[en] Steroid induction of responsive genes functions through the synergistic activity of steroid receptor binding sequences with adjacent binding sites either for other transcription factors or for further steroid receptors. Analysis of the human glucocorticoid receptor revealed that the DNA-binding domain of the receptor is sufficient to mediate co-operative binding to adjacent receptor binding sites. This is a novel feature of the domain in addition to its DNA-binding, trans-activating and trans-repressing properties. Chimaeric proteins containing the N- or C-terminal receptor halves fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain do not co-operate in DNA-binding, however they do functionally synergize. Thus, at least two mechanisms contribute to the synergism of the human glucocorticoid receptor bound to two adjacent receptor binding sites.
Disciplines :
Genetics & genetic processes
Author, co-author :
Baniahmad, Claudia
Muller, Marc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences de la vie > GIGA-R : Biologie et génétique moléculaire
Altschmied, Joachim
Renkawitz, Rainer
Language :
English
Title :
Co-operative binding of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain is one of at least two mechanisms for synergism.
Ankenbauer, Strähle, Schütz (1988) Synergistic action of glucocorticoid and estradiol responsive elements. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S.A 85:7526-7530.
Arriza, Weinberger, Cerelli, Glaser, Handelin, Housman, Evans (1987) Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science 237:268-275.
Baniahmad, Muller, Steiner, Renkawitz (1987) Activity of two different silencer elements of the chicken lysozyme gene can be compensated by enhancer elements. EMBO J 6:2297-2303.
Baniahmad, Steiner, Köhne, Renkawitz (1990) Modular structure of a chicken lysozyme silencer: involvement of an unusual thyroid hormone receptor binding site. Cell 61:505-514.
Beato (1989) Gene regulation by steroid hormones. Cell 56:335-344.
Buetti, Diggelmann (1983) Glucocorticoid regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus: identification of a short essential region. EMBO J 2:1423-1429.
Carey, Kakidani, Leatherwood, Mostashari, Ptashne (1989) An amino-terminal fragment of GAL4 binds DNA as dimer. J. Mol. Biol 209:423-432.
Carey, Lin, Green, Ptashne (1990) A mechanism for synergistic activation of a mammalian gene by GAL4 derivatives. Nature (London) 345:361-364.
Cato, Geisse, Wenz, Westphal, Beato (1984) The nucleotide sequences recognized by the glucocorticoid receptor in the rabbit uteroglobine gene region are located far upstream from the initiation of transcription. EMBO J 3:2731-2736.
Cato, Miksicek, Schütz, Arnemann, Beato (1986) The hormone regulatory element of mouse mammary tumor virus mediates progesterone inducibility. EMBO J 5:2237-2240.
Cato, Heitlinger, Ponta, Klein-Hitpass, Ryffel, Bailly, Rauch, Milgrom (1988) Estrogen and progesterone receptor-binding sites on the chicken vitellogenin II gene: synergism of steroid hormone action. Mol. Cell. Biol 8:5323-5330.
Chandler, Maler, Yamamoto (1983) DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo. Cell 33:489-499.
Choi, Engel (1988) Developmental regulation of β-globin gene switching. Cell 55:17-26.
Cordingley, Riegel, Hager (1987) Steroid-dependent interaction of transcription factors with the inducible promoter of mouse mammary tumor virus in vivo. Cell 48:261-270.
Danesch, Gloss, Schmid, Schütz, Renkawitz (1987) Glucocorticoid induction of the rat tryptophan oxygenase gene is mediated by two widely separated glucocorticoid-responsive elements. EMBO J 6:625-630.
Fried, Crothers (1981) Equilibria and kinetics of Lac represser operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucl. Acids Res 9:6505-6525.
Garner, Revzin (1981) A gel electrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to components of the E. coli lactose operon regulatory system. Nucl. Acids Res 9:3047-3060.
Giguere, Hollenberg, Rosenfeld, Evans (1986) Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 46:645-652.
Giniger, Ptashne (1988) Cooperative DNA binding of the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S.A 85:382-386.
Giniger, Varnum, Ptashne (1985) Specific DNA binding of GAL4, a positive regulatory protein of yeast. Cell 40:767-774.
Ham, Thomson, Needham, Webb, Parker (1988) Characterization of response elements for androgens, glucocorticoids and progestins in mouse mammary tumor virus. Nucl. Acids Res 16:5263-5277.
Härd, Dahlman, Carlstedt-Duke, Gustafsson, Rigler (1990) Cooperativity and specificity in the interactions between DNA and the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. Biochemistry 29:5358-5364.
Hollenberg, Evans (1988) Multiple and cooperative transactivation domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 55:899-906.
Hynes, van Goyen, Kennedy, Herrlich, Ponta, Groner (1983) Subfragments of the large terminal repeat cause glucocorticoid-responsive expression of mouse mammary tumor virus and of an adjacent gene. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S.A 80:3637-3641.
Jantzen, Strähle, Gloss, Stewart, Schmid, Boshart, Miksicek, Schütz (1987) Cooperativity of glucocorticoid responsive elements located far upstream of the tyrosin-aminotransferase gene. Cell 49:29-38.
