Mrozenie nasienia u koni - stan obecny i perspektywy

Aim of this paper is to review equine semen freezing procedures. Spermatozoa formation inside the testis, spermatozoa anatomy and physiology will be summarized, highlighting structures and/or functions injured during freezing/thawing process. Current quality standards will be defined for fresh and thawed semen with a special attention on total and progressive motilities and different definitions of these parameters in literature. New ways of semen analysis (as flow cytometry) will be discussed for their scientific and clinical implications. Freezing procedures will and new freezing procedures will be discussed. Future developments and progress in freezing methods will be exposed, as prediction of post-thaw semen quality on fresh semen basis, improvement of freezing extenders and prevention of reactive oxygen species effects.