Bamber JC, Tristam M (1988) Diagnostic ultrasound. In: Webb S, Ed.: The physics of medical imaging. Adam Hilger, Bristol. Pp. 319-386.
Barkmann R, Kantorovich E, Singal C, Hans D, Genant HK, Heller M, Glüer CC (2000) A new method for quantitative ultrasound measurements at multiple skeletal sites: first results of precision and fracture discrimination. J. Clin. Densitom. 3, 1-7.
Bertone A. (2002). The metacarpus and metatarsus. In: Stashak TS, Ed.: Adam's lameness in horses. 4th ed, Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA. Pp. 800-829.
Buckingham SH, McCarthy RN, Anderson GA, McCartney RN, Jeffcott LB (1992) Ultrasound speed in the metacarpal cortex - a survey of 347 thoroughbreds in training. Equine Vet. J. 24, 191-195.
Carstanjen B, Lepage OM, Detilleux J, Duboeuf F, Amory H (2002a) Use of multi-site quantitative ultrasonography for non invasive assessment of bone in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63, 1464-1469.
Carstanjen B, Detilleux J, Amory H, Lepage OM (2002b) Einsatz der quantitativen Ultrasonometrie in der Knochendiagnostik beim Warmblutpferd. Proc. 17th DVG Congress "Pferdekrankheiten" Hannover, Germany. Pp. 249-252.
Carstanjen B, Duboeuf F, Detilleux J, Lepage OM (2003a) Equine third metacarpal bone assessment by quantitative ultrasound and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: an ex vivo study. J. Vet. Med. A. 50, 42-49.
Carstanjen B, Lepage OM, Hars O, Langlois P, Duboeuf F, Amory H (2003b) Speed of sound measurements of the third metacarpal bone in young exercising Thoroughbred racehorses. Bone. 33, 411-418.
Choquet P, Sick H, Constantinesco A (2000) MRI of the equine digit with a dedicated low-field magnet. Vet. Rec. 20, 616-617.
Davies HM (2002) Dorsal metacarpal cortex ultrasound speed and bone size and shape. Equine Vet. J. (Suppl.) 34, 337-339.
Estberg L, Stover SM, Gardner IA, Drake CM, Johnsson B, Ardans A (1996) High-speed exercise history and catastrophic racing fracture in thoroughbreds. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57, 1549-1555.
Fan B, He YQ, Hans D (1997) A comparison between ultrasound velocity at the phalanx with site matched cortical thickness and bone density. Osteoporos. Int. (Suppl.) 7, 62.
Funck C, Wuster C, Alenfeld FE, Pereira-Lima JF, Fritz T, Meeder PJ, Got M, Ziegler R (1996) Ultrasound velocity of the tibia in the normal German women and hip fracture patients. Calcif. Tissue Int. 58, 390-394.
Funke M, Kopka L, Vosshenrich R, Fischer U, Ueberschaer A, Oestmann JW. Grabbe E (1995) Broadband ultrasound attenuation in the diagnosis of osteoporosis: correlation with osteodensitometry and fracture. Radiol. 194, 77-81.
Gibbens DT, Gilsanz V, Boechat Ml, Dufer D, Carlson ME, Wang CI (1988) Osteoporosis in cystic fibrosis. J. Pediatrics. 113, 295-300.
Hans D, Dargent-Molina P, Schott AM, Sebert JL, Cornier C, Kotzki PO, Delmas PD, Pouilles JM, Breaart G, Meunier PJ (1596) Ultrasonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet. 348, 511-514.
Jeffcott LB, McCartney RN (1985) Ultrasound as a tool for assessment of bone quality in the horse. Vet. Rec. 116, 337-342.
Jeffcott LB, McCartney RN, Speirs VC (1986) Single photon absorptiometry for the measurement of bone mineral content in horses. Vet. Rec. 118, 499-505.
Jeffcott LB, Buckingham SH, McCarthy RN, Cleeland JC, Scoti E, McCartney RN (1988) Non-invasive measurement of bone: a review of clinical and research applications in the horse. Equine Vet. J. (Suppl.) 6, 71-79.
Knapp KM, Blake GM, Spector TD, Fogelman I (2001) Multisite quantitative ultrasound: precision, age- and menopause-related changes, fracture discrimination, and T-score equivalence with dual-energy X-rayabsorptiometry. Osteoporos. Int. 12, 456-464.
Lee SC, Coan BS, Bouxsein ML (1997) Tibial ultrasound velocity measured in situ predicts the material properties of tibial cortical bone. Bone. 21, 119-125.
Lappe J, Davies K, Recker R, Heaney R (2005) Quantitative ultrasound: use in screening for susceptibility to stress fractures in female army recruits. J. Bone Miner. Res. 20, 571-578.
Lepage OM, Carstanjen B, Uebelhart D (2001) Non-invasive assessment of equine bone: an update. Vet. J. 161, 10-23.
McCartney RN, Jeffcott LB (1987) Combined 2.25 MHz ultrasound velocity and bone mineral density measurements in the equine metacarpus and their in vivo applications. Med. Biol. Engin. Comp. 25, 620-626.
McClure SR, Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Weaver CM (2001) Evaluation of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry for in situ measurement of bone mineral density of equine metacarpi. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62, 752-756.
Njeh CF, Boivin CM, Langton CM (1997) The role of ultrasound in the assessment of osteoporosis: a review. Osteoporosis Int. 7, 7-22.
Njeh CF, Saeed I., Grigorian M., Kendler DL, Fan B, Sheperd J, McClung M, Drake WM, Genant HK (2001) Assessment of bone status using speed of sound at multiple anatomical sites. Ultrasound in Med. & Biol. 27, 1337-1345.
Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT (1989) Some geometric properties of the third metacarpal bone: a comparison between the thoroughbred and standard racehorse. J. Biomech. 22, 129-134.
Pain HJ (1999) The physics of vibrations and waves. 5th ed., Chichester: Wiley.
Pande KC, Bernard J, McCloskey EV, de Takats D, Kanis JA (2000) Ultrasound velocity and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal and pagetic bone. Bone. 26, 525-528.
Pratt GW (1980) An in vivo method of ultrasonically evaluating bone strength. Proc. 26th Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract. Pp. 295-306.
Price JS (1998) Biochemical markers of bone metabolism in horses: potentials and limitations? Vet. J. 156, 163-165.
Rabin DS, Rantanen NW, Seder JA, Miller P, Helhake P (1983) The clinical use of bone strength assessment in the thoroughbred racehorse. Proc. 28th Annu. Meet. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract. Pp. 343-351.
Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH (1993) Young's modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J. Biomech. 26, 111-119.
Riggs CM (1999) Aetiopathogenesis of parasagittal fractures of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones - Review of the literature. Equine Vet. J. 31, 116-120.
Stover SM, Pool RR, Martin RB, Morgan JP (1992) Histological features of the dorsal cortex of the third metacarpal bone mid-diapnysis during postnatal growth in thoroughbred horses. J. Anat. 181, 455-469.
Ueltschi G (1975) 1st results of scintigraphic skeletal examinations in horse using 99mTc phosphates as tracers. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 117, 383-392.
Waite KL, Nielsen BD, Rosenstein DS (2000) Computed tomography as a method of estimating bone mineral content in horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 20, 49-52.
