Adams, J.H., Graham, D.I., Jennett, B., The neuropathology of the vegetative state after an acute brain insult. Brain 123 (2000), 1327–1338, 10.1093/BRAIN/123.7.1327.
Amassian, V.E., Cracco, R.Q., Maccabee, P.J., et al. Suppression of visual perception by magnetic coil stimulation of human occipital cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 74 (1989), 458–462, 10.1016/0168-5597(89)90036-1.
Annen, J., Filippini, M.M., Bonin, E., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the CRS-R index in patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Inj 33 (2019), 1409–1412, 10.1080/02699052.2019.1644376.
Aru, J., Bachmann, T., Singer, W., et al. Distilling the neural correlates of consciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36 (2012), 737–746, 10.1016/J.NEUBIOREV.2011.12.003.
Aubinet, C., Cassol, H., Bodart, O., et al. Simplified evaluation of CONsciousness disorders (SECONDs) in individuals with severe brain injury: a validation study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 64, 2021, 432, 10.1016/J.REHAB.2020.09.001.
Bagnato, S., Boccagni, C., Prestandrea, C., et al. Changes in standard electroencephalograms parallel consciousness improvements in patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 98 (2017), 665–672, 10.1016/J.APMR.2016.09.132.
Bai, Y., Xia, X., Kang, J., et al. TDCS modulates cortical excitability in patients with disorders of consciousness. Neuroimage Clin 15 (2017), 702–709, 10.1016/J.NICL.2017.01.025.
Bai, Y., Xia, X., Li, X., et al. Spinal cord stimulation modulates frontal delta and gamma in patients of minimally consciousness state. Neuroscience 346 (2017), 247–254, 10.1016/J.NEUROSCIENCE.2017.01.036.
Bai, Y., Xia, X., Wang, Y., et al. Fronto-parietal coherence response to tDCS modulation in patients with disorders of consciousness. Int J Neurosci 128 (2018), 587–594, 10.1080/00207454.2017.1403440.
Barra, A., Rosenfelder, M., Mortaheb, S., et al. Transcranial pulsed-current stimulation versus transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness: a Pilot, Sham-Controlled Cross-Over Double-Blind Study. Brain Sci, 12, 2022, 10.3390/BRAINSCI12040429.
Boly, M., Massimini, M., Tsuchiya, N., et al. Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? Clinical and neuroimaging evidence. J Neurosci 37 (2017), 9603–9613, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3218-16.2017.
Briand, M.M., Gosseries, O., Staumont, B., et al. Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation and disorders of consciousness: a hypothesis for mechanisms of action. Front Neurol, 11, 2020, 10.3389/FNEUR.2020.00933.
Bruno, M.A., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Thibaut, A., et al. From unresponsive wakefulness to minimally conscious PLUS and functional locked-in syndromes: recent advances in our understanding of disorders of consciousness. J Neurol 258 (2011), 1373–1384, 10.1007/S00415-011-6114-X.
Cain, J.A., Spivak, N.M., Coetzee, J.P., et al. Ultrasonic thalamic stimulation in chronic disorders of consciousness. Brain Stimul 14 (2021), 301–303, 10.1016/J.BRS.2021.01.008.
Carboncini, M.C., Piarulli, A., Virgillito, A., et al. A case of post-traumatic minimally conscious state reversed by midazolam: clinical aspects and neurophysiological correlates. Restor Neurol Neurosci 32 (2014), 767–787, 10.3233/RNN-140426.
Carrière, M., Mortaheb, S., Raimondo, F., et al. Neurophysiological correlates of a single session of prefrontal tDCS in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled study. Brain Sci, 10, 2020, 469, 10.3390/BRAINSCI10070469.
Cavinato, M., Genna, C., Formaggio, E., et al. Behavioural and electrophysiological effects of tDCS to prefrontal cortex in patients with disorders of consciousness. Clin Neurophysiol 130 (2019), 231–238, 10.1016/J.CLINPH.2018.10.018.
