratio of the serum of normal chicks and chickens fed free gossypol in diet. Poult. Sci., 1961, 40, 21-25.
National Research Council, BOARD ON AGRICULTURE. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th revised edition. National Academy Press: Washnigton, DC, 1994, 176 p
Njike M.C. Cottonseed meal as substitute for GNC in the diet of baby chicks. In: Njike M.C. (Ed.), Breeds and Nutrition of poultry in Nigeria. Nigerian Branch of World Poultry Science Association: Nigeria, 1975, 59-69.
Nzekwe N.M., Olomu J.M. The evaluation of cottonseed as a replacement for groundnut meal in broiler rations. J. Anim. Prod. Res., 1982, 2, 123-138.
Obioha F.C., A guide to Poultry Production in the Tropics. Acena Publishers: Enugu, 1992, 3-7.
Ojewola G.S., Ewa U.E. Response of growing broiler to varying dietary plant protein. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2005, 4, 765-771.
Ojewola G.S., Ukachuckwu S.N., Okulonye E.I. Cottonseed meal as substitute for soybean meal in broiler ration. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 2006, 5, 360-364.
Panigrahi S., Plumb V.E., Machia D.H. Effects of dietary cottonseed meal with and without iron treatment on laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 1989, 30, 641-651.
Panigrahi S., Morris T.R. Effects of dietary cottonseed meal and iron-treated cottonseed meal on different laying hen genotypes. Br. Poult. Sci., 1991, 32, 21-24.
Panigrahi S. Effects of treating cottonseed meal with a solution of ferrous sulfate on laying hen performance and discolorations in eggs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1992, 38, 89-103.
Panigrahi S., Plumb V.E. Effects of dietary phosphorus of treating cottonseed meal with crystalline ferrous sulphate for the prevention of brown yolk discoloration. Poult. Sci., 1996, 37, 403-411.
Parry G. Le cotonnier et ses produits: Techniques agricoles et productions tropicales. Maisonneuve et Larose: Paris, 1982, 502 p
Pascal G. Les apports quotidiens recommandés en lipides et en acides gras. OCL, 1996, 3, 205-201.
Percy R.G., Calhoun M.C., Kim H.L. Seed gossypol variation within gossypium barbadense. L. Cotton Crop. Sci., 1996, 36, 193-197.
Pesti G.M., Whiting T.S., Jensen L.S. The effect of Crumbling on the relationship between dietary and chick growth, feed efficiency, and abdominal fat pad weights. Poult. Sci., 1983, 62, 490-494.
Petit H.V., Rioux R., Ouellet D.R. Milk production and intake of lactating cows fed raw or extruded peas. J. Dairy Sci., 1997, 80, 3377-3385.
Petit H.V., Tremblay G.F., Tremblay E., Nadeau P. Ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids, protein degradability, and dry matter digestibility of flaxseed treated with different sugar and heat combinations. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 2002, 82, 241-250.
Phleps R.A. Cottonseed meal for poultry: From research to pratical application. Poult. Sci., 1966, 22, 86-112.
Poncet C., Rémond D., Lepage E., Michalet-doreau B. Comment mieux valoriser les protéagineux et oléagineux en alimentation des ruminants. Fourrages, 2003, 174, 205-229.
Pons W.A.Jr, Guthrie J.D. Determination of free gossypol in cottonseed materials. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1949, 26, 671-676.
Pons W.A., Hoffpauir C.L., Hopper T.H. Gossypol in cottonseed: Influence of variety of cottonseed and environment. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1953, 1, 1115-1118.
Pons W.A., Thurber F.H., Hoffpauir C.L. Prepresssolvent extraction of cottonseed, processing conditions and characteristics of products. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1955, 32, 98-103.
Pons W.A., Eaves P.H. Aqueous acetone extraction of cottonseed. U.S. Patent, 1971, 3, 157-168.
Proctor J., O'Neill H.J., Relich H.G., Levi R.S., Pons W.A. Physiological evaluation of solvent-treated cottonseed meals in rations for laying hens. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1968, 45, 393-396.
