[en] (Abridged) Searching for planets around stars with different masses probes the outcome of planetary formation for different initial conditions. This drives observations of a sample of 102 southern nearby M dwarfs, using a fraction of our guaranteed time on the ESO/HARPS spectrograph (Feb. 11th, 2003 to Apr. 1st 2009). This paper makes available the sample's time series, presents their precision and variability. We apply systematic searches and diagnostics to discriminate whether the observed Doppler shifts are caused by stellar surface inhomogeneities or by the radial pull of orbiting planets. We recover the planetary signals corresponding to 9 planets already announced by our group (Gl176b, Gl581b, c, d & e, Gl674b, Gl433b, Gl 667Cb and c). We present radial velocities that confirm GJ 849 hosts a Jupiter-mass planet, plus a long-term radial-velocity variation. We also present RVs that precise the planetary mass and period of Gl 832b. We detect long-term RV changes for Gl 367, Gl 680 and Gl 880 betraying yet unknown long-period companions. We identify candidate signals in the radial-velocity time series and demonstrate they are most probably caused by stellar surface inhomogeneities. Finally, we derive a first estimate of the occurrence of M-dwarf planets as a function of their minimum mass and orbital period. In particular, we find that giant planets (m sin i = 100-1,000 Mearth) have a low frequency (e.g. f<1% for P=1-10 d and f=0.02^{+0.03}_{-0.01} for P=10-100 d), whereas super-Earths (m sin i = 1-10 Mearth) are likely very abundant (f=0.36^{+0.25}_{-0.10} for P=1-10 d and f=0.35^{+0.45}_{-0.11} for P=10-100 d). We also obtained eta_earth=0.41^{+0.54}_{-0.13}, the frequency of habitable planets orbiting M dwarfs (1<m sin i<10 Mearth). For the first time, eta_earth is a direct measure and not a number extrapolated from the statistic of more massive and/or shorter-period planets.
Disciplines :
Space science, astronomy & astrophysics
Author, co-author :
Bonfils, X.
Delfosse, X.
Udry, S.
Forveille, T.
Mayor, M.
Perrier, C.
Bouchy, F.
Gillon, Michaël ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'astrophys., géophysique et océanographie (AGO) > Astrophysique et traitement de l'image
scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.
Bibliography
Apps, K., Clubb, K. I., Fischer, D. A., et al. 2010, PASP, 122, 156
Bailey, J., Butler, R. P., Tinney, C. G., et al. 2009, ApJ, 690, 743
Baranne, A., Queloz, D., Mayor, M., et al. 1996, A&AS, 119, 373
Batista, V., Gould, A., Dieters, S., et al. 2011, A&A, 529, A102
Bean, J. L., Seifahrt, A., Hartman, H., et al. 2009, ApJ, accepted [arXiv:0912.0003]
Beaulieu, J.-P., Bennett, D. P., Fouqué, P., et al. 2006, Nature, 439, 437
Benedict, G. F., McArthur, B. E., Forveille, T., et al. 2002, ApJ, 581, L115
Bennett, D. P. 2009, submitted [arXiv:0902.1761]
Bennett, D. P., Bond, I. A., Udalski, A., et al. 2008, ApJ, 684, 663
Boisse, I., Bouchy, F., Chazelas, B., et al. 2011, in Research, Science and Technology of Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets, Proc. of an International Conference held in Shangai on Occasion of a Total Eclipse of the Sun, Shangai, China, eds. E. L. Martin, et al., EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 16, id.02003
Bond, I. A., Udalski, A., Jaroszýnski, M., et al. 2004, ApJ, 606, L155
Bonfils, X., Delfosse, X., Udry, S., Forveille, T., & Naef, D. 2006, Tenth Anniversary of 51 Peg-b: Status of and prospects for hot Jupiter studies, Colloquium held at Observatoire de Haute Provence, 111
Bonfils, X., Delfosse, X., Forveille, T., Mayor, M., & Udry, S. 2007, Proc. of the conference In the Spirit of Bernard Lyot: The Direct Detection of Planets and Circumstellar Disks in the 21st Century, June 04-08, 21
Bonfils, X., Gillon, M., Forveille, T., et al. 2011, A&A, 528, A111
Murdoch, K. A., Hearnshaw, J. B., & Clark, M. 1993, ApJ, 413, 349
Nutzman, P., & Charbonneau, D. 2008, PASP, 120, 317
Pepe, F., Mayor, M., Galland, F., et al. 2002, A&A, 388, 632
Pepe, F., Mayor, M., Queloz, D., et al. 2004, A&A, 423, 385
Queloz, D., Henry, G. W., Sivan, J. P., et al. 2001, A&A, 379, 279
Reid, I. N., Hawley, S. L., & Gizis, J. E. 1995, AJ, 110, 1838
Rivera, E. J., & Lissauer, J. J. 2001, ApJ, 558, 392
Rivera, E. J., Lissauer, J. J., Butler, R. P., et al. 2005, ApJ, 634, 625
Scargle, J. D. 1982, ApJ, 263, 835
Schlesinger, F. 1917, AJ, 30, 137
Selsis, F., Kasting, J. F., Levrard, B., et al. 2007, A&A, 476, 1373
Smart, R. L., Ioannidis, G., Jones, H. R. A., Bucciarelli, B., & Lattanzi, M. G. 2010, A&A, 514, 84
Sumi, T., Bennett, D. P., Bond, I. A., et al. 2010, ApJ, 710, 1641
Udalski, A., Jaroszýnski, M., Paczýnski, B., et al. 2005, ApJ, 628, L109
Udry, S., & Santos, N. C. 2007, ARA&A, 45, 397
van Altena, W. F., Lee, J. T., & Hoeit, E. D. 1995, The general catalogue of trigonometric [stellar] parallaxes, 4th edn. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Observatory
van de Kamp, P. 1963, AJ, 68, 515
van de Kamp, P. 1982, Vis. Astron., 26, 141
van Leeuwen, F. 2007, A&A, 474, 653
Vogt, S. S., Butler, R. P., Rivera, E. J., et al. 2010, ApJ, 723, 954
von Bloh, W., Bounama, C., Cuntz, M., & Franck, S. 2007, A&A, 476, 1365
Walker, G. A. H., Walker, A. R., Irwin, A. W., et al. 1995, Icarus, 116, 359
Zechmeister, M., & Kürster, M. 2009, A&A, 496, 577
Zechmeister, M., Kürster, M., & Endl, M. 2009, A&A, 505, 859
Similar publications
Sorry the service is unavailable at the moment. Please try again later.
This website uses cookies to improve user experience. Read more
Save & Close
Accept all
Decline all
Show detailsHide details
Cookie declaration
About cookies
Strictly necessary
Performance
Strictly necessary cookies allow core website functionality such as user login and account management. The website cannot be used properly without strictly necessary cookies.
This cookie is used by Cookie-Script.com service to remember visitor cookie consent preferences. It is necessary for Cookie-Script.com cookie banner to work properly.
Performance cookies are used to see how visitors use the website, eg. analytics cookies. Those cookies cannot be used to directly identify a certain visitor.
Used to store the attribution information, the referrer initially used to visit the website
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites that you visit. Websites use cookies to help users navigate efficiently and perform certain functions. Cookies that are required for the website to operate properly are allowed to be set without your permission. All other cookies need to be approved before they can be set in the browser.
You can change your consent to cookie usage at any time on our Privacy Policy page.