Chatelle, C., Majerus, S., Whyte, J., et al. A sensitive scale to assess nociceptive pain in patients with disorders of consciousness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83 (2012), 1233–1237, 10.1136/JNNP-2012-302,987.
Chennu, S., Annen, J., Wannez, S., et al. Brain networks predict metabolism, diagnosis and prognosis at the bedside in disorders of consciousness. Brain 140 (2017), 2120–2132, 10.1093/BRAIN/AWX163.
Chudy, D., Deletis, V., Almahariq, F., et al. Deep brain stimulation for the early treatment of the minimally conscious state and vegetative state: experience in 14 patients. J Neurosurg 128 (2018), 1189–1198, 10.3171/2016.10.JNS161071.
Cincotta, M., Giovannelli, F., Chiaramonti, R., et al. No effects of 20 Hz-rTMS of the primary motor cortex in vegetative state: a randomised, sham-controlled study. Cortex 71 (2015), 368–376, 10.1016/J.CORTEX.2015.07.027.
Cirillo, G., di Pino, G., Capone, F., et al. Neurobiological after-effects of non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul 10 (2017), 1–18, 10.1016/J.BRS.2016.11.009.
Cofré, R., Herzog, R., Mediano, P.A.M., et al. Whole-brain models to explore altered states of consciousness from the bottom up. Brain Sci, 10, 2020, 626, 10.3390/BRAINSCI10090626.
Cooper, E.B., Cooper, J.B., Electrical treatment of coma via the median nerve. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien), 2003, 7–10, 10.1007/978-3-7091-6081-7_2/COVER/.
Corazzol, M., Lio, G., Lefevre, A., et al. Restoring consciousness with vagus nerve stimulation. Curr Biol 27 (2017), R994–R996, 10.1016/J.CUB.2017.07.060.
Davey, N.J., Romaiguère, P., Maskill, D.W., et al. Suppression of voluntary motor activity revealed using transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in man. J Physiol 477 (1994), 223–235, 10.1113/JPHYSIOL.1994.SP020186.
Deco, G., Vidaurre, D., Kringelbach, M.L., Revisiting the global workspace orchestrating the hierarchical organization of the human brain. Nat Hum Behav 5 (2021), 497–511, 10.1038/s41562-020-01003-6.
Dehaene, S., Naccache, L., Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition 79 (2001), 1–37, 10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00123-2.
Edlow, B.L., Claassen, J., Schiff, N.D., et al. Recovery from disorders of consciousness: mechanisms, prognosis and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol 17 (2020), 135–156, 10.1038/s41582-020-00428-x.
Edlow, B.L., Sanz, L.R.D., Polizzotto, L., et al. Therapies to restore consciousness in patients with severe brain injuries: a gap analysis and future directions. Neurocrit Care 35 (2021), 68–85, 10.1007/S12028-021-01227-Y.
Fan, J., Zhong, Y., Wang, H., et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves consciousness in some patients with disorders of consciousness. Clin Rehabil 36 (2022), 916–925, 10.1177/02692155221089455.
Feller, D., Vinante, C., Trentin, F., et al. The effectiveness of median nerve electrical stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness: a systematic review. Brain Inj 35 (2021), 385–394, 10.1080/02699052.2021.1887522.
Fins, J.J., Bernat, J.L., Ethical, palliative, and policy considerations in disorders of consciousness. Neurology 91 (2018), 471–475, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005927.
Fomenko, A., Neudorfer, C., Dallapiazza, R.F., et al. Low-intensity ultrasound neuromodulation: an overview of mechanisms and emerging human applications. Brain Stimul 11 (2018), 1209–1217, 10.1016/J.BRS.2018.08.013.
Forgacs, P.B., Conte, M.M., Fridman, E.A., et al. Preservation of electroencephalographic organization in patients with impaired consciousness and imaging-based evidence of command-following. Ann Neurol 76 (2014), 869–879, 10.1002/ANA.24283.
