[en] Sketching and prototyping of design concepts have long been valued as tools to support productive early stage design. This study investigates previous findings about the use and timing of use of such design tools. This study considers such tools in the context of team design projects. General trends and statistically significant results about “sketchstorming” and prototyping suggest that, in certain constrained contexts, the focus should be on the quality of information rather than on the quantity of information generated, and that prototyping should begin as soon as possible during the design process. Ramifications of these findings are discussed in the context of educating future designers on the efficient use of design tools.
Disciplines :
Mechanical engineering Engineering, computing & technology: Multidisciplinary, general & others
Author, co-author :
Elsen, Catherine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département Argenco : Secteur TLU+C > Lucid - Lab for User Cognition & Innovative Design
Häggman, Anders
Tomonori, Honda
Yang, Maria C.
Language :
English
Title :
Representation in early stage design: an analysis of the influence of sketching and prototyping in design projects
Alternative titles :
[fr] Les représentations en conception préliminaire: analyse de l'influence de l'esquisse et du prototype au sein de projets de conception
Publication date :
2012
Event name :
ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference IDETC/CIE 2012
Event organizer :
ASME
Event place :
Chicago, United States
Event date :
August 12-15, 2012
Audience :
International
Main work title :
Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
Publisher :
ASME
Pages :
11
Peer reviewed :
Peer reviewed
Funders :
The work described in this paper was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Award CMMI-1130791; by the IK Investment Fund / The League of Finnish American Societies, the Fulbright-Technology Industries of Finland Grant co-funded with the Federation of Finnish Technology Industries, the Finnish Foundation for Technology Promotion, the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation grant (for Anders Häggman) and by the Belgian American Education Foundation (for Catherine Elsen).
Visser, W. 2006. The cognitive Artifacts of designing. London: Eds Lawrence Erlbaum.
Suwa, M., Purcell, T., and Gero, J. 1998. "Macroscopic analysis of design processes based on a scheme for coding designers' cognitive actions". Design Studies, 19(4), 455-483.
Bilda, Z., and Gero, J. 2005. "Does sketching off-load visuo-spatial working memory?" Paper presented at the Studying Designers '05, Sidney, Australia.
Cross, N. 2000. Strategies for Product Design, Third Edition: The open University, Milton Keynes.
Ullman, D. G., Wood, S., and Craig, D. 1990. "The importance of drawing in the mechanical design process". Computers & Graphics, 14(2), 263-274.
Schön, D. A., and Wiggins, G. 1992. "Kinds of seeing and their functions in designing". Design Studies, 13(2), 135-156.
Leclercq, P. 2005. "Le concept d'esquisse augmentée". Proceedings of SCAN 2005, Séminaire de Conception Architecturale Numérique, 16.
McGown, A., Green, G., and Rodgers, P. A. 1998. "Visible ideas: information patterns of conceptual sketch activity". Design Studies, 19(4), 431-453.
Détienne, F., Boujut, J., and Hohmann, B. 2004. "Characterization of collaborative design and interaction management activities in a distant engineering design situation". In F. Darses, R. Dieng, C. Simone & M. Zacklad (Eds.), Cooperative systems design: scenariobased design of collaborative systems (pp. 83-98): IOS Press.
Tovey, M., and Richards, C. 2004. "Computer representation for concept design and maintenance instruction". Paper presented at the TMCE 2004, Lausanne.
Ferguson, E. 1992. Engineering and the mind's eye. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Schenk, P. 1991. "The role of drawing in the graphic design process." Design Studies, 12(3), 168-181.
Do, E., and Gross, M. 1997. "Inferring design intentions from sketches: An investigation of freehand drawing conventions in design". Paper presented at the CAADRIA 1997, Taiwan.
Lim, C. 2003. "An insight into the freedom of using a pen: Pen-based system and pen-and-paper". Paper presented at the ACADIA 2003 - 22nd ACADIA Conference: Connecting Crossroads of digital discourse.
Do, E. 1995. "What's in a diagram that a computer should understand". Paper presented at the CAAD Futures '05, Singapour.
Dessy, J. 2002. De l'emploi des symboles dans les esquisses architecturales. PhD Thesis, Université de Liège, Liège.
Rodgers, P. A., Green, G., and McGown, A. 2000. "Using concept sketches to track design progress". Design Studies, 21(5), pp. 451-464.
Wojtczuk, A. and Bonnardel, N. 2010. "Externalisation in design: Impact of different tools on designers' activities and on the assessment of final design". Proceedings of ECCE 2010 Conference, 6 p.
Verdonck, E., Weytjens, L., Verbeeck, G., and Froyen, H. 2011. "Design Support Tools in Practice. The Architects' Perspective". Paper presented at the CAAD Futures 2011: Designing Together, University of Liège.
Buchenau, M. and Suri, JF. 2000. "Experience prototyping". DIS'00, ACM, New-York, pp. 424-433.
Gerber, E., and Carroll, M. 2012. The psychological experience of prototyping. Design studies 33, pp. 64-84, Elsevier.
Wong, YY. 1992. "Rough and ready prototypes: lessons from graphic design". In proceedings of CHI'92, ACM PRESS, pp. 83-84.
Houde, S. and Hill, C. 1997. "What do prototypes prototype?" in Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction (2nd Ed). M. Helander, T. Landauer and P. Prabhu (eds), Elsevier Sciences, BV, Amsterdam.
Ullman, DG. 2003. The mechanical design process, McGraw-Hill, New-York, NY.
Yang, MC. 2005. A study of prototypes, design activity, and design outcome. Design Studies, 26, pp. 649-669, Elsevier.
Viswanathan, V., and Linsey, J., "Design Fixation in Physical Modeling: An Investigation on the Role of Sunk Cost", ASME IDETC - Design Theory and Methodology, Washington, DC, 2011.
Kiriyaman T., and Yamamoto, T., "Strategic Knowledge Acquisition: A Case Study of Learning through Prototyping" Knowledge-based Systems, 11 (7-8), pp. 399-404, 1998.
Christensen, B.T. and Schunn, C.D. 2007. The relationship of analogical distance to analogical function and preinventive structure: the case of engineering design. Memory & Cognition, 35(1), pp. 29-38.
Acuna, A., and Sosa, R., "The Complementary Role of Representations in Design Creativity: Sketches and Models", Proceedings of Design Creativity, Japan, Springer, 2010.
Leclercq, P. 1994. Environnement de conception architecturale préintégrée - Elements d'une plate-forme d'assistance basée sur une représentation sémantique. PhD thesis, University of Liège.
Litchfield, RC. 2008. Brainstorming Reconsidered: A Goal-Based View. The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 33, N°3, pp. 649-668, Academy of Management.
Reinig and Briggs. 2008. On The Relationship Between Idea-Quantity and Idea-Quality During Ideation. Group decision and negotiation. Vol. 17, N°5, pp. 403-420.
Kim, S., Bracewell, R.H., and Wallace, K.M. 2005. "A framework for design rationale retrieval", Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design ICED'05, 15 p.
Yang, M.C., 2009. Observations of Concept Generation and Sketching in Engineering Design Projects. Research in Engineering Design, 2009. 20(1): p. 1-11.
Osborn, A.F., Applied Imagination. Third ed. 1963: Charles Scribner and Sons.