Proudfoot F.G., Hulan H.W. Feed texture effects on the performance of turkey broilers. Poult. Sci., 1982, 61, 327-330.
Rahma E.H., Narasingo Rao M.S. Gossypol removal and functional properties of protein produced by extraction of glanded cottonseed with different solvents. J. Food Sci., 1984, 49, 1057-1060.
Rathore K. Safe seed: Food cotton genetically modified to not have toxic gossypol. [en ligne] (04/09/2009) Adresse URL http:// www.sciencecodex.com/safe_ seed_food_cotton_genetically_ modified_to_not_have_toxic_ gossypolConsulté le 28/12/2009.
Reddy R., Eshwaraiah V. Studies on the utilization of decorticated deoiled, double toasted cottonseed extraction broiler starters. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 1987, 22, 194-196.
Reid B.L., Galaviz-Moreno S., Maiorino P.M. Comparison of glandless and regular cottonseed meals for laying hens. Poult. Sci., 1984, 63, 1803-1809.
Reid B.L., Galaviz -Morenon S., Maiorino P.M. Evaluation of Isopropanol-extracted cottonseed meal for laying hens. Poult. Sci., 1987, 66, 82-89.
Reynolds J.M., Tone J.N. Subchronic oral administration of gossypol-acetic acid (GAA) alters the distribution and utilization of radioiron in male rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 1988, 11, 135-150.
Ryan J.R., Kratzer F.H., Grace C.R., Vohra P. glandless cottonseed meal for laying and breeding hens and broiler chicks. Poult. Sci, 1986, 65, 945-955.
Sandal D.S. Rapid method for evaluating metabolizable energy of poultry feeds. (PhD Thesis). Punjab Agricultural University: Ludhiana, 1974.
Sauvant D., Lossouarn J., Verrier E. Le coton et ses co-produits en alimentation animale. Rev. Alim. Anim., 1994, 482, http://www.inapg.inra.fr/dsa/ iobdaa/tcoton.htmConsulté le 14 Mars 2007.
Schmidely P., Sauvant D. Taux butyreux et composition de la matière grasse du lait chez les petits ruminants: Effets de l'apport de matière grasse ou d'aliment concentré. INRA Prod. Anim., 2001, 14, 337-354.
Sekhar-Reddy P., Sudhakar Reddy P., Satyanarayana Reddy P.V.V., Srinivasa Rao D. Influence of cottonseed cake on the performance of broilers. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 1998, 15, 188-193.
Shah F.H., Shah W.H., Yasin M., Abdullah N. Detoxification of commercially produced cottonseed meal. Pakistan J. Sci. Ind. Res., 1986, 29, 380-382.
Sharma N.K., Lodhi G.N., Ichhponani J.S. Cottonseed cake a potential source of vegetable protein for poultry: A review. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 1978a, 48, 132-140.
Sharma N.K., Lodhi G.N., Ichhponani J.S. Comparative feeding value of expeller processed undecorticated and decorticated cottonseed cakes for growing chicks. J. Agric. Sci., 1978b, 91, 531-541.
Shi A.H., Zhang Y., Qu P., Yan J.G., Xiao H.J. Screening and breeding of highly-effected degrading cotton-phenol strains and study on detoxification technology and conditions. Acta Microbiol. Sinica, 1998, 38, 318-320.
Skinner, James T., Amy L.W., Park W.W. Effects of dietary nutrient density on performance and carcass quality of broilers 42 to 49 days of age. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 1992, 1, 367-372.
Skutches C.L., Herman D.L., Smith F.H. Effect of I/V gossypol injection on iron utilization in swine. J. Nutr., 1973, 103, 851-855.
Skutches C.L., Herman D.L., Smith F.H. Effect of dietary free gossypol on blood components and tissues iron in swine and rats. J. Nutr., 1974, 104, 415-422.
Smith K.J. Pratical significance of gossypol in feed formulation. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1970, 47, 448-450.
Smith F.H. Effect of gossypol bound to cottonseed protein on growth on weanling rats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1972, 20, 803-804.