Fridman, E.A., Beattie, B.J., Broft, A., et al. Role of anterior forebrain mesocircuit dysfunction in the severely injured brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111 (2014), 6473–6478 https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1320969111.
Ge, X., Zhang, Y., Xin, T., et al. Effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the vegetative state. Exp Ther Med, 21, 2021, 206, 10.3892/ETM.2021.9626.
Giacino, J.T., Ashwal, S., Childs, N., et al. The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria. Neurology 58 (2002), 349–353, 10.1212/WNL.58.3.349.
Giacino, J.T., Kalmar, K., Whyte, J., The JFK coma recovery scale-revised: measurement characteristics and diagnostic utility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85 (2004), 2020–2029, 10.1016/J.APMR.2004.02.033.
Giacino, J.T., Whyte, J., Bagiella, E., et al. Placebo-controlled trial of amantadine for severe traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 366 (2012), 819–826, 10.1056/NEJMOA1102609.
Giacino, J.T., Fins, J.J., Laureys, S., et al. Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: the state of the science. Nat Rev Neurol 10 (2014), 99–114, 10.1038/NRNEUROL.2013.279.
Giacino, J., Katz, D., Schiff, N., et al. Comprehensive systematic review update summary: disorders of consciousness: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine; and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research. Neurology 91 (2018), 461–470.
Giacino, J.T., Katz, D.I., Schiff, N.D., et al. Practice guideline update recommendations summary: disorders of consciousness: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine; and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 99 (2018), 1699–1709, 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.07.001.
Golestanirad, L., Rouhani, H., Elahi, B., et al. Combined use of transcranial magnetic stimulation and metal electrode implants: a theoretical assessment of safety considerations. Phys Med Biol, 57, 2012, 7813, 10.1088/0031-9155/57/23/7813.
Graham, D.I., Adams, J.H., Murray, L.S., et al. Neuropathology of the vegetative state after head injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 15 (2005), 198–213, 10.1080/09602010443000452.
Grillner, S., Hellgren, J., Ménard, A., et al. Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs—roles for the striatum and pallidum. Trends Neurosci 28 (2005), 364–370, 10.1016/J.TINS.2005.05.004.
Guleyupoglu, B., Schestatsky, P., Edwards, D., et al. Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations. J Neurosci Methods 219 (2013), 297–311, 10.1016/J.JNEUMETH.2013.07.016.
Hakon, J., Moghiseh, M., Poulsen, I., et al. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a feasibility trial. Neuromodulation 23 (2020), 859–864, 10.1111/NER.13148.
\He, F., Wu, M., Meng, F., et al. Effects of 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on disorders of consciousness: a resting-state electroencephalography study. Neural Plast, 2018, 2018, 10.1155/2018/5036184.
He, R.H., Wang, H.J., Zhou, Z., et al. The influence of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on endogenous estrogen in patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Stimul 14 (2021), 461–466, 10.1016/J.BRS.2021.02.014.
Hein, E., Nowak, M., Kiess, O., et al. Auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in depressed patients: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 120 (2013), 821–827, 10.1007/S00702-012-0908-6.
Heine, L., Castro, M., Martial, C., et al. Exploration of functional connectivity during preferred music stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness. Front Psychol, 6, 2015, 10.3389/FPSYG.2015.01704.
Hermann, B., Raimondo, F., Hirsch, L., et al. Combined behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for a direct cortical effect of prefrontal tDCS on disorders of consciousness. Sci Rep 10 (2020), 1–16, 10.1038/s41598-020-61,180-2.
Herrold, A.A., Pape, T.L.B., Guernon, A., et al. Prescribing multiple neurostimulants during rehabilitation for severe brain injury. ScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 2014, 10.1155/2014/964578.
Hoshide, R., Jandial, R., Regaining consciousness: the effect of vagal nerve stimulation on a patient in a permanent vegetative state. Clin Neurosurg 82 (2018), N29–N30, 10.1093/NEUROS/NYX597.