Keegan, Gill, Ptashne (1986) Separation of DNA binding from the transcription-activating function of a eukaryotic regulatory protein. Science 231:699-704.
Klein-Hitpaβ, Kaling, Ryffel (1988) Synergism of closely adjacent estrogen-responsive elements increases their regulatory potential. Journal of Molecular Biology 201:537-544.
Lewin (1990) Commitment and activation at pol II promoters: a tail of protein-protein interactions. Cell 61:1161-1164.
Lucibello, Slater, Jooss, Beato, Müller (1990) Mutual transrepression of Fos and the glucocorticoid receptor: involvement of a functional domain in Fos which is absent in FosB. EMBO J 9:2827-2834.
Ma, Ptashne (1987) Deletion analysis of GAL4 defines two transcriptional activating segments. Cell 48:847-853.
Ma, Ptashne (1987) A new class of yeast transcriptional activators. Cell 51:113-119.
Majors, Varmus (1983) A small region of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat confers glucocorticoid hormone regulation on a linked heterologous gene. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U.S.A 80:5866-5870.
Marsh, Ertle, Weykes (1984) The pIC plasmid and phage vectors with versatile cloning sites for recombinant selection by insertional inactivation. Gene 32:481-485.
Martinez, Wahli (1989) Cooperative binding of estrogen-response DNA elements correlates with their synergistic hormone dependent enhancer activity. EMBO J 8:3781-3791.
Martinez, Givel, Wahli (1987) The estrogen-responsive element as an inducible enhancer: DNA sequence requirements and conversion to a glucocorticoid-responsive element. EMBO J 6:3719-3727.
Miesfeld, Godowski, Maler, Yamamoto (1987) Glucocorticoid receptor mutants that define a small region sufficient for enhancer activation. Science 236:423-427.
Payvar, DeFranco, Firestone, Edgar, Wrange, Okret, Gustafsson, Yamamoto (1983) Sequence-specific binding of glucocorticoid receptor to MTV-DNA at sites within and upstream of the transcribed region. Cell 35:381-392.
Perlmann, Wrange (1988) Specific glucocorticoid receptor binding to DNA reconstituted in a nucleosome. EMBO J 7:3073-3079.
Pfahl (1982) Specific binding of the glucocorticoid-receptor complex to the mouse mammary tumor proviral promoter region. Cell 31:475-482.
Piña, Brüggemeier, Beato (1990) Nucleosome positioning modulates accessibility of regulatory proteins to the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Cell 60:719-731.
Ponglikitmongkol, White, Chambon (1990) Synergistic activation of transcription by the human estrogen receptor bound to tandem responsive elements. EMBO J 9:2221-2231.
Ptashne (1988) How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work. Nature 335:683-689.
Renkawitz, Schütz, von der Ahe, Beato (1984) Sequences in the promoter region of the chicken lysozyme gene required for steroid regulation and receptor binding. Cell 37:503-510.
Sagami, Tsai, Wang, Tsai, O'Malley (1986) Identification of two factors required for transcription of the ovalbumin gene. Mol. Cell. Biol 6:4259-4267.
Scheidereit, Geisse, Westphal, Beato (1983) The glucocorticoid receptor binds to defined nucleotide sequences near the promoter of mouse mammary tumor virus. Nature (London) 304:749-752.
Schüle, Muller, Otsuka-Murakami, Renkawitz (1988) Cooperativity of the glucocorticoid receptor and the CACCC-box binding factor. Nature 332:87-90.
Schüle, Muller, Kaltschmidt, Renkawitz (1988) Many transcriptional factors interact synergistically with steroid receptors. Science 242:1418-1420.
Strähle, Klock, Schütz (1987) A DNA sequence of 15 base pairs is sufficient to mediate both glucocorticoid and progesterone induction of gene expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84:7871-7875.
Strähle, Schmid, Schütz (1988) Synergistic action of the glucocorticoid receptor with transcription factors. EMBO J 7:3389-3395.
Studier, Rosenberg, Dunn, Dubendorff (1990) Use of T7 RNA polymerase to direct the expression of cloned genes. Methods Enzymol 185:60-89.
Tasset, Tora, Fromental, Scheer, Chambon (1990) Distinct classes of transcriptional activating domains function by a different mechanisms. Cell 62:1177-1187.
Tora, White, Brou, Tasset, Webster, Scheer, Chambon (1989) The human estrogen receptor has two independent nonacidic transcriptional activation functions. Cell 59:477-487.
Tsai, Carlstedt-Duke, Weigel, Dahlman, Gustafsson, Tsai, O'Malley (1988) Molecular interactions of steroid hormone receptor with its enhancer element: evidence for receptor dimer formation. Cell 55:361-369.
Tsai, Tsai, O'Malley (1989) Cooperative binding of steroid hormone receptors contributes to transcriptional synergism at target enhancer elements. Cell 57:443-448.
von der Ahe, Janich, Scheidereit, Renkawitz, Schütz, Beato (1985) Glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors bind to the same sites in two hormonally regulated promoters. Nature (London) 313:706-709.
Webster, Green, Jin, Chambon (1988) The hormone-binding domains of the estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors contain an inducible transcription activation function. Cell 54:199-207.