L'etude clinique du mois. Essais de preservation des cellules B a la phase initiale du diabete de type 1: resultats negatifs avec l'insuline retard, mais prometteurs avec un anticorps monoclonal anti-CD3.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to a progressive exhaustion of the insulin secretion and a destruction of the B-cells. Attempts of preservation of insulin-producing B-cells can be performed at an early, most often silent, stage of the disease in well-selected at high risk subjects or during the period immediately following the clinical diagnosis based upon classical signs of hyperglycaemia. In the "Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1", the prophylactic subcutaneous administration of low-dose ultralente insulin was not able to prevent the development of type 1 diabetes nor to preserve residual insulin secretion in young relatives at very high-risk of diabetes, selected upon genetic, immunological and metabolic criteria. In contrast, a pilot randomized trial shows that a treatment with a nonactivating humanized monoclonal antibody against CD3 mitigates the deterioration in insulin production and improves metabolic control, with lower dose of exogenous insulin, during the first year of type 1 diabetes mellitus in 9 out of 12 treated patients. Besides a better understanding of the natural history of the disease, these clinical trials open new perspectives for prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus, currently assessed by the Belgian Diabetes Registry.