Sontag N.O.V. Composition and Characteristics of Industrial fats and oils. In: Bailey A.E., Swern D., Formo M.W., Applewhite T.H. Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Wiley: New-York, 1979, 289-477.
Stansbury M.F., Pons W.A.Jr, Denhartong G.T. Relations between oil, nitrogen, and gossypol in cottonseed kernels. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1956, 33, 282-286.
Sunilkumar g., Campbell L.M., Puckhaber L., Stipanovic R.d., Rathore k.s. Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol. Appl. Biol. Sci., 2006, 103, 18054-18059.
Tacher G., Rivière R., Landry C. Valeur alimentaire pour les poussins et les poulets de chair du tourteau de coton sans gossypol. IEMVT: Paris, 1971.
Tanksley T.D., Knabe D.A. Use of cottonseed meal in swine rations. Feedstuff, 1981, 52, 24-27.
Townsend T. Situation et perspectives du coton. Groupe des produits tropicaux, 2008, pp 5. http://www. ifap.org/fr/about/documents/ CongresMondialAgriculteurs/ SituationPerspectivesCoton.pdf, Consulté le 09/11/2009.
vrohbi I., maquet a., baudouin j.p., du jardin P., jacquemin j.M., mer geai G. Breeding for "low-gossypol seed and high-gossypol plants" in uplands cotton. Analysis of triepecies hybrids and back-cross progenies using AFLP and mapped RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet., 1999, 99, 1233-1244.
Wal J.M. L'utilisation des sousproduits industriels en alimentation animale à Madagascar. Institut d'élevage et de médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux: Madagascar, 1970.
Wallace J.R., Falconer M.L. In vitro studies of conditions required to protect protein from ruminal degradation by heating in the presence of sugars. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 1992, 37, 129-141.
Waldroup P.W., Goodner T.O. Tolerance levels of free gossypol in layer diets as influenced by iron: gossypol ratios. Poult. Sci., 1973, 52, 20-28.
Wang N.G., Zhou L.F. Guan M.H., Lei H.P. Effects of (-) and (+)-gossypol on fertility in male rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1987, 20, 21-24.
Watkins S.E., Skinner J.T., Adams M.H., Waldroup P.W. An evaluation of low-gossypol cottonseed meal in diets for broilers chickens: Effect of cottonseed meal level and lysine supplementation. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 1993, 2, 221-226.
Watkins S.E., Saleh E.A., Waldroup P.W. Reduction in dietary nutrient density aids in utilization of high protein cottonseed meal in broiler. J. Poult. Res., 2002, 1, 53-58.
Wen-ju Z., Zi-rong X., Jian-yi S., Xia Y. Effect of selected fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal. J. Zhejiang Univ Sci, 2006, 7, 690-695.
Willard S.T., Neuendorf D.A., Lewis A.W., Randel R.D. Effect of free gossypol in the diet of pregnant and postpartum brahman cows on calf development and cow performance. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 73, 496-507.
Wu X.Y., Chen J.X. The utilization of microbes to break down free gossypol in cottonseed meal. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 1989, 22, 82-86.
Yo T. Utilisation directe des graines de coton décortiquées de variétés sans gossypol dans l'alimentation des poulets de chair en Côted'Ivoire, Revue Elev. Méd. Vet. Pays Trop., 1991, 44, 355-360.
Yu F., Barry T.N., Moughan P.J., Wilson G.F. Condensed tanin and gossypol concentrations in cottonseed and in processed cottonseed meal. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1993, 63, 7-15.
Yu F., McNabb W.C., Barry T.N., Moughan P.J. Effect of heat treatment union the chemical composition of cottonseed meal and upon the reactivity of cottonseed tannins. J. Sci. Food Agric., 1996, 72, 263-272.
Yu P., Goelema J.O., Tamminga S. Determination of optimal conditions of pressure toasting on legume seeds for dairy industry. I. Effects of pressure toasting on nutritive values of Lupinus albus in lactating dairy cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 1999, 12, 1205-1214.
Zhang J.Z., Sun Y.H., Niu Z.X., Zhang W.D., Xue L.H. Studies on the screening of microorganisms for detoxification of gossypol and the effect of detoxification. J.