Huang, W., Wannez, S., Fregni, F., et al. Repeated stimulation of the posterior parietal cortex in patients in minimally conscious state: a sham-controlled randomized clinical trial. Brain Stimul 10 (2017), 718–720, 10.1016/J.BRS.2017.02.001.
James, W., The principles of psychology. The principles of psychology, 1890, Henry Holt and Co, 10.1037/10538-000.
James, W., The physical bases of emotion. Psychol Rev, 1894, 10.1037/0033-295X.101.2.205.
Johnson, R.L., Wilson, C.G., A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention. J Inflamm Res 11 (2018), 203–213, 10.2147/JIR.S163248.
Kobayashi, M., Pascual-Leone, A., Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. Lancet Neurol 2 (2003), 145–156, 10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00321-1.
Kondziella, D., Bender, A., Diserens, K., et al. European Academy of Neurology guideline on the diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness. Eur J Neurol 27 (2020), 741–756, 10.1111/ENE.14151.
Kraus, T., Hösl, K., Kiess, O., et al. BOLD fMRI deactivation of limbic and temporal brain structures and mood enhancing effect by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 114 (2007), 1485–1493, 10.1007/S00702-007-0755-Z.
Lefaucheur, J.P., Aleman, A., Baeken, C., et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014–2018). Clin Neurophysiol 131 (2020), 474–528, 10.1016/J.CLINPH.2019.11.002.
Lei, J., Wang, L., Gao, G., et al. Right median nerve electrical stimulation for acute traumatic coma patients. J Neurotrauma 32 (2015), 1584–1589, 10.1089/NEU.2014.3768.
Lemaire, J.J., Sontheimer, A., Pereira, B., et al. Deep brain stimulation in five patients with severe disorders of consciousness. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 5, 2018, 1372, 10.1002/ACN3.648.
Liu, X., Meng, F., Gao, J., et al. Behavioral and resting state functional connectivity effects of high frequency rTMS on disorders of consciousness: a sham-controlled study. Front Neurol, 9, 2018, 10.3389/FNEUR.2018.00982.
Lopez, L., Chan, C.Y., Okada, Y.C., et al. Multimodal characterization of population responses evoked by applied electric field in vitro: extracellular potential, magnetic evoked field, transmembrane potential, and current-source density analysis. J Neurosci 11 (1991), 1998–2010, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-07-01998.1991.
López-González, A., Panda, R., Ponce-Alvarez, A., et al. Loss of consciousness reduces the stability of brain hubs and the heterogeneity of brain dynamics. Commun Biol 4 (2021), 1–15, 10.1038/s42003-021-02537-9.
Luppi, A.I., Cain, J., Spindler, L.R.B., et al. Mechanisms underlying disorders of consciousness: bridging gaps to move toward an integrated translational science. Neurocrit Care 35 (2021), 37–54, 10.1007/S12028-021-01281-6/TABLES/3.
Machado, C., Estévez, M., Rodriguez-Rojas, R., Zolpidem efficacy and safety in disorders of consciousness. Brain Inj 32 (2018), 530–531, 10.1080/02699052.2018.1429664.
Magrassi, L., Maggioni, G., Pistarini, C., et al. Results of a prospective study (CATS) on the effects of thalamic stimulation in minimally conscious and vegetative state patients. J Neurosurg 125 (2016), 972–981, 10.3171/2015.7.JNS15700.
Majerus, S., Bruno, M.A., Schnakers, C., et al. The problem of aphasia in the assessment of consciousness in brain-damaged patients. Prog Brain Res 177 (2009), 49–61, 10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17705-1.
Martens, G., Fregni, F., Carrière, M., et al. Single tDCS session of motor cortex in patients with disorders of consciousness: a pilot study. Brain Inj, 2019, 10.1080/02699052.2019.1667537.
Martens, G., Kroupi, E., Bodien, Y., et al. Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of network-based frontoparietal tDCS in patients with severe brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Neuroimage Clin, 28, 2020, 426, 10.1016/J.NICL.2020.102426.
Martens, G., Ibáñez-Soria, D., Barra, A., et al. A novel closed-loop EEG-tDCS approach to promote responsiveness of patients in minimally conscious state: a study protocol. Behav Brain Res, 409, 2021, 10.1016/J.BBR.2021.113311.
Mattsson, N., Zetterberg, H., Nielsen, N., et al. Serum tau and neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 82 (2017), 665–675, 10.1002/ANA.25067.
Mélotte, E., Belorgeot, M., Herr, R., et al. The development and validation of the SWADOC: a study protocol for a multicenter prospective cohort study. Front Neurol, 12, 2021, 10.3389/FNEUR.2021.662634.
Mensen, A., Bodart, O., Thibaut, A., et al. Decreased evoked slow-activity after tDCS in disorders of consciousness. Front Syst Neurosci, 14, 2020, 10.3389/FNSYS.2020.00062.
Merton, P.A., Morton, H.B., Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature, 285, 1980, 227, 10.1038/285227A0.
Mishra, A., Maiti, R., Mishra, B.R., et al. Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on seizure frequency and epileptiform discharges in drug-resistant epilepsy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Neurol 16 (2019), 9–18, 10.3988/JCN.2020.16.1.9.
Monti, M.M., Schnakers, C., Korb, A.S., et al. Non-invasive ultrasonic thalamic stimulation in disorders of consciousness after severe brain injury: a first-in-man report. Brain Stimul 9 (2016), 940–941, 10.1016/J.BRS.2016.07.008.
Naro, A., Russo, M., Leo, A., et al. A single session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: preliminary results. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 29 (2015), 603–613, 10.1177/1545968314562114.
Naro, A., Russo, M., Leo, A., et al. Cortical connectivity modulation induced by cerebellar oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness: a marker of covert cognition?. Clin Neurophysiol 127 (2016), 1845–1854, 10.1016/J.CLINPH.2015.12.010.
Noé, E., Ferri, J., Colomer, C., et al. Feasibility, safety and efficacy of transauricular vagus nerve stimulation in a cohort of patients with disorders of consciousness. Brain Stimul 13 (2020), 427–429, 10.1016/J.BRS.2019.12.005.
O'Kelly, J., James, L., Palaniappan, R., et al. Neurophysiological and behavioral responses to music therapy in vegetative and minimally conscious states. Front Hum Neurosci, 7, 2013, 10.3389/FNHUM.2013.00884.
O'Neal, C.M., Schroeder, L.N., Wells, A.A., et al. Patient outcomes in disorders of consciousness following transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Front Neurol, 12, 2021, 10.3389/FNEUR.2021.694970.
Odegaard, B., Knight, R.T., Lau, H., Should a few null findings falsify prefrontal theories of conscious perception?. J Neurosci 37 (2017), 9593–9602, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3217-16.2017.
Osińska, A., Rynkiewicz, A., Binder, M., et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in treatment of disorders of consciousness—longitudinal case study. Front Neurosci, 16, 2022, 10.3389/FNINS.2022.834507.
Pape, T.L.B., Rosenow, J.M., Harton, B., et al. Preliminary framework for Familiar Auditory Sensory Training (FAST) provided during coma recovery. J Rehabil Res Dev 49 (2012), 1137–1152, 10.1682/JRRD.2011.08.0154.
Pascual-Leone, A., Tarazona, F., Keenan, J., et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuroplasticity. Neuropsychologia 37 (1998), 207–217, 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00095-5.
Pathak, A., Roy, D., Banerjee, A., Whole-brain network models: from physics to bedside. Front Comput Neurosci, 2022, 57, 10.3389/FNCOM.2022.866517.
Perl, Y.S., Pallavicini, C., Ipiña, I.P., et al. Perturbations in dynamical models of whole-brain activity dissociate between the level and stability of consciousness. PLoS Comput Biol, 17, 2021, 10.1371/JOURNAL.PCBI.1009139.
Perlmutter, J.S., Mink, J.W., Deep brain stimulation. Annu Rev Neurosci, 29, 2006, 229, 10.1146/ANNUREV.NEURO.29.051605.112824.
Peuker, E.T., Filler, T.J., The nerve supply of the human auricle. Clin Anat 15 (2002), 35–37, 10.1002/CA.1089.
Piarulli, A., Bergamasco, M., Thibaut, A., et al. EEG ultradian rhythmicity differences in disorders of consciousness during wakefulness. J Neurol 263 (2016), 1746–1760, 10.1007/S00415-016-8196-Y.
Plum, F., Posner, J.B., The diagnosis of stupor and coma. Contemp Neurol Ser 10 (1972), 1–286, 10.1001/jama.1981.03310320080042.
Radman, T., Ramos, R.L., Brumberg, J.C., et al. Role of cortical cell type and morphology in sub- and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation. Brain Stimul, 2, 2009, 215, 10.1016/J.BRS.2009.03.007.
Ray, P.G., Meador, K.J., Epstein, C.M., et al. Magnetic stimulation of visual cortex: factors influencing the perception of phosphenes. J Clin Neurophysiol 15 (1998), 351–357, 10.1097/00004691-199,807,000-00007.
Reed, T., Cohen Kadosh, R., Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) mechanisms and its effects on cortical excitability and connectivity. J Inherit Metab Dis, 41, 2018, 1123, 10.1007/S10545-018-0181-4.
Rohan, J.G., Carhuatanta, K.A., McInturf, S.M., et al. Modulating hippocampal plasticity with in vivo brain stimulation. J Neurosci 35 (2015), 12824–12832, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2376-15.2015.
Samaha, J., Gosseries, O., Postle, B.R., Distinct oscillatory frequencies underlie excitability of human occipital and parietal cortex. J Neurosci 37 (2017), 2824–2833, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3413-16.2017.
Sanz, L.R.D., Aubinet, C., Cassol, H., et al. SECONDs Administration Guidelines: a fast tool to assess consciousness in brain-injured patients. J Vis Exp, 2021, 2021, e61968, 10.3791/61968.
Schiff, N.D., Central thalamic contributions to arousal regulation and neurological disorders of consciousness. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1129 (2008), 105–118, 10.1196/ANNALS.1417.029.
Schiff, N.D., Recovery of consciousness after brain injury: a mesocircuit hypothesis. Trends Neurosci 33 (2010), 1–9, 10.1016/J.TINS.2009.11.002.
Schiff, N.D., Central thalamic deep brain stimulation to support anterior forebrain mesocircuit function in the severely injured brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 123 (2016), 797–806, 10.1007/S00702-016-1547-0.
Stefan, H., Kreiselmeyer, G., Kerling, F., et al. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS) in pharmacoresistant epilepsies: a proof of concept trial. Epilepsia, 53, 2012, 10.1111/J.1528-1167.2012.03492.X.
Terranova, C., Rizzo, V., Cacciola, A., et al. Is there a future for non-invasive brain stimulation as a therapeutic tool?. Front Neurol, 10, 2019, 1146, 10.3389/FNEUR.2018.01146/BIBTEX.
Thibaut, A., Chatelle, C., Wannez, S., et al. Spasticity in disorders of consciousness: a behavioral study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 51 (2015), 389–397.
Thibaut, A., di Perri, C., Chatelle, C., et al. Clinical response to tDCS depends on residual brain metabolism and grey matter integrity in patients with minimally conscious state. Brain Stimul 8 (2015), 1116–1123, 10.1016/J.BRS.2015.07.024.
Thibaut, A., Wannez, S., Donneau, A.F., et al. Controlled clinical trial of repeated prefrontal tDCS in patients with chronic minimally conscious state. Brain Inj 31 (2017), 466–474, 10.1080/02699052.2016.1274776.
Thibaut, A., Chennu, S., Chatelle, C., et al. Theta network centrality correlates with tDCS response in disorders of consciousness. Brain Stimul 11 (2018), 1407–1409, 10.1016/J.BRS.2018.09.002.
Thibaut, A., Schiff, N., Giacino, J., et al. Therapeutic interventions in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness. Lancet Neurol 18 (2019), 600–614, 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30031-6.
Thonnard, M., Gosseries, O., Demertzi, A., et al. Effect of zolpidem in chronic disorders of consciousness: a prospective open-label study. Funct Neurol 28 (2013), 259–264, 10.11138/FNEUR/2013.28.4.259.
Tononi, G., Integrated information theory of consciousness: an updated account. Arch Ital Biol 150 (2012), 293–329, 10.4449/aib.v149i5.1388.
Vanzan, S., Wilkinson, D., Ferguson, H., et al. Behavioural improvement in a minimally conscious state after caloric vestibular stimulation: evidence from two single case studies. Clin Rehabil 31 (2017), 500–507, 10.1177/0269215516646167.
Vogel, D., Shah, A., Coste, J., et al. Anatomical brain structures normalization for deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. Neuroimage Clin, 27, 2020, 271, 10.1016/J.NICL.2020.102271.
Vöröslakos, M., Takeuchi, Y., Brinyiczki, K., et al. Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans. Nat Commun, 9, 2018, 10.1038/S41467-018-02928-3.
Wang, Y., Bai, Y., Xia, X., et al. Spinal cord stimulation modulates complexity of neural activities in patients with disorders of consciousness. Int J Neurosci 130 (2020), 662–670, 10.1080/00207454.2019.1702543.
Wannez, S., Heine, L., Thonnard, M., et al. The repetition of behavioral assessments in diagnosis of disorders of consciousness. Ann Neurol 81 (2017), 883–889, 10.1002/ANA.24962.
Whyte, J., Rajan, R., Rosenbaum, A., et al. Zolpidem and restoration of consciousness. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 93 (2014), 101–113, 10.1097/PHM.0000000000000069.
Xia, X., Bai, Y., Zhou, Y., et al. Effects of 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in disorders of consciousness. Front Neurol, 8, 2017, 182, 10.3389/FNEUR.2017.00182/BIBTEX.
Xia, X., Liu, Y., Bai, Y., et al. Long-lasting repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates electroencephalography oscillation in patients with disorders of consciousness. Neuroreport 28 (2017), 1022–1029, 10.1097/WNR.0000000000000886.
Yamamoto, T., Watanabe, M., Obuchi, T., et al. Spinal cord stimulation for vegetative state and minimally conscious state: changes in consciousness level and motor function. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 124 (2017), 37–42, 10.1007/978-3-319-39,546-3_6/FIGURES/2.
Yang, Y., He, Q., Xia, X., et al. Long-term functional prognosis and related factors of spinal cord stimulation in patients with disorders of consciousness. CNS Neurosci Ther, 28, 2022, 1249, 10.1111/CNS.13870.
Yifei, W., Yi, Y., Yu, W., et al. Transcutaneous auricular vague nerve stimulation improved brain connection activity on patients of disorders of consciousness: a pilot study. J Tradit Chin Med 42 (2022), 463–471, 10.19852/J.CNKI.JTCM.2022.03.012.
Yu, Y.T., Yang, Y., Wang, L.-B., et al. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in disorders of consciousness monitored by fMRI: The first case report. Brain Stimul 10 (2017), 328–330, 10.1016/J.BRS.2016.12.004.
Zhang, Y., Song, W., Transcranial direct current stimulation in disorders of consciousness: a review. Int J Neurosci 128 (2018), 255–261, 10.1080/00207454.2017.1381094.
Ziemann, U., Siebner, H.R., Inter-subject and inter-session variability of plasticity induction by non-invasive brain stimulation: boon or bane?. Brain Stimul 8 (2015), 662–663, 10.1016/J.BRS.2015.01.409.
Ziemann, U., Paulus, W., Nitsche, M.A., et al. Consensus: motor cortex plasticity protocols. Brain Stimul 1 (2008), 164–182, 10.1016/J.BRS.2008.06.006